Electrochemical drilling of small holes by regulating in real-time the electrolyte flowrate in multiple channels

Electrochemical drilling(ECD) provides an alternative technique for drilling multiple small holes in difficult-to-machine materials in numerous industrial applications such as for aeroengines. The value and fluctuation of electrolyte flowrate can seriously affect the machining stability and hole quality in ECD. In particular, when drilling multiple holes, the distribution and fluctuations of the electrolyte flowrate in each channel could influence the uniformity of the electrolyte flowrate among...     

Design and optimization of electrolyte flow fields in electrochemical machining of cross-channel array with tool vibration

A metallic interconnect plate with a flow channel array is one of the most important elements in a solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC). Electrochemical machining(ECM) is considered to be an adoptable technology for fabricating flow channels in an interconnect plate on account of its efficiency and low cost. With respect to the traditional electrolyte flow mode in ECM cross-channel array, the electrolyte usually flows from one side to the opposite side of the rectangular processing area. However, obvious...     

Simulation and experimental investigation on a dynamic lateral flow mode in trepanning electrochemical machining

An appropriate flow mode of electrolyte has a positive effect on process efficiency, surface roughness, and machining accuracy in the electrochemical machining(ECM) process. In this study, a new dynamic lateral flow mode, in which the electrolyte flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, was proposed in trepanning ECM of a diffuser. Then a numerical model of the channel was set up and simulated by using computational fluid dynamics software. The result showed that the distribution of the flow field was comparatively uniform in the inter-electrode gap. Furthermore, a fixture was designed to realize this new flow mode and then corresponding experiments were carried out. The experimental results illustrated that the feeding rate of the cathode reached 2 mm/min, the best taper angle was about 0.4°, and the best surface roughness was up to Ra= 0.115 lm. It reflects that this flow mode is suitable and effective, and can also be applied to machining other complex structures in trepanning ECM.     

群孔管电极电解加工均流设计及其试验研究

 为提高群孔电解加工的稳定性和成形精度,对群孔管电极电解加工(ECD)的分流腔流场进行了建模分析。通过对分流腔进行数值求解,研究了分流腔电解液的分布规律,并分析得到了影响电解液分流均匀度的主?问?分流腔直径),进而对其进行了优化设计。基于该优化设计并结合试验得到了适合正流群孔电解加工的分流均匀度系数和相应的尺寸系数。采用优化的分流腔参数和加工参数进行试验,得到了尺寸精度较好的长排孔结构,孔间距5 mm,孔径为(1.03±0.03)mm,其加工过程稳定,无短路现象。通过优化分流腔结构可以提高其分流均匀度,从而使电解孔加工的稳定性显著增加,加工精度提高。     

Flow field design and experimental investigation of electrochemical machining on blisk

Flow field is a crucial factor to influence the stability and surface quality in the electrochemical machining (ECM) of blisks. A four-way flow mode was proposed to eliminate mixing regions of electrolyte at the leading and tailing edges. Two flow field models were described separately in this report: a W-shaped flow mode and a four-way flow mode. The flow field was analyzed through a finite element method. The results showed that, in comparison with the W-shaped flow mode, the distribution of electrolyte flow was more uniformed and the mixed region in the flow channel was improved. The pressure of the leading and tailing edges inlets was optimized, and optimal pressure of 0.6 MPa was determined. In addition, verification experiments were performed, and the results showed that the stability, efficiency, and quality of the profiles of the blisk blade manufactured by ECM were enhanced in the new flow mode.     

Optimization of flow field in electrochemical trepanning of integral cascades (Ti6Al4V)

Ti6Al4V is widely applied in the integral cascades of aero engines. As an effective machining method, electrochemical trepanning (ECTr) has unique advantages in processing surface parts made of hard-to-cut materials. In ECTr, the state of the flow field has a significant effect on processing stability and machining quality. To improve the uniformity of the flow field when ECTr is applied to Ti6Al4V, two different flow modes are designed, namely full-profile electrolyte supply (FPES) and edges electrolyte supply (EES). Different from the traditional forward flow mode, the flow directions of the electrolyte in the proposed modes are controlled by inlet channels. Simulations show that the flow field under EES is more uniform than that under FPES. To further enhance the uniformity of the flow field, the structure of EES is optimized by modifying the insulating sleeve. In the optimized configuration, the longitudinal distance between the center of the inlet hole and the center of the blade is 6.0 mm, the lateral distance between the centers of the inlet holes on both sides is 16.5 mm, the length to which the electrolyte enters the machining area is 1.5 mm, and the height of the insulating sleeve is 13.5 mm. A series of ECTr experiments are performed under the two flow modes. Compared with EES, the blade machined by FPES is less accurate and has poorer surface quality, with a surface roughness (R_a) of 3.346 μm. Under the optimized EES, the machining quality is effectively enhanced, with the surface quality improved from R_a = 2.621 μm to R_a = 1.815 μm, thus confirming the efficacy of the proposed methods.     

