大直径整体叶轮分步法电解加工工艺与试验

在对大直径整体叶轮的叶片特征和过去电解加工(ECM)方法比较分析的基础上提出了一种叶片分步加工的电解加工方法.首先确立了分步法的加工顺序,采用专用仿真软件对叶片的被加工区域进行划分,使前道工序加工后留下的区域满足后道工序的电解加工要求;在此基础上计算各工序的加工运动路径,并根据机床运动配置形式给出了叶片加工所需的四轴联动算法,通过软件自动生成数控加工自动编程;借助于CAD/CAE/CAM软件设计了一组加工阴极并进行了工艺试验.试验结果表明,通过合理的区域划分,叶盆、叶背和叶根的加工过程具有较好的稳定性,叶背、叶根的加工精度得到了较好的控制.该工艺方法可望较高精度地解决大直径整体叶轮叶片型面加工难题.     

整体叶盘通道电解加工电极多维运动轨迹优化

为了提高整体叶盘通道余量分布的均匀性,提出了电极运动轨迹优化方法.分析了电解加工间隙对电极运动轨迹的影响,优化了工具电极在叶顶及叶根圆柱面上的运动轨迹,并基于轨迹线上采样点作拟合垂线段中点的样条曲线获得新的轨迹线.为了验证优化后轨迹的合理性,进行了叶盘通道电解加工对比试验.试验表明,与优化前的轨迹相比,采用优化后的轨迹...     

精密电解套料阴极设计与优化

通过对整体叶盘的结构特点、技术要求和材料特性等分析,确定了电解加工技术方案,分析了电解加工套料阴极设计及轨迹计算、成型阴极设计、参数优化等3大关键技术,重点针对套料加工阴极型面设计、流场设计、轨迹计算、间隙计算等关键步骤进行了详细论述,并通过试验进一步反复优化,解决了流场不均、火花短路等问题,最终验证了工艺可行性,且套料电解加工的叶盘余量较为均匀,能够满足后续精电解加工要求,取得了良好效果.     

基于Realizable k-ε模型的叶盘通道电解加工多场耦合分析

叶盘通道电解加工(ECM)是决定整体叶盘电解加工成形精度的关键工序，其加工间隙不规则、建模困难。基于Realizable k-ε模型建立叶盘通道电解加工的气液两相流模型，根据参数传递关系建立多物理场耦合模型，分析加工间隙内电解液温度、氢气体积分数、电导率等重要参数的分布规律。仿真结果显示电解液在侧面间隙出现涡流现象，使该区域氢气堆积、温度上升，影响工件的成形表面质量，并导致该处的材料蚀除量减小，该结果在试验中得到证实。试验与仿真得出的工件轮廓形状变化趋势一致，试验与仿真获得的端面平衡间隙尺寸分别为0.26、0.33 mm,仿真的相对误差(27%)明显小于经典公式的相对误差(73%)。因此，模型可较为准确地模拟叶盘通道电解加工成形过程，反映各参数对工件成形的影响过程。     

整体叶盘电解加工电解液进液角度优化研究

整体叶盘电解加工中,流场对加工稳定性起着重要作用,电解液进液角度对流场均匀性具有重要影响。针对由叶尖至叶根流动模式,设计了5种电解液进液角度流动模型（12°、22°、32°、42°以及52°）,并开展电解加工流场仿真研究。结果表明,电解液进液角度为32°时,平均流速为19.01 m/s,流速均方差为6.33,满足整体叶盘电解加工对流场的要求。在电解液进液角度为32°的流场形式下,开展整体叶盘电解加工试验,加工过程稳定,试件表面无流纹,加工精度为0.12 mm,表面粗糙度为Ra0.353μm,验证了流场的合理性。     

内喷式阴极电解加工整体叶轮叶间通道的间隙特性

本文介绍了在内喷式阴极展成电解加工整体叶轮叶间通道时，加工电压、阴极进给速度、电解液压力和温度对加工间隙的影响，经过对其试验数据所作分析，得出了一些有益的结论，为展成电解加工整体叶轮提供了试验与理论依据。     

大长宽比深窄槽电解加工阴极结构设计

为解决钛合金大长宽比深窄槽电解加工过程中阴极结构刚性差的问题,设计了内部带有加强筋的镂空片状阴极结构,并采用单向流固耦合法研究了加强筋数量、加强筋与侧壁夹角对阴极整体刚性的影响规律。仿真结果表明,阴极结构添加3根加强筋时,阴极整体刚性得到显著提高。另外,阴极整体刚性随加强筋与侧壁夹角的增大而降低,综合阴极变形量与最大等效应力,确定了加强筋与侧壁夹角为45°时,阴极结构具有良好的刚性,能够满足试验要求。最后,采用自主研制的试验系统开展了大长宽比深窄槽电解加工工艺试验,选用优化后的阴极结构,可加工出长宽比11∶1、深宽比9∶1的深窄槽结构。     

