机载GNSS海洋反射信号的建模与仿真

由于全球导航卫星系统反射(GNSS-R)机载试验耗费大和重复性差,需研制GNSS-R信号模拟器,但没有相应的反射信号模型。提出了一种基于数据拟合的机载GNSS海洋反射信号建模方法。首先,对复杂的GNSS海面反射信号进行近似简化。然后利用ZV模型生成的时延相关功率曲线,通过最小二乘拟合和非线性拟合,建立了多条等时延间隔的海洋反射信号功率衰减模型,从而得到机载GNSS海洋反射信号的时延、功率、多普勒频率参数。最后,对多条反射信号的合路信号进行相关的仿真验证。验证的结果表明模拟的14条反射信号的相关功率曲线与ZV模型理论曲线的相关系数优于0.99,能够有效地用于GNSS海洋反射信号的生成。该方法可根据海面风场、浪高、波高等海面信息,模拟不同海况的海洋反射信号,为GNSS-R信号模拟器的研制奠定基础。     

基于TechDemoSat-1卫星的GPS反射信号海面高度反演

针对星载GPS反射信号（GPS-R）海面测高的误差问题，基于星载GPS-R实测数据进行星载海面测高模型和误差修正模型的研究，并验证其有效性。利用TechDemoSat-1（TDS-1）数据，使用时延多普勒图（DDM）海面高度反演技术，着重分析了星载GPS-R海面高度反演中的各类误差，并建立了相应的误差模型。对星载GPS-R海面高度反演模型进行优化，采用DTU15全球平均海面模型、DTU全球海潮模型验证反演精度。结果证明:优化后反演模型得到的全球海面高度反演结果的平均绝对误差（MAD）为6.05 m，精度提高了约29%，有效提高了海面高度反演的精度。研究成果对于推广星载GNSS反射信号（GNSS-R）的海面测高应用具有一定的意义。      

基于相关功率修正的地基GNSS-R土壤湿度反演

利用全球导航卫星系统反射信号测量技术(GNSS-R)进行土壤湿度反演过程中，实际接收天线方向性会造成GNSS直反信号相关功率测量偏差。针对地基观测场景下天线方向性造成的相关功率的类余弦振荡问题，提出了基于多项式拟合的信号相关功率修正方法。为了验证所提方法的有效性，开展了地基GNSS-R土壤湿度观测实验，结果表明:基于多项式拟合的相关功率修正可以消除信号相关功率的类余弦振荡，提升GNSS-R土壤湿度反演中的观测数据有效性和反演结果准确性。      

涌浪及降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号建模

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）海面反射信号的模拟仿真采用的海浪谱多为风驱模型，而忽略了真实复杂环境中涌浪、降雨的影响。为此，提出了一种涌浪、降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号模型。首先，对Elfouhaily海浪谱、涌浪谱、降雨谱分别进行仿真，从海浪谱的角度分析涌浪、降雨对GNSS反射信号的影响。然后，设计了引入涌浪、降雨影响因子后的GNSS反射信号建模的方法，并建立噪声模型。最后，对星载场景下仿真得到的二维时延-多普勒相关功率分布图像（DDM）、时延相关功率波形（DW）进行分析，并与英国技术演示卫星（UK TDS-1）实测数据的处理结果进行了对比验证。结果表明:涌浪主要形成对GNSS反射信号影响较大的大尺度粗糙海面，而降雨对GNSS反射信号影响较小；仿真的DDM与实测数据结果的波形有很好的一致性，DW对比的相关系数达到0.92，优于未修正模型的对比结果，模拟的反射信号更为真实，证明了提出的GNSS反射信号建模方法的可行性、有效性。对真实复杂环境下的GNSS反射信号建模及GNSS反射信号星载探测应用研究具有一定的参考意义和实用价值。      

基于树模型机器学习方法的GNSS-R海面风速反演

GNSS-R是基于GNSS卫星反射信号的一种新技术.GNSS-R技术可以运用到海面风场反演中，传统的GNSS-R技术反演海面风场主要有波形匹配和经验函数两种方法，风速反演精度约为2m·s-1.波形匹配方法耗时多，计算量大；经验函数方法通常只使用少量物理观测量，会造成信息浪费，损失一定的反演精度.为了提高海面风速的反演精度，引入机器学习领域常用的树模型算法决策树、随机森林、GBDT等对海面风速进行预测.利用GNSS-R与ECMWF数据构成训练集和验证集，训练集用于模型学习，验证集用于检验模型的反演效果.实验结果显示，决策树和随机森林预测误差约为0.6m·s-1，GBDT等算法的预测误差约为2m·s-1，满足风速反演要求.与GNSS-R传统反演方法相比，机器学习树模型算法效果更好，在验证集上表现稳定且误差较小.因此，可以将机器学习树模型算法运用到海面风速反演中.      