整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验简

 电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验

电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

Electrochemical cutting of mortise-tenon joint structure by rotary tube electrode with helically distributed jet-flow holes

In aero-engines, mortise-tenon joint structures are often used to connect the blades to the turbine disk. The disadvantages associated with conventional manufacturing techniques mean that a low-cost, high-efficiency, and high-quality nickel-based mortise–tenon joint structure is an urgent requirement in the field of aviation engineering. Electrochemical cutting is a potential machining method for manufacturing these parts, as there is no tool degradation in the cutting process and high-quality s...     

带射流冲击的短扰流柱排内流场的实验研究

用五孔针对带射流冲击的单排短扰流柱内的流场作了详细的测量,得到并分析了带射流冲击的短扰流柱排内的速度分布规律及流场内的漩涡分布.在实验中清楚地探测到流动在靠近扰流柱表面附近速度较大,在对称中心区域发现了一大片低速区,并有回流和漩涡产生.实验发现由于端壁效应和扰流柱表面的流动分离造成扰流柱排内有较强的漩涡流动,扰流柱根部有马蹄涡产生,扰流柱后尾迹区有湍流涡的发展,流道内侧向压力分布不均匀可形成通道涡.与无射流情况比较发现扰流柱表面分离点后移,尾迹区明显减小.     

Electrochemical trepanning with uniform electrolyte flow around the entire blade profile

In the traditional machining process for diffusers, blades are easily deformed, and methods suffer from high tool wear and low efficiency. Electrochemical machining(ECM) possesses unique advantages when applied to these difficult-to-machine materials. In the ECM process, theflow field plays a crucial role. Here, an electrolyte flow mode that supplies uniform flow around the entire blade profile was adopted for electrochemical trepanning of diffusers. Various flow rates were employed to obtain the optimal flow field. Simulations were conducted using ANSYS software, and results indicated that increasing the flow rate substantially afforded a more uniform flowfield. A series of experiments was then performed, and results revealed that increasing the flow rate greatly improved both the machining efficiency and the surface quality of the diffusers. The maximum feeding rate of the cathode reached 4 mm/min, the blade taper of the concave part decreased to 0.02, and the blade roughness was reduced to 1.216 lm. The results of this study demonstrated the high feasibility of this method and its potential for machining other complex components for engineering applications.     

钛合金齿轮LPES法表面强化的电场与流场

针对TC4钛合金齿轮复杂曲面液相等离子体电解渗透(LPES)表面强化放电困难的问题,基于仿真分析和实验验证的方法,建立了齿轮表面强化系统仿真模型,进行了强化系统电场和流场仿真,确定了齿轮复杂表面放电机理,研究了电极系统参数和入口流速对强化层形成的影响。结果表明:齿轮复杂表面放电困难的根本原因在于电场的分布不均。采用啮合形阳极时的电场和强化层均匀性较好。电极距离过小容易造成强化系统的短路,过大时会降低强化层的均匀性和厚度。合理的系统电解液流速对放电的稳定性和强化层的形成均具有重要的意义。相较于未处理时的基体,强化后的齿轮表面耐磨性有了明显提升。     

叶片型面精密振动电解加工工艺研究

采用电解加工工艺对叶片型面进行加工,可以有效提高发动机叶片加工效率,降低生产成本。针对GH4169G合金叶片型面,开展了精密振动电解加工试验研究。结果表明:高频脉冲电流和阴极机械振动具有改善极间流场特性、降低阳极钝化和阴极的产物吸附的作用,可以大幅改善加工效果;采用参数组加工电压15V、阴极振动频率25Hz、开通角度Ra 150°~195°、脉冲频率3000Hz时,获得最优的型面加工质量,型面轮廓度为-0.012~+0.013mm,表面粗糙度值为0.51μm,证明精密振动电解加工工艺满足叶片型面的加工要求。     

基于电解扫掠成形原理的整体叶盘叶根加工方法

采用片状或管状阴极电解加工(ECM)后的整体叶盘由于加工运动、阴极形状等原因在叶根处会形成一定的加工残留,影响整体叶盘的加工精度。针对叶片电解加工后形成的叶根残留,开展去除叶根残留电解加工方法的研究,解决叶根电解加工的阴极结构、加工路径设计等难题。首先,分析了叶根的残留分布情况以及叶间通道的结构,采用了电解扫掠成形加工方案。其次,设计了阴极结构与加工路径,在阴极结构上采用了扇形流道并分析了电解液流速分布,通过增加引流槽、改变倾角等措施改善了流场;对阴极的运动路径进行了规划,利用专用仿真软件对阴极运动干涉与加工程序进行了检验;通过附加叶盘转动补偿了由于不同截面内叶间通道宽度与阴极刃口尺寸不一致给加工带来的不足。最后,制作了电解加工装置并通过试验对叶根电解加工方法进行了验证。试验结果表明,该加工方法有效去除了叶根残留,加工表面质量好,加工精度达到了要求。     

