整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验简

 电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验

电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

Simulation and experimental investigation on a dynamic lateral flow mode in trepanning electrochemical machining

An appropriate flow mode of electrolyte has a positive effect on process efficiency, surface roughness, and machining accuracy in the electrochemical machining(ECM) process. In this study, a new dynamic lateral flow mode, in which the electrolyte flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, was proposed in trepanning ECM of a diffuser. Then a numerical model of the channel was set up and simulated by using computational fluid dynamics software. The result showed that the distribution of the flow field was comparatively uniform in the inter-electrode gap. Furthermore, a fixture was designed to realize this new flow mode and then corresponding experiments were carried out. The experimental results illustrated that the feeding rate of the cathode reached 2 mm/min, the best taper angle was about 0.4°, and the best surface roughness was up to Ra= 0.115 lm. It reflects that this flow mode is suitable and effective, and can also be applied to machining other complex structures in trepanning ECM.     

Design and optimization of electrolyte flow fields in electrochemical machining of cross-channel array with tool vibration

A metallic interconnect plate with a flow channel array is one of the most important elements in a solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC). Electrochemical machining(ECM) is considered to be an adoptable technology for fabricating flow channels in an interconnect plate on account of its efficiency and low cost. With respect to the traditional electrolyte flow mode in ECM cross-channel array, the electrolyte usually flows from one side to the opposite side of the rectangular processing area. However, obvious...     

Flow field design and process stability in electrochemical machining of diamond holes

The metal grille, commonly composed of an amount of diamond holes, has been grow-ingly used as a key structure on stealth aircraft. Electrochemical machining (ECM) promises to be increasingly applied in aircraft manufacturing on the condition that process stability is guaranteed. In this work, a flow field model was designed to improve the process stability. This model is endowed with a variety of flow channel features, together with vibrating feeding modes. The flow field distribution on the bottom surface of the diamond hole was discussed and evaluated as well. The numerical results show that a short arc flow channel could significantly enhance the uniformity of electrolyte velocity distribution and a vibrating feeding of the cathode enables to reduce both fluctuations of the electrolyte velocity and pressure on the bottom surface of the diamond hole. Consequently, the flow field mutations were eliminated. It is verified from the experimental results that a short arc flow channel, when combined with vibrating feeding, is capable of improving machining localization and process stability markedly. What is more, the side gap on the bottom surface of the diamond hole could also be reduced by the abovementioned approach.     

Electrochemical trepanning with uniform electrolyte flow around the entire blade profile

In the traditional machining process for diffusers, blades are easily deformed, and methods suffer from high tool wear and low efficiency. Electrochemical machining(ECM) possesses unique advantages when applied to these difficult-to-machine materials. In the ECM process, theflow field plays a crucial role. Here, an electrolyte flow mode that supplies uniform flow around the entire blade profile was adopted for electrochemical trepanning of diffusers. Various flow rates were employed to obtain the optimal flow field. Simulations were conducted using ANSYS software, and results indicated that increasing the flow rate substantially afforded a more uniform flowfield. A series of experiments was then performed, and results revealed that increasing the flow rate greatly improved both the machining efficiency and the surface quality of the diffusers. The maximum feeding rate of the cathode reached 4 mm/min, the blade taper of the concave part decreased to 0.02, and the blade roughness was reduced to 1.216 lm. The results of this study demonstrated the high feasibility of this method and its potential for machining other complex components for engineering applications.     

Optimization of flow field in electrochemical trepanning of integral cascades (Ti6Al4V)

Ti6Al4V is widely applied in the integral cascades of aero engines. As an effective machining method, electrochemical trepanning (ECTr) has unique advantages in processing surface parts made of hard-to-cut materials. In ECTr, the state of the flow field has a significant effect on processing stability and machining quality. To improve the uniformity of the flow field when ECTr is applied to Ti6Al4V, two different flow modes are designed, namely full-profile electrolyte supply (FPES) and edges electrolyte supply (EES). Different from the traditional forward flow mode, the flow directions of the electrolyte in the proposed modes are controlled by inlet channels. Simulations show that the flow field under EES is more uniform than that under FPES. To further enhance the uniformity of the flow field, the structure of EES is optimized by modifying the insulating sleeve. In the optimized configuration, the longitudinal distance between the center of the inlet hole and the center of the blade is 6.0 mm, the lateral distance between the centers of the inlet holes on both sides is 16.5 mm, the length to which the electrolyte enters the machining area is 1.5 mm, and the height of the insulating sleeve is 13.5 mm. A series of ECTr experiments are performed under the two flow modes. Compared with EES, the blade machined by FPES is less accurate and has poorer surface quality, with a surface roughness (R_a) of 3.346 μm. Under the optimized EES, the machining quality is effectively enhanced, with the surface quality improved from R_a = 2.621 μm to R_a = 1.815 μm, thus confirming the efficacy of the proposed methods.     