面向全型面精加工的整体叶盘铣磨组合加工技术研究

整体叶盘由多个叶片呈圆周阵列布置在轮毂上,由于叶身型面为弱刚性零件,精加工时刀具磨损、颤振及让刀变形较为严重,影响了加工质量的进一步提高。提出一种面向全型面精加工的整体叶盘铣磨组合加工工艺,叶片型面采用磨削加工工艺,叶根、流道区域采用铣削加工工艺,通过控制磨削与铣削刀轨重叠区域的接刀误差实现叶盘全型面加工。试验结果表明,铣磨组合加工工艺表现出较好的加工质量,接刀误差控制在0.01 mm以内,轮廓误差小于0.04 mm,并通过加工试验验证了多主轴阵列加工的可行性,在保证加工质量的同时可大幅度提升加工效率。     

整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验简

 电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

整体叶盘叶片型面CMM测量路径规划技术

由于整体叶盘结构复杂,叶片型面为复杂自由曲面,扭曲度大,加工精度要求高,相邻叶片之间的通道深而窄、开敞性差,因此造成整体叶盘制造相对单叶片困难,相应也为其测量增加了难度。测量机对叶盘型面进行测量,首先要进行路径规划,路径规划的好坏决定CMM测量的效率和有效性。     

整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验

电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

Trajectory control strategy of cathodes in blisk electrochemical machining

A turbine blisk, which combines blades and a disk together, is one of the most important components of an aero engine. In the process of blisk electrochemical machining (ECM), the sheet cathode, which is usually used as a tool electrode, has a complicated structure. In addition to that, the channel between the adjacent blades is narrow and twisted, so interference is apt to happen when the sheet cathode feeds into the channel. Therefore, it is important to choose suitable trajectory control strategy. In this paper, a new trajectory control strategy of the sheet cathode is presented and corresponding simulation analysis is conducted on the basis of an actual blisk model. The simulation results demonstrate that the sheet cathode can feed into the channel by a spatial line trajectory without interference. Moreover, the verification experiments are carried out according to the simulation. The experimental results show that the cathode can move into the channel without interference. It is verified that the new trajectory control strategy is correct and can be used in the blisk ECM process successfully.     

Improving profile accuracy and surface quality of blisk by electrochemical machining with a micro inter-electrode gap

Electrochemical machining (ECM) has emerged as an important option for manufacturing the blisk. The inter-electrode gap (IEG) distribution is an essential parameter for the blisk precise shaping process in ECM, as it affects the process stability, profile accuracy and surface quality. Larger IEG leads to a poor localization effect and has an adverse influence on the machining accuracy and surface quality of blisk. To achieve micro-IEG (<50 μm) blisk finishing machining, this work puts forward a novel variable-parameters blisk ECM strategy based on the synchronous coupling mode of micro-vibration amplitude and small pulse duration. The modelling and simulation of the blisk micro-IEG machining have been carried out. Exploratory experiments of variable-parameters blisk ECM were carried out. The results illustrated that the IEG width reduced with the progress of variable parameter process. The IEG width of the blade’s concave part and convex part could be successfully controlled to within 30 μm and 21 μm, respectively. The profile deviation for the blade’s concave surface and convex surface are 49 μm and 35 μm, while the surface roughness reaches R_a = 0.149 μm and R_a = 0.196 μm, respectively. The profile accuracy of the blisk leading/trailing edges was limited to within 91 μm. Compared with the currently-established process, the profile accuracy of the blade’s concave and convex profiles was improved by 50.5 % and 53.3 %, respectively. The surface quality was improved by 53.2 % and 50.9 %, respectively. Additionally, the machined surface was covered with small corrosion pits and weak attacks of the grain boundary due to selective dissolution. Some electrolytic products were dispersed on the machined surface, and their components were mainly composed of the carbide and oxide products of Ti and Nb elements. The results indicate that the variable-parameters strategy is effective for achieving a tiny IEG in blisk ECM, which can be used in engineering practice.     

