激波风洞边界层转捩测量技术及应用

高超声速边界层转捩对摩阻、传热等有重要影响。在高超声速飞行器研制中，迫切希望能精确预测和控制边界层转捩。激波风洞作为高超声速气动热环境试验的主要地面模拟设备，是研究高超声速边界层转捩的重要设备。但激波风洞原有测量技术适用于工程型号试验，需要依据高超声速边界层转捩特点进行适应性改造和升级。依据高超声速边界层转捩过程中的热流、压力、密度等物理参数变化，发展了薄膜热流传感器测热技术、温敏热图测量技术、高频脉动压力测量技术、高清晰度纹影显示技术等适用于激波风洞的边界层转捩测量技术。并针对头部钝度0.05 mm的半锥角7°尖锥模型，在中国空气动力研究与发展中心Ø2 m激波风洞（FD-14A）马赫数10、单位雷诺数1.2×10⁷/m的流场条件下开展了边界层转捩试验。采用多种转捩测量技术同时进行测量，获得尖锥模型表面边界层转捩情况、边界层脉动压力频谱特征、边界层内清晰的第2模态波和湍流斑纹影图像，不同测量技术获取的试验结果可相互印证，线性稳定性理论分析结果与试验结果相吻合。     

高超声速钝楔边界层转捩大涡模拟

 以五阶迎风和八阶对称格式混合差分格式求解三维可压缩滤波Navier-Stokes方程，对来流Mach数为6.0、半锥角5°的高超声速空间发展钝楔边界层转捩至完全湍流进行了大涡模拟。时间推进采用紧致存储三阶Runge-Kutta方法，亚格子尺度模型为Driest因子修正的Smagorinsky涡黏性模型。通过定常流场入口边界附近吹／吸引入不稳定扰动斜波的方法数值模拟得到了层流失稳转捩直至完全湍流的空间发展全过程。对扰动的线性、非线性增长以及湍流斑的形成和发展进行了分析，给出了转捩及完全湍流下的速度相关量统计并与实验、DNS结果进行了对比分析，计算结果与理论及实验吻合。     

一种剪切修正的涡黏性亚格子模型及其在槽道湍流中的应用

提出了一种利用壁面附近强剪切对涡黏系数进行修正的亚格子模型,称为剪切修正的涡黏模型.该模型能使涡黏系数在壁面附近自动满足壁面修正,在脉动为零的地方,涡黏系数自动为零,保证了壁面附近涡黏系数趋于零的特性.用该模型对槽道湍流壁面无吹吸、有吹吸,较低和较高雷诺数的情况进行了数值模拟,与直接数值模拟的结果进行了对比,结果吻合较好.      

高超声速边界层转捩对旋转钝锥自由飞运动的影响

通过在钝锥模型表面上布置人工绊线促使边界层强迫转捩,采用运动自由度不受约束的风洞模型自由飞试验技术研究边界层转捩对高超声速旋转钝锥自由飞行运动特性和气动特性的影响规律,并与自然转捩的旋转钝锥风洞模型自由飞试验结果作对比分析,试验马赫数为5.0,以模型长为特征尺寸的自由流雷诺数为1.68×106。研究结果表明:有人工绊线的旋转钝锥在自由飞行过程中有"激励稳定"的绕流流场,产生动态稳定的自由飞运动(动稳定导数系数小于0),而无转捩绊线的旋转钝锥在自由飞行中则有"激励不稳定"的绕流流场,产生动态不稳定的自由飞运动(动稳定导数系数大于0)。     

超声速高超声速球锥绕流的边界层稳定性特点初探

本文对一个球锥组合体,在超声速来流及零迎角条件下,对其边界层的稳定性特点进行了分析并讨论了转捩预测问题。结果表明转捩总是最先出现在来流马赫数不太大,或来流雷诺数较高并且具有较大的周向速度或周向波数的情况下。     