肋片扰流对柱肋通道传热和压损影响

针对涡轮叶片内部通道上、下游不同冷却结构的相互影响,采用瞬态液晶实验方法研究了上游90°、60°,V形和W形四种肋片诱导产生的入口条件,对柱肋通道传热分布、强化传热水平和压损的影响,并与无肋片(均匀入口条件)的柱肋通道进行了对比。结果表明,相比于无肋片情况的均匀入口条件,肋片诱导的涡流使柱肋通道底面的传热分布在展向变得不均匀。肋片在增强柱肋底面传热的同时降低了通道压损,从而提升柱肋通道的综合换热效率(但整体通道的流动损失增加了)。其中,W形和90°肋片使柱肋通道具有最高的传热效率,其次是V形和60°肋片,不带肋片的情况的综合传热效率最低。      

单级轴流压气机与发动机吊架干涉的计算和优化研究

采用数值模拟方法,对单级低速轴流压气机与发动机吊架之间的干涉进行了计算分析。结果表明发动机吊架产生的扰动对转子通道内的流动具有较强的影响,使得转子叶片承受较大的非定常力的作用。提出了在吊架前缘引气的方法,可以消除吊架对转子的影响。      

压气机动静叶干扰的非定常流动特性

采用大涡模拟(large eddy simulation,LES)方法计算动叶尾迹对静叶干扰的流场信息。利用涡量分布揭示动叶尾迹在静叶通道内的演化过程,利用压力梯度识别激波结构及波振源,运用动力学模态分解(dynamic mode decomposition,DMD)方法对静叶通道内流场的时空结构进行模态分解。结果表明:流场中存在3处波振源,分别位于动叶尾缘、静叶前缘和静叶尾缘处;发现静叶通道内流场的频谱具有多峰值现象,模态分解的第1阶流动代表动叶尾迹在通道内随时间迁移,对应频率为动叶通过频率(blade passing frequency,BPF)是通道内旋涡非定常波动的主导频率;第2阶流动是动叶通过频率的2倍频流动,旋涡的空间尺度为1阶模态的1/2,为更小尺度的扰动。      

Improving profile accuracy and surface quality of blisk by electrochemical machining with a micro inter-electrode gap

Electrochemical machining (ECM) has emerged as an important option for manufacturing the blisk. The inter-electrode gap (IEG) distribution is an essential parameter for the blisk precise shaping process in ECM, as it affects the process stability, profile accuracy and surface quality. Larger IEG leads to a poor localization effect and has an adverse influence on the machining accuracy and surface quality of blisk. To achieve micro-IEG (<50 μm) blisk finishing machining, this work puts forward a novel variable-parameters blisk ECM strategy based on the synchronous coupling mode of micro-vibration amplitude and small pulse duration. The modelling and simulation of the blisk micro-IEG machining have been carried out. Exploratory experiments of variable-parameters blisk ECM were carried out. The results illustrated that the IEG width reduced with the progress of variable parameter process. The IEG width of the blade’s concave part and convex part could be successfully controlled to within 30 μm and 21 μm, respectively. The profile deviation for the blade’s concave surface and convex surface are 49 μm and 35 μm, while the surface roughness reaches R_a = 0.149 μm and R_a = 0.196 μm, respectively. The profile accuracy of the blisk leading/trailing edges was limited to within 91 μm. Compared with the currently-established process, the profile accuracy of the blade’s concave and convex profiles was improved by 50.5 % and 53.3 %, respectively. The surface quality was improved by 53.2 % and 50.9 %, respectively. Additionally, the machined surface was covered with small corrosion pits and weak attacks of the grain boundary due to selective dissolution. Some electrolytic products were dispersed on the machined surface, and their components were mainly composed of the carbide and oxide products of Ti and Nb elements. The results indicate that the variable-parameters strategy is effective for achieving a tiny IEG in blisk ECM, which can be used in engineering practice.     

