SiO2气凝胶制备条件正交优化设计及其热物性

利用溶胶-凝胶酸碱两步催化法和超临界干燥法制备了SiO2气凝胶.反应物的配比是影响SiO2气凝胶制备最主要的因素.为了得到热导率最小、密度最小的SiO2气凝胶,本文设计了一个4因素、3水平的正交实验确定去离子水、无水乙醇、HCI和氨水等反应物与正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)的摩尔比.同时为了保证所有实验均能在相同条件下发生,确定了其他实验参数.结果表明:SiO2气凝胶制备的最优反应摩尔配比为TEOS:去离子水:无水乙醇:HCl:NH3·H2O=1:4.5:10:0.0005:0.0018.这将为进一步探讨SiO2气凝胶制备工艺优化和热物性设计提供参考依据.     

SiO2气凝胶制备及疏水改性研究

采用六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDZ)和六甲基二硅氧烷(HMDSO)为表面改性剂,对正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)经溶胶-凝胶过程制备的凝胶进行表面改性,大幅度简化了洗涤过程,常压干燥制备了疏水SiO2气凝胶,并研究了表面改性剂对SiO2气凝胶结构和性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的疏水SiO2气凝胶有良好的疏水性能,吸附水量低于3%,与水的接触角大于130°;疏水SiO2气凝胶的密度、比表面积和孔隙率分别为150～225 kg/m3、750～900 m2/g和88%～93%,其颗粒尺寸为1～100 nm.     

SiO_2气凝胶材料的制备、性能及其低温保温隔热应用

由于SiO2气凝胶独特的纳米多孔结构,使其具有诸多其他材料所不能比拟的优异性能,比如极高的孔隙率和比表面积、极低的热导率及密度等特性。这些优异的性能使得SiO2气凝胶在高效保温隔热、隔声等领域具有极大的应用潜力。本文阐述了SiO2气凝胶的溶胶-凝胶制备过程及其机理,分别对SiO2气凝胶的热学、力学、光学和疏水性能的研究进展进行了概述,同时分析了气凝胶的微观结构与上述性能之间的关系,并介绍了SiO2气凝胶在低温保温隔热领域的应用现状和前景。     

SiO2 气凝胶常压干燥工艺与隔热应用进展

综述了SiO2气凝胶常压制备技术及其复合隔热材料的最新研究进展。着重介绍了提高凝胶网络基架强度、添加干燥控制化学添加剂、表面改性、降低毛细管力等几种SiO2气凝胶常压干燥工艺,并回顾了几种SiO2气凝胶复合隔热材料的应用现状。     

SiO2 改性ZrO2 气凝胶高温稳定性

以ZrOCl2·8H2O 为锆源,以环氧丙烷( PO) 为凝胶促进剂制备ZrO2 凝胶,将ZrO2 凝胶置于正硅
酸乙酯乙醇溶液中老化,再结合高温超临界干燥工艺制备了SiO2 改性ZrO2 气凝胶。通过对比ZrO2 气凝胶和
SiO2 改性ZrO2 气凝胶高温结构转变讨论了SiO2 改性对ZrO2 气凝胶高温结构的影响。采用FT-IR、XRD、SEM
和TEM 等分析手段对样品进行高温结构表征。结果表明:采用正硅酸乙酯乙醇溶液老化ZrO2 凝胶后,在ZrO2
凝胶粒子表面形成了一层SiO2 包裹层,这层SiO2 包裹层显著抑制了ZrO2 的扩散、成核和生长过程,高温稳定
性得以显著提高。     

莫来石纤维增强疏水SiO2气凝胶的制备

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)为改性剂,经老化、表面疏水改性,常压干燥制备了莫来石纤维增强SiO2气凝胶隔热材料.用FT-IR、SEM、TG-DSC对其疏水特性及结构进行表征.结果表明:经常压干燥制备的莫来石纤维增强SiO2气凝胶隔热材料,微观上具有典型的气凝胶结构特征,宏观上保持其功能材料的完整性.     

纳米隔热材料导热机理与特性研究

以SiO2气凝胶为研究对象,对其气相和固相导热机理进行了研究,进而为SiO2气凝胶材料传热设计提供理论指导.建立了SiO2气凝胶固相结构单元导热模型,在考虑对声子平均自由程的各种限制条件基础上,运用动力学理论分析了影响SiO2气凝胶固相结构单元热导率的影响因素.根据SiO2气凝胶微观结构特点,建立了几种纳米孔隙模型,计算了各种条件下SiO2气凝胶的当量热导率,研究了SiO2气凝胶各物性参数对其当量热导率的影响,并对比了几种纳米孔隙模型下SiO2气凝胶的当量热导率,并与实验值做了比较.     