转捩模式与转捩准则预测高超声速边界层流动

对原始的k-ω-γ转捩模式和"层流+转捩准则"模型进行了改进,在2种方法中分别增加了横流模态时间尺度和横流转捩准则用于预测横流失稳诱导转捩。通过对网格预处理可并行计算获得边界层外缘信息以及边界层内横流速度。采用不同雷诺数条件下的0°攻角尖锥以及HIFiRE-5外形对2种方法预测高超声速边界层转捩的性能进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,2种方法均能正确反映高超声速边界层转捩起始位置和转捩区长度随雷诺数的变化趋势,但不能捕捉转捩区热流峰值;"层流+转捩准则"模型计算得到的传热系数在全湍流区较k-ω-γ转捩模式偏高。对于同时存在流向不稳定和横流不稳定的HIFiRE-5外形,改进的k-ω-γ转捩模式和改进的"层流+转捩准则"模型相比于原始的模型均能更加准确地预测中心线两侧横流失稳诱导形成的转捩;对于中心线附近因速度剖面拐点引起的边界层转捩,"层流+转捩准则"模型由于与边界层厚度相关,预测得到的转捩位置较试验结果靠前,k-ω-γ转捩模式与试验结果吻合很好。     

高超声速锥柱裙模型边界层转捩的弹道靶实验

为研究高超声速边界层转捩现象、给边界层计算提供可靠的对比数据,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心趟高速弹道靶上开展了锥柱裙模型高超声速边界层转捩的自由飞实验。所采用的锥柱裙模型全长105mm,飞行速度1．94km／s（Ma=5．65）,单位雷诺数4．32×10^7～1．20×10^8m-1。使用激光阴影成像技术,获得了锥柱裙模型边界层转捩和湍流边界层发展的图像,测得的湍流边界层厚度在0．6～2．2mm之间,湍流涡的流向尺寸与边界层厚度的比值介于0．3～0．8之间且沿流向呈下降趋势。实验结果表明：弹道靶实验能够获得给定飞行环境下的高超声速边界层转捩图像,从图像中可以清晰判断转捩位置或区域、测量边界层厚度和分析湍流涡的尺寸。     

模型的转捩流动计算分析简

 为了在黏性流动数值模拟中实现边界层转捩的自动预测,将γ-Re_θt转捩模型引入到三维非结构混合网格的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程求解程序（HUNS3D）。该转捩模型由两个依赖当地变量定义的关于间歇因子和当地化转捩起始动量厚度雷诺数的输运方程组成,其数值求解算法与流场求解程序中湍流模型的求解方法相同。为了考察和验证HUNS3D程序中γ-Re_θt转捩模型对航空工程中的常见附面层自由转捩问题的预测精度,对低速平板流动、Aerospatial-A翼型、NLR 7301超临界翼型和NASA Trap wing 高升力构型等典型外形的自由转捩流动进行了计算,并将计算结果与相关试验结果进行了对比分析。算例结果表明：γ-Re_θt转捩模型对于转捩位置具有很好的敏感性,能比较准确地预测自然转捩和分离转捩,可以有效提高HUNS3D程序对实际流动的模拟能力和预测精度。     

烧蚀外形转捩流动的数值模拟

本文采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和修正Baldwin-Lomax代数湍流模型,以Roe二阶流通量差分分裂格式进行离散,数值模拟了典型烧蚀外形的高超声速流场,重点讨论了流动转捩的判定及其与复杂流态的关联.结果表明:数值模拟出的球钝锥外形转捩点位置与工程估算结果符合较好;对工程估算中存在困难的奶头状凹陷烧蚀外形,数值模拟也可给出符合流场结构的转捩点位置.     

圆锥高超声速湍流边界层转捩试验研究

主要介绍了一种用于高超声速湍流边界层表面参数测量的试验方法,利用边界层的表面热流值,作为判断边界层转捩与否的依据,开展边界层攻角效应转捩特性试验研究.试验在我院FD-20炮风洞中进行,马赫数为6,试验模型是半锥度5°的圆锥模型.开展了对于圆锥模型,头部半径对转捩位置的影响,小攻角情况下对圆锥模型转捩位置的影响,并且获得了在2°和3°攻角情况下圆锥模型的攻角效应转捩全局曲线.试验结果证实了,在小攻角下,随着攻角的增加,边界层迎风面转捩位置向后移动,背风面转捩位置向前移动.     