前缘喷淋射流对导叶压力面冷却特性的影响

为了评估涡轮导叶的前缘喷淋射流对压力面多排气膜孔冷却特性的影响,在高亚声速风洞中进行了实验,获得了有无前缘喷淋射流时叶片表面的气膜冷却效率和传热系数。叶栅进口雷诺数(基于叶片弦长)范围为2.0×105~4.0×105,出口等熵马赫数为0.95,叶片前缘和压力面分别都包含6排圆形孔,质量流量比的范围分别为2.46%~4.57%和2.00%~3.71%。实验结果表明:在没有前缘喷淋射流时,压力面前半段的气膜冷却效率受质量流量比的影响较小,而后半段的气膜冷却效率随着质量流量比升高而增大。前缘喷淋射流使压力面多排气膜孔的冷却效率提高了20%~70%,并且使气膜冷却效率沿流向分布更均匀。不论是否有前缘喷淋射流,压力面的传热系数比都随质量流量比升高而增大,沿流向看,前缘喷淋射流提高了压力面前缘和尾缘区域的传热系数比而对压力面中间区域影响较小。     

导流板对25°倾角Ahmed类车体尾流与气动阻力的影响

在雷诺数8．7×10^5的条件下,运用眼镜蛇探针、压力扫描阀和表面油膜流动可视化技术对倾角为25°的Ahmed类车体尾流与尾部压力分布进行了研究。对比了模型尾部斜面上边缘和两侧不同宽度导流板对模型尾流与气动阻力的影响规律。实验发现模型尾流中存在一对对称的拖曳涡,其在尾流中心线附近形成强烈的下扫流。拖曳涡强度与模型尾部压力分布和气动阻力有直接关系,较强的拖曳涡对应的模型尾部负压以及气动阻力均较大。斜面两侧导流板宽度为1％模型长度时,不仅无减阻效果,反而会使气动阻力增加约3．0％。当导流板宽度增加为2％和3％模型长度时,能够明显削弱斜面上的分离泡,对应的减阻效果分别为3．5％和7．2％。斜面上边缘导流板可有效地抑制分离流在斜面上的再附,并消除斜面上的分离泡,其抑制拖曳涡强度和降低气动阻力的效果明显优于同等宽度的斜面两侧导流板。上边缘导流板宽度为模型长度的1％,2％和3％时,减阻率分别可达9．3％,10．7％和10．9％。     

薄型中空电极振动电解切割TB6钛合金

TB6钛合金由于具有优越的性能,广泛地用于航空航天领域。然而从大余量的TB6钛合金锻铸件毛坯加工成复杂结构的零件,其加工效率低,刀具和机床成本高,造成了极大的浪费。为解决这一问题,提出了一种利用薄型中空电极进行快速大余量去除的电解加工(ECM)方法,即将零件与多余材料切割分离,有望较大程度提高加工效率,降低加工成本。为改善电解加工流场特性,提高加工精度,对电极施加振动,并对薄型中空电极的振动切割进行了建模分析和试验研究。试验结果表明,合适的振动幅值和频率(A=0.05mm,f=50Hz)可以使得各处电解液电导率趋于一致,从而提高加工的精度、稳定性和效率。复杂结构件的成功切割证明了薄型中空电极振动电解切割加工技术具有一定的适用性。     

Electrochemical drilling of small holes by regulating in real-time the electrolyte flowrate in multiple channels

Electrochemical drilling(ECD) provides an alternative technique for drilling multiple small holes in difficult-to-machine materials in numerous industrial applications such as for aeroengines. The value and fluctuation of electrolyte flowrate can seriously affect the machining stability and hole quality in ECD. In particular, when drilling multiple holes, the distribution and fluctuations of the electrolyte flowrate in each channel could influence the uniformity of the electrolyte flowrate among...     