硅酸钙复合纳米孔超级绝热板材的研制

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,利用溶胶-凝胶法制备SiO2气凝胶先驱体,而后采用真空浸渍工艺将SiO2气凝胶先驱体与硬硅钙石复合,最后经超临界干燥技术制备出了硅酸钙复合纳米孔超级绝热板材。研究了硬硅钙石密度、浸渍真空度、气凝胶原料配比对硅酸钙板材增重率的影响。结果表明,增重率随硬硅钙石密度的减小而增大,但随浸渍真空度和气凝胶原料配比中正硅酸乙酯的增加而增大。对制得的超级绝热板材进行了X射线衍射、扫描电镜、孔径分布等测试;结果表明,这种材料具有纳米孔结构特征(平均孔径为9.1 nm,孔径小于50 nm的孔超过80%,其他都在80 nm以内),常温常压下热导率为25 mW/(m.K),匀温灼烧试验(1 273 K)的线性收缩率仅为1%,并且无贯穿裂纹。因此有望用作航天飞机的隔热瓦,具有潜在的航天应用前景。     

有机基团改性SiO2 气凝胶研究进展

总结了有机基团改性SiO2 气凝胶的国内外最新研究进展,重点评述了接枝法和引入法改性SiO2气凝胶的原理、方法及材料性能特点,并对改性SiO2 气凝胶的未来进行了展望。     

耐高温气凝胶隔热材料

介绍了气凝胶的基本特点,重点介绍了SiO2气凝胶、ZrO2气凝胶、Al2O3气凝胶、Si-C-O气凝胶隔热材料的耐高温性能,并对耐高温气凝胶的发展方向进行了展望。     

空间探索用梯度密度气凝胶的合成与应用进展

气凝胶是空间探索领域的关键功能材料.系统介绍了单一密度气凝胶和梯度密度气凝胶材料的分类、合成方法、复合工艺、特殊性能及其在空间探索领域的应用.其中,梯度密度气凝胶材料的合成是国际上的技术难点,笔者结合自身研究将其复合方式分为早期方法、分层粘贴法、逐层凝胶法和梯度溶胶共凝胶法,揭示了梯度气凝胶应遵循由单位深度的低差异到高...     

氧化硅气凝胶粉体材料力学性能的多尺度模拟

基于氧化硅气凝胶粉体材料内部的微结构特征,建立了能反映其特征结构的多尺度力学模型,利
用分子动力学方法模拟了氧化硅气凝胶的纳米多孔结构和拉伸性能,进一步利用离散元方法模拟了粉体材料
的模压成形和多轴压缩应力-应变曲线。分子动力学模拟表明,气凝胶密度越低,其分形维数越小。此外,离
散元模拟表明,氧化硅气凝胶粉体材料的弹性模量比对应的氧化硅气凝胶弹性模量低,压缩强度比对应气凝胶
的拉伸强度高;随着围压的增加,氧化硅气凝胶粉体材料的压缩强度增加。     

低密度气凝胶复合材料的火星环境适应性研究

针对航天器的使用要求,研制了密度≤30 kg/m~3轻质高效的二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料。针对深空探测的应用环境,对低密度气凝胶复合材料在不同条件下的热导率、热循环、热真空和电离总剂量等环境试验进行测试。结果表明,低密度气凝胶复合材料服役温度可达到-145～85℃,在1 kPa CO_2气氛下热导率可达到6.6 mW/(m·K)。获得了不同气氛和不同温度条件下以及同种气氛、不同压力条件下低密度气凝胶复合材料的热导率变化规律,并测试批次性材料热导率,结果表明批次热导率稳定性良好。热循环、热真空和电离辐照试验前后热导率和尺寸收缩率均未变化,表明低密度气凝胶复合材料在深空环境下保持良好的结构和稳定的隔热性能。     

Radio plasma imager simulations and measurements

The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) will be the first-of-its kind instrument designed to use radio wave sounding techniques to perform repetitive remote sensing measurements of electron number density (N _e) structures and the dynamics of the magnetosphere and plasmasphere. RPI will fly on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) mission to be launched early in the year 2000. The design of the RPI is based on recent advances in radio transmitter and receiver design and modern digital processing techniques perfected for ground-based ionospheric sounding over the last two decades. Free-space electromagnetic waves transmitted by the RPI located in the low-density magnetospheric cavity will be reflected at distant plasma cutoffs. The location and characteristics of the plasma at those remote reflection points can then be derived from measurements of the echo amplitude, phase, delay time, frequency, polarization, Doppler shift, and echo direction. The 500 m tip-to-tip X and Y (spin plane) antennas and 20 m Z axis antenna on RPI will be used to measures echoes coming from distances of several R _E. RPI will operate at frequencies between 3 kHz to 3 MHz and will provide quantitative N _e values from 10^–1 to 10⁵ cm^–3. Ray tracing calculations, combined with specific radio imager instrument characteristics, enables simulations of RPI measurements. These simulations have been performed throughout an IMAGE orbit and under different model magnetospheric conditions. They dramatically show that radio sounding can be used quite successfully to measure a wealth of magnetospheric phenomena such as magnetopause boundary motions and plasmapause dynamics. The radio imaging technique will provide a truly exciting opportunity to study global magnetospheric dynamics in a way that was never before possible.     