Application of focused laser differential interferometer to hypersonic boundary-layer instability study

Accurate prediction of hypersonic boundary-layer transition plays an important role in thermal protection system design of hypersonic vehicles. Restricted by the capability of spatial diagnostics for hypersonic boundary-layer study, quite a lot of problems of hypersonic boundary-layer transition, such as nonlinearity and receptivity, remain outstanding. This work reports the application of focused laser differential interferometer to instability wave development across hypersonic boundary-layer on a flared cone model. To begin with, the focused laser differential interferometer is designed and set up in a Mach number 6 hypersonic quiet wind tunnel with the focal point in the laminar boundary-layer of a 5 degree half-angle flared cone model. Afterwards, instability experiments are carried out by traversing the focal point throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer and the density fluctuation along the boundary-layer profile is measured and analyzed. The results show that three types of instability waves ranging from 10 kHz to over 1 MHz are co-existing in the hypersonic boundary-layer, indicating the powerful capability of focused laser differential interferometer in dynamic response resolution for instability wave study in hypersonic flow regime; furthermore, quantitative analyses including spectra and bicoherence analysis of instability waves throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer for both cold and heated cone models are performed.     

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

Boundary-layer transition prediction using a simplified correlation-based model

This paper describes a simplified transition model based on the recently developed correlation-based c ? Reht transition model. The transport equation of transition momentum thick-ness Reynolds number is eliminated for simplicity, and new transition length function and critical Reynolds number correlation are proposed. The new model is implemented into an in-house com-putational fluid dynamics (CFD) code and validated for low and high-speed flow cases, including the zero pressure flat plate, airfoils, hypersonic flat plate and double wedge. Comparisons between the simulation results and experimental data show that the boundary-layer transition phenomena can be reasonably illustrated by the new model, which gives rise to significant improvements over the fully laminar and fully turbulent results. Moreover, the new model has comparable features of accuracy and applicability when compared with the original c ? Reht model. In the meantime, the newly proposed model takes only one transport equation of intermittency factor and requires fewer correlations, which simplifies the original model greatly. Further studies, especially on separation-induced transition flows, are required for the improvement of the new model.     

基于大涡模拟分析气膜冷却的湍流场

用大涡模拟考察了单孔平板气膜冷却的湍流场,气膜孔沿流向倾斜30°,气膜出流的雷诺数为2600,吹风比为0.5.计算结果表明:①气膜孔内的流动分离增加了湍流动能,导致气膜冷却效率的降低,在设计中要尽量避免或减少流动分离;②与射流侧向扩展有关的涡黏性系数在气膜孔两侧存在峰值,而采用各向同性的湍流模型预测气膜冷却时,涡黏性系数的峰值出现在射流与主流的剪切区,因此会高估射流的垂直穿透而低估射流的侧向扩展;③可以用大涡模拟辅助建立各向异性的湍流模型,以便提高湍流模型的预测精度.      

湍流边界层各向异性张量模式的实验研究

使用高时间分辨率粒子图像测速技术在水槽内精细测量平板湍流边界层内不同流向、法向位置的瞬时速度矢量空间场的时间序列信号。利用实验数据对湍流各向异性的涡黏张量模式进行了实验研究,给出了湍流边界层不可压缩槽道湍流中各向异性的涡黏张量各分量的空间分布规律。各向异性的涡黏张量分量的空间分布揭示了流向平均速度的法向梯度对雷诺应力三个分量的不同贡献。涡黏张量三个分量空间上的不同规律说明对涡黏张量的各向异性的考虑是合理的,而各向同性的涡黏模型不适宜描述剪切湍流雷诺应力的物理本质。     