突扩间隙比对单通道扩压器内流动力特性影响的试验研究

为了研究突扩间隙比与扩压器内流动力特性的影响关系,采用水流模拟流动显示及PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)流场测速试验方法,对不同突扩间隙比的内流瞬态流场、时均流场、雷诺切应力等关键流场信息所表征的扩压器内流动力特性进行了研究。结果表明:突扩间隙比为1.6～1.7时,静压恢复系数与总压损失系数比值达到最大,此时扩压性能最优;扩压器突扩间隙比为1.64时,主流从前置扩压器流出时由于强剪切作用卷起扩散涡,为维持突扩区域空间内流动稳定性,进而诱导出消耗涡;总压损失变化是突扩区消耗涡、回流扰动及火焰筒前缘背压反流共同作用的结果,雷诺切应力与总压损失系数成正比;扩压器出口速度分布对于突扩间隙比变化的不敏感性体现出较好的内流流动稳定性。     

Electrochemical machining of burn-resistant Ti40 alloy

This study investigates the feasibility of using electrochemical machining(ECM) to produce critical aeroengine components from a new burn-resistant titanium alloy(Ti40), thereby reducing costs and improving efficiency relative to conventional mechanical machining.Through this, it is found that an aqueous mix of sodium chloride and potassium bromide provides the optimal electrolyte and that the surface quality of the Ti40 workpiece is improved by using a pulsed current of1 k Hz rather than a direct current.Furthermore, the quality of cavities produced by ECM and the overall material removal rate are determined to be dependent on a combination of operating voltage, electrolyte inlet pressure, cathode feeding rate and electrolyte concentration.By optimizing these parameters, a surface roughness of 0.371 lm has been achieved in conjunction with a specific removal rate of more than 3.1 mm3/A?min.     

基于冷态叶型生成叶片加工坐标的方法

建立了基于冷态叶型生成叶片加工坐标的方法,包括排序、插值加密、叠加位移量、去倒圆及端区叶型拟合等步骤.以某多级轴流压气机为例,应用该方法生成的加工坐标叶片除端区外主流通道叶高内误差在0.01mm以下,叶片表面波纹度和前后缘曲率良好.通过进口级的数值模拟表明:该方法生成的加工坐标叶片与冷态叶型的误差对气动性能影响小,流量-总压比-等熵效率特性变化微小,叶片进出口气流速度、方向及流场细节等变化较小,满足工程应用的需求.      

单边膨胀喷管内流动分离非定常特性

结合聚焦纹影和动态压力测量技术,对基于特征线法设计的单边膨胀喷管(SERN)不同落压比(NPR)条件下喷管内流场结构和壁面压力进行了试验测量,通过壁面压力时域和频域综合分析获得了喷管内流动分离非定常特性。结果表明:过膨胀状态下单边膨胀喷管内流场结构具有明显的非对称特征,喷管上壁面流动分离模态为受限激波分离(RSS),而下壁面流动分离模态为自由激波分离(FSS);相比于FSS模态,RSS模态下出口附近壁面压力振荡更剧烈。喷管上、下壁面压力标准差峰值均在分离点附近,且概率密度函数分布向一侧偏斜或出现双峰现象。RSS模态下,激波运动呈明显低频特性;FSS模态下,激波非定常特性不仅受回旋区压力扰动的影响,且受分离剪切层的影响。      

不同压比状态下超声速射流冲击斜板的声场/流场特性

为研究超声速射流冲击斜板的噪声特性及声源特性,针对不同压比下,超声速射流流场及声场分别进行了高频PIV（particle image velocimetry)测量与远场噪声测量。PIV测量结果可观测到激波格栅形成过程以及冲击斜板对它的影响。声场测量结果可捕捉到自由射流与冲击射流中不同的纯音频率随压比增加的转变过程。通过一一对比各纯音模态与流场模态,可区分各纯音模态的声源特性。结果表明:当压比在2.0~3.2之间时,共出现五种纯音模态:A模态纯音频率为剪切层大尺度涡脱落频率,此时流场呈现同轴模态;d模态和e模态中纯音频率主要为冲击纯音频率,且e模态出现时流场转化为螺旋模态,这是一种不稳定模态;当压比大于等于2.53时,纯音模态稳定成单一模态B,B模态纯音频率为啸叫频率,其流场结构转化回同轴模态,啸叫频率对斜板的存在与否不敏感;啸叫频率随着压比的增加逐渐减小,其二次谐频在基频幅值较小的方向上会出现一个强声波辐射。