机器人镗孔加工系统稳定性分析

为了解决大型飞机装配现场主起落架交点孔的镗孔精加工问题,提出了采用六自由度工业机器人及专用末端执行器组合的创新解决方案。压脚是抑制机器人镗孔加工系统颤振的核心环节。通过对施加压脚前后的机器人镗孔加工系统进行动力学建模,对系统的稳定性进行分析,得出压脚装置对加工系统稳定性叶瓣图的影响。最后通过实际镗孔加工实验验证了机器人镗孔系统在不同压脚压力下的加工稳定性,表明合理的压脚压力可提高稳定切深,拓展加工稳定区域,有效避免加工颤振。     

利用交变旋转磁场去除叶片气膜孔毛刺的试验研究

对航空发动机叶片采用电火花打出气膜冷却孔后产生的毛刺,用传统的加工方法难以去除,利用交变旋转电磁场带动微细磁针旋转与气膜冷却孔发生碰撞可有效去除叶片气膜冷却孔的毛刺。从理论上分析了磁力研磨法的工作原理、磁力研磨过程中磁针的运动方式以及影响磁力研磨加工效率的因素,并对气膜冷却孔进行磁力研磨抛光试验;采用3D超景深显微镜观察叶片气膜冷却孔研磨前后表面微观形貌的变化。试验结果表明:利用磁力研磨法可以有效去除叶片气膜冷却孔的毛刺,使表面形貌得到改善,满足工件的使用要求。     

带射流冲击短扰流柱排内的流动和损失

用五孔探针测量了带射流冲击的短扰流柱排内的流场，并用压力扫描阀测量了端壁和柱面的压力分布，分析了在涡轮叶片尾缘区内射流冲击强化扰流柱排通道内换热的机理，研究发现，带射流冲击时流动在靠近扰流柱表面附近速度较大，在对称中心区域有大片低速区，压力系数远远小于无射流时情况，气流经过孔板后压力系数迅速下降，达到最小值，沿流动方向压力系数逐渐恢复。随喷射雷诺数增大，扰流柱表面的分离点位置后移，总结出了实验工况范围内带射流冲击的短扰流柱排内压力损失系数与雷诺数之间的经验公式，便于工程实际应用。     

基于马蹄涡模型的飞机尾流介电常数分布的快速建模方法

为便于研究飞机尾流电磁散射特性,提出了一种飞机尾流介电常数分布的快速建模方法。根据马蹄涡模型得到飞机尾流的诱导速度场,并利用Euler方程和等熵流方法求出了尾流的热力学参数分布,进而得到介电常数分布。同时,提供了一种将针对一种飞机计算出的结果外推到另一种飞机上的方法,避免了重复计算。该方法具有计算量小、涉及参数少的特点,是一种快速简便地模拟飞机尾流介电常数分布的方法。     

数控加工运动的平滑处理

为了满足高速加工的要求,提出假设圆弧过渡法来处理两相邻运动矢量拐角处的速度,过渡小圆弧的半径能随加工精度的变化而自动地调整,通过限制加工小圆弧的最大速度来限制拐角处的速度,利用超前分析的方法,根据减速所需的最大距离提出了一种多程序段运动平滑算法,实现进给速度提前减速,从而防止刀具在拐角处发生过载,并有效地减少了工件形状在拐角处,或小半径圆弧的加工误差;用等效的梯形加减速方法实现了S型曲线加减速的分析,导出了S型曲线加减速实时精确的插补算法,从而克服了用查表法来近似计算速度的缺点。这些算法简单、有效,已在最新开发的高速铣床上得到应用。在高速加工时获得了高的加工精度。     

动基座近舰面流场数值模拟

航母尾迹流场对舰载机的着舰有较大影响,所以需要对其流场特点进行研究,分析不同状态下舰载机气动特性的变化。采用嵌套网格技术对航母处于垂荡状态下无人机的着舰进行了模拟。首先,利用SFS2舰船进行数值计算,验证了舰船流场的数值模拟方法。然后,对比了单独无人机定常与非定常计算结果,表明所建立的嵌套网格适用于无人机流场的模拟。接着,对航母单相流和两相流的流场结果进行了分析,结果显示甲板下方的流动对甲板上方流场没有大的影响。因此,忽略了水的影响只对航母在空气流场中的特性进行研究,结果表明航母尾迹非定常特性明显,静止航母下滑轨迹上的速度均处于周期性波动状态,且波动幅值随着远离航母而逐渐衰减;而在垂荡情况下航母尾迹变得更加紊乱,水平方向速度波动的周期性减弱,但垂向速度的波动幅值进一步增大。对于静止航母,无人机在不同时刻着舰气动特性的变化也存在差异;当航母处于垂荡状态时,无人机的升力和俯仰力矩在短时间内会有更大的波动。