电弧加热流场湍流度对尖锥边界层转捩影响的研究

电弧加热流场的热环境特性直接影响热防护系统的地面试验数据,由于电弧加热器高温气流和参数波动的原因,直接测量湍流度非常困难。为研究电弧加热流场湍流度对于边界层转捩的影响,采用红外热图热像仪,在电弧加热流场中进行了5°尖锥模型边界层转捩研究。结合数值计算,将试验结果与常规风洞的尖锥边界层转捩结果进行了比较。结果表明：马赫数影响的雷诺数转捩判别准则可以用于计算电弧加热流场的转捩雷诺数;电弧加热流场的尖锥边界层转捩雷诺数显著小于常规风洞的转捩雷诺数,表明在该试验条件下,电弧加热流场的湍流度显著大于常规风洞。     

粗糙壁热交换实验研究

 本文介绍了来流马赫数5的条件下,典型球锥模型的粗糙壁热交换实验结果。模型头部半径R为27.4毫米,底部直径D为60毫米,对五个不同粗糙度的模型进行了实验。模型表面粗糙颗粒直径d分别为0、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9毫米。风洞前室总压P_t为10～45公斤/厘米。,相应的来流雷诺数R_eD为（O.8～3.6）×10⁶。 实验结果表明:光滑壁模型表面是层流加热,驻点热流与层流理论计算值较一致。粗糙度的影响,在低总压条件下（10公斤/厘米）主要在于促使边界层的转捩和发展。随着风洞总压的提高,物面静压和局部雷诺数的相应增大,粗糙度对热流的影响才明显增强,而严重的区域在端头。在实验最大粗糙度和最大总压条件下（d=O.9毫米、p_t=45公斤/厘米。）,除驻点值外,热流与光滑壁层流驻点值相比(q_i/q_so)的峰值在音点区域且接近4,而在驻点,此模型有别于其它模型,较为特殊,比热流最大值接近6,看来这可能与驻点局部外形变化有关。     

湍流模型对三维翼梢涡流场数值模拟的影响

 梢涡流场数值模拟对减少梢涡的不良影响意义深远。应用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方法建立了三维翼梢涡流场数值模型,选用的湍流模型包括两种经典两方程模型和一种代数雷诺应力模型。计算内容包括翼梢涡流场速度分布、压力分布及涡核位置,为了准确模拟梢涡涡核内系统旋转和流线曲率影响,将旋转和曲率修正方法应用于选用的湍流模型中。计算时对翼梢涡涡核处网格进行了加密处理。将计算结果与实验结果对比后发现,修正后的湍流模型较标准湍流模型明显提高了预报精度,与实验结果吻合较好,具有工程应用价值。     

高超声速化学非平衡粘性激波层方程的数值解

本文讨论了高超声速粘性激波层方程数值计算时差分格式引起的物理失真问题。具体分析了全隐格式格式粘性的影响,并作了数值试验。为了验证隐式结果的可靠性。在超声速激波风洞中测量了钝锥的表面压力分布,并与计算结果作了比较,两者基本一致。 本文采用隐式有限差分法数值计算了高超声速化学非平衡粘性激波层绕细长球锥的流动。计算时采用连续方程和法向动量方程耦合求解的方法以解决细长体远后身区计算中的问题。应用网格技术和加强系数矩阵主对角元素优势的方法提高了化学非平衡流计算的雷诺数范围。文中给出了高超声速化学非平衡流的计算结果,并与其它文献的结果作了比较。     

Numerical simulation and a hybrid method of supersonic turbulent base heating

Detached eddy simulation (DES) model was used to better capture large vortex structure and unsteady flow feature near cone base. Good base heating results were achieved using proper grid and numerical method. The influence of inflow conditions (like Mach number, Reynolds number) and configuration (bluntness ratio of the cone) on base heating was discussed based on numerical computational results. Compared with base heat flux, base pressure can be predicted more accurately by numerical simulation and the time consuming was shorter. A hybrid method combining numerical simulation with experimental correlation was proposed to predict supersonic turbulent base heating. A review of base heating experiment and correlations for slender cone was presented, and a revised correlation was proposed based on the above simulation results. Compared with the experiment data, the maximum error was 24%, a good result for base heating prediction. This proves that the hybrid method using the revised correlation performs well in predicting supersonic turbulent base heating of slender sphere cone and can meet needs of engineering design.