星载GNSS海洋反射信号建模与仿真

星载GNSS反射信号建模与仿真对GNSS反射信号正逆问题的研究及接收机算法和性能的评估非常重要。从几何、信号和信息的角度建立了星载GNSS反射信号分层建模方法。详细论述了星载GNSS反射信号的双基几何关系,建立了海风、涌浪和降雨驱动的线性组合海浪谱,并基于此计算了GNSS反射信号双基散射系数,基于各散射单元独立散射的假设推导了反射信号模型,通过仿真产生了星载GNSS反射信号及时延-多普勒相关功率,并与UK TDS-1卫星实测相关功率进行了对比分析。结果显示,通过先产生反射信号后处理得到的相关功率和直接端对端产生的相关功率与UK TDS-1卫星实测的相关功率的余弦相似度分别为0.97和0.94,所提架构和方法可正确对星载GNSS反射信号进行建模和仿真。同时,通过所建平台分析了涌浪和降雨形成的海浪谱对星载GNSS反射信号的影响。结果发现,涌浪主要影响低风速探测而对高风速无影响,降雨对星载GNSS反射信号无明显影响。      

基于北斗卫星反射信号的海面溢油探测方法及试验

为了监测小规模固定海域的溢油状况,针对岸基接收平台提出了一种基于北斗卫星反射信号的海面溢油探测方法,该方法将全球导航卫星系统反射信号(GNSS-R)技术应用于岸基条件下的海面溢油探测。进行了岸基试验,利用右旋圆极化(RHCP)天线和左旋圆极化(LHCP)天线分别采集北斗卫星直射与反射信号,在信号同步的基础上提取卫星直射和反射信号的相关功率,并结合北斗卫星的高度角与方位角信息,反演目标海域的介电常数来判断海面有无溢油。试验结果表明探测表面为油面时,介电常数反演结果均值为3.6,标准差为2.13,这与油的真实介电常数范围2.0~4.5一致,远小于海水介电常数,证明将GNSS-R应用到岸基海面溢油探测中具有可行性。     

基于QZSS L1信号的岸基GNSS-R码延迟海面测高

为了探究GNSS L1波段中信号不同调制方式的GNSS-R码相位延迟海面的测高性能，开展了双天线岸基GNSS-R海面测高实验，收集了采样率为40 MHz的原始中频数据。利用自主开发的GNSS-R测高软件接收机和反演软件对实验数据进行了处理分析，同时获得了基于QZSS L1C/A码和L1C码的GNSS-R海面测高结果，并分别与岸基同步观测的雷达高度计的测高值进行对比，以对反演结果进行精度评定。实验结果表明:基于QZSS L1C/A码和L1C码的海面测高精度最优可达0.63 m和0.4 m，L1C码的延迟GNSS-R测高精度明显高于L1C/A码。此外，GNSS-R测高精度会随着卫星高度角的增加而有所增加。      

星载GNSS-R海面风场观测载荷关键技术设计与验证

目前海面风场观测手段有限,基于全球导航卫星系统反射信号处理(global navigation satellite system reflection,GNSS-R)的天基观测为全球风场信息获取提供了全新的手段.GNSS-R海面风速探测技术具有全天时、全天候、低功耗、宽覆盖、多信号源、低成本等特点,日益获得了广泛的关注...     

Deformation monitoring using GNSS-R technology

GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been widely studied in recent years for various applications, such as soil moisture monitoring, biomass analysis, and sea state monitoring. This paper presents the concept of a novel application of using GNSS-R technology for deformation monitoring. Instead of installing GNSS on the deformation body to sense the movement, GNSS-R deformation monitoring system estimates the deformation from receiving GNSS signal reflected by the deformation body remotely. A prototype of GNSS-R deformation monitoring system has been developed based on GNSS software receiver technology. A 3D geometrical model of GNSS signal reflection has been used to reveal the relationship between the change of carrier phase difference and deformation. After compensating the propagation path delay changes caused by satellite movement, the changes in the remaining carrier phase difference are linked to the deformation. Field tests have been carried using the GNSS-R system developed and the results show sub-centimeter level deformation can be observed with the new technology. Unlike other GNSS deformation monitoring methods, GNSS-R receivers are not installed on the slope which makes this new technology more attractive.     

A real-time GNSS-R system based on software-defined radio and graphics processing units

Reflected signals of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) from the sea or land surface can be utilized to deduce and monitor physical and geophysical parameters of the reflecting area. Unlike most other remote sensing techniques, GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) operates as a passive radar that takes advantage from the increasing number of navigation satellites that broadcast their L-band signals. Thereby, most of the GNSS-R receiver architectures are based on dedicated hardware solutions. Software-defined radio (SDR) technology has advanced in the recent years and enabled signal processing in real-time, which makes it an ideal candidate for the realization of a flexible GNSS-R system. Additionally, modern commodity graphic cards, which offer massive parallel computing performances, allow to handle the whole signal processing chain without interfering with the PC’s CPU. Thus, this paper describes a GNSS-R system which has been developed on the principles of software-defined radio supported by General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs), and presents results from initial field tests which confirm the anticipated capability of the system.     

The impact on tsunami detection from space using GNSS-reflectometry when combining GPS with GLONASS and Galileo

The devastating Sumatra tsunami in 2004 demonstrated the need for a tsunami early warning system in the Indian Ocean. Such a system has been installed within the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) project. Tsunamis are a global phenomenon and for global observations satellites are predestined. Within the GITEWS project a feasibility study on a future tsunami detection system from space has therefore been carried out. The Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an innovative way of using GNSS signals for remote sensing. It uses ocean reflected GNSS signals for sea surface altimetry. With a dedicated Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites equipped with GNSS-R receivers, densely spaced sea surface height measurements could be established to detect tsunamis. Some general considerations on the geometry between LEO and GNSS are made in this simulation study. It exemplary analyzes the detection performance of a GNSS-R constellation at 900 km altitude and 60° inclination angle when applied to the Sumatra tsunami as it occurred in 2004. GPS is assumed as signal source and the combination with GLONASS and Galileo signals is investigated. It can be demonstrated, that the combination of GPS and Galileo is advantageous for constellations with few satellites while the combination with GLONASS is preferable for constellations with many satellites. If all three GNSS are combined, the best detection performance can be expected for all scenarios considered. In this case an 18 satellite constellation will detect the Sumatra tsunami within 17 min with certainty, while it takes 53 min if only GPS is considered.