Flow field design and experimental investigation of electrochemical machining on blisk

Flow field is a crucial factor to influence the stability and surface quality in the electrochemical machining (ECM) of blisks. A four-way flow mode was proposed to eliminate mixing regions of electrolyte at the leading and tailing edges. Two flow field models were described separately in this report: a W-shaped flow mode and a four-way flow mode. The flow field was analyzed through a finite element method. The results showed that, in comparison with the W-shaped flow mode, the distribution of electrolyte flow was more uniformed and the mixed region in the flow channel was improved. The pressure of the leading and tailing edges inlets was optimized, and optimal pressure of 0.6 MPa was determined. In addition, verification experiments were performed, and the results showed that the stability, efficiency, and quality of the profiles of the blisk blade manufactured by ECM were enhanced in the new flow mode.     

Evolution of convex structure during counter-rotating electrochemical machining based on kinematic modeling

Counter-rotating electrochemical machining (CRECM) is a novel electrochemical machining (ECM) method, which can be used to machine convex structures with complex shapes on the outer surface of casings. In this study, the evolution of the convex structure during CRECM is studied. The complex motion form of CRECM is replaced by an equivalent kinematic model, in which the movement of the cathode tool is realized by matrix equations. The trajectory of the cathode tool center satisfies the Archimedes spiral equation, and the feed depth in adjacent cycles is a constant. The simulation results show that the variations of five quality indexes for the convex structure: as machining time increases, the height increases linearly, and the width reduces linearly, the fillets at the top and root fit the rational function, and the inclination angle of the convex satisfies the exponential function. The current density distributions with different rotation angles is investigated. Owing to the differential distribution of current density on workpiece surface, the convex is manufactured with the cathode window transferring into and out of the processing area. Experimental results agree very well with the simulation, which indicates that the proposed model is effective for prediction the evolution of the convex structure in CRECM.     

Electrochemical machining on blisk channels with a variable feed rate mode

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an economical and effective method for blisk manufacturing and includes two steps: channel machining and profile machining. The allowance distribution after the channel machining will directly affect the profile machining. Therefore, to improve the uniformity of allowance distribution in the machining of channels, a method that incorporates a variable feed rate mode is developed. During the machining process, the feed rates are dynamically changed according to the needs of the side gap at the different feed depths. As a result, the side gaps at the different feed depths vary, contributing to a decrease in the allowance difference. In this study, the dissolution processes of a blisk channel are simulated using different feed rates, and prediction profiles are obtained. Based on the prediction profiles, the relationship among the feed rate, feed depth, and side gap is established. Then, the feed rates at different feed depths are adjusted according to the relationship. In addition, contrast experiments are conducted. Compared with blisk channel ECM using a constant feed rate of 1 mm/min, using the variable feed rate decreases the allowance differences in the convex and concave parts by 62.2 % and 67.4 %, respectively. This indicates that using the variable feed rate in the ECM process for a blisk channel is feasible and efficient.     

Electrochemical trepanning with uniform electrolyte flow around the entire blade profile

In the traditional machining process for diffusers, blades are easily deformed, and methods suffer from high tool wear and low efficiency. Electrochemical machining(ECM) possesses unique advantages when applied to these difficult-to-machine materials. In the ECM process, theflow field plays a crucial role. Here, an electrolyte flow mode that supplies uniform flow around the entire blade profile was adopted for electrochemical trepanning of diffusers. Various flow rates were employed to obtain the optimal flow field. Simulations were conducted using ANSYS software, and results indicated that increasing the flow rate substantially afforded a more uniform flowfield. A series of experiments was then performed, and results revealed that increasing the flow rate greatly improved both the machining efficiency and the surface quality of the diffusers. The maximum feeding rate of the cathode reached 4 mm/min, the blade taper of the concave part decreased to 0.02, and the blade roughness was reduced to 1.216 lm. The results of this study demonstrated the high feasibility of this method and its potential for machining other complex components for engineering applications.     

Simulation and experimental investigation on a dynamic lateral flow mode in trepanning electrochemical machining

An appropriate flow mode of electrolyte has a positive effect on process efficiency, surface roughness, and machining accuracy in the electrochemical machining(ECM) process. In this study, a new dynamic lateral flow mode, in which the electrolyte flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, was proposed in trepanning ECM of a diffuser. Then a numerical model of the channel was set up and simulated by using computational fluid dynamics software. The result showed that the distribution of the flow field was comparatively uniform in the inter-electrode gap. Furthermore, a fixture was designed to realize this new flow mode and then corresponding experiments were carried out. The experimental results illustrated that the feeding rate of the cathode reached 2 mm/min, the best taper angle was about 0.4°, and the best surface roughness was up to Ra= 0.115 lm. It reflects that this flow mode is suitable and effective, and can also be applied to machining other complex structures in trepanning ECM.