Neutral H Density at the Termination Shock: A Consolidation of Recent Results

We discuss a consolidation of determinations of the density of neutral interstellar H at the nose of the termination shock carried out with the use of various data sets, techniques, and modeling approaches. In particular, we focus on the determination of this density based on observations of H pickup ions on Ulysses during its aphelion passage through the ecliptic plane. We discuss in greater detail a novel method of determination of the density from these measurements and review the results from its application to actual data. The H density at TS derived from this analysis is equal to 0.087±0.022 cm^?3, and when all relevant determinations are taken into account, the consolidated density is obtained at 0.09±0.022 cm^?3. The density of H in CHISM based on literature values of filtration factor is then calculated at 0.16±0.04 cm^?3.     

C/C-Cu复合材料的烧蚀形貌和烧蚀机理

以PAN预氧化纤维整体毡为增强体,经碳化、等温CVI致密化后制备多孔的C/C复合材料预制体,利用气体压力浸渗法将Cu引入C/C预制体中制备C/C-Cu复合材料。采用氢氧(H2-O2)焰考核C/C-Cu复合材料的烧蚀性能,经扫描电镜和电子能谱对不同烧蚀区域的微观结构和成分进行分析,结果表明:预制体密度为0.96 g/cm3的C/C-Cu复合材料的线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为4.75μm/s、0.223 mg/s,烧蚀性能优良;其烧蚀表面具有不同的宏观形貌,在烧蚀中心区产生了明显的凹坑,主要烧蚀机制为C/C预制体的氧化和铜基体的机械冲刷;烧蚀过渡区聚集了大量的铜基体,其烧蚀机制为Cu的热氧化和机械冲刷;烧蚀边缘区材料表面变黑,主要因为C/C的氧化。为了提高C/C-Cu的烧蚀性能,需要发挥C/C预制体的"钉扎"作用,阻止Cu在高温下被气流冲刷而发生流动。     

Possible shock wave in the local interstellar plasma, very close to the heliosphere

We show, using the HST — GHRS data on velocity and temperature in the nearby interstellar medium, that the observed 3 – 4 km s^–1 relative velocity between the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC) and the so-called G-cloud located in the Galactic Center hemisphere can be quite naturally explained assuming that the two clouds do interact with each other. In the proposed interpretation the two media are separated by a (quasiperpendicular) MHD shock front propagating from the LIC into the G-cloud. The LIC plasma is then nothing else but the shocked (compression 1.3 – 1.4) gas of the G-cloud. A 1-D single-fluid solution of the Rankine — Hugoniot equations can fit the most probable observed values of the relative velocity (3.75 km/s), LIC (6700 K) and G-cloud (5400 K) kinetic temperatures, if the plasma-beta of the LIC plasma is in the range 1.3 – 1.5 (Table 1). This corresponds to a super — fast magnetosonic motion of the heliosphere through the LIC, independently of LIC density. The LIC magnetic field strength is 1.9 (3.1) G for the LIC electron density n_e = 0.04 (0.10) cm^–3. In this case the shock is less than 30 000 AU away and moves at about 10 km s^–1 relative to the LIC plasma. The Sun is chasing the shock and should catch up with it in about 10⁴ years. If the heliospheric VLP emissions cutoff at 1.8 kHz is indicative of n_e (LIC) = 0.04 cm^–3 (Gurnett et al., 1993), the (pure plasma) bowshock ahead of the heliopause could be the source of quasi-continuous heliospheric 2-kHz emission band. We believe that with the expected increase in the performance of modern spectroscopic instrumentation the proposed method of magnetic field evaluation may in the future find wider application in the studies of the interstellar medium.     

高硅氧纤维/酚醛泡沫复合材料的结构与性能

以高硅氧短切纤维毡为增强体,分别以酚醛树脂和酚醛泡沫为基体,制备了高硅氧/酚醛与高硅氧/酚醛泡沫两种复合材料,采用红外光谱分析、扫描电镜分析、热失重分析等方法对其结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明,两种材料具有相似的基体化学结构和相近的固化反应温度,均具有良好的耐热性能,性能测试结果表明,复合材料中基体由酚醛树脂变成酚醛泡沫后,力学性能明显降低,同时,密度由1.65 g/cm3降低至0.5 g/cm3,热导率由0.5 W/(m·K)降低至0.09 W/(m·K)。     

Spectral observation of the composite supernova remnant G 29.7-0.3

The X-ray properties of the supernova remnant G 29.7-0.3 are discussed based on spectral data from the EXOSAT satellite. In the 2 to 10 keV range a featureless power-law spectrum is obtained, the best-fit parameters being: energy spectral index =-0.77, hydrogen column density on the line of sight N_H=2.3.10²² cm^–2. The incident X-ray flux from the source is (3.6±0.1) 10¹¹ erg cm^–2 s^–1 in the 2 to 10 keV range corresponding to an intrinsic luminosity of about 2. 10³⁶ erg s^–1 for a distance of 19 kpc. The source was not seen with the imaging instrument thus constraining the hydrogen column density to be N_H=(3.3 ±0.3) 10²² cm^–2 and the energy spectral index =1.0±0.15. This new observation is consistent with emission by a synchroton nebula presumably fed by an active pulsar. An upper limit of 1.5% for the pulsed fraction in the range of periods 32ms to 10⁴ s has been obtained.