采用γ-Re_(θt)模型的转捩流动计算分析

为了在黏性流动数值模拟中实现边界层转捩的自动预测,将γ-Reθt转捩模型引入到三维非结构混合网格的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程求解程序(HUNS3D)。该转捩模型由两个依赖当地变量定义的关于间歇因子和当地化转捩起始动量厚度雷诺数的输运方程组成,其数值求解算法与流场求解程序中湍流模型的求解方法相同。为了考察和验证HUNS3D程序中γ-Reθt转捩模型对航空工程中的常见附面层自由转捩问题的预测精度,对低速平板流动、Aerospatial-A翼型、NLR 7301超临界翼型和NASA Trap wing高升力构型等典型外形的自由转捩流动进行了计算,并将计算结果与相关试验结果进行了对比分析。算例结果表明:γ-Reθt转捩模型对于转捩位置具有很好的敏感性,能比较准确地预测自然转捩和分离转捩,可以有效提高HUNS3D程序对实际流动的模拟能力和预测精度。     

扩散作用对y-Re优模型转捩预测的影响

Gamma．theta转捩模型是Menter及其合作者提出的一个基于经验关系的转捩模型,其经验关系式和模型参数是通过来流米雷诺数均在150万以下的仍系列平板实验在CFX程序中标定的。首先通过33A平板修正了转捩经验关系式．然后对S＆K平板实验进行了数值模拟,研究了较高雷诺数下模型控制方程扩散项系数以及与数值扩散相关的流向网格尺度对gamma．theta模型转捩预测结果的影响。模拟的结果表明,这些因素对转捩位置都有明显影响,并且gamma方程的扩散项系数还影响转捩完成后全湍区的摩阻值。三种因素对转捩预测影响的趋势分别为：gamma方程的扩散项系数越大,theta方程的扩散项系数越小,流向网格尺度越大,则转捩位置越靠前。     

转捩模型在翼型气动性能预测 中的应用研究

边界层转捩位置的准确预测对于提高飞行器气动性能的预测精度具有重要意义.选取与k-ω SST湍流模型相耦合的γ-Reθt模型,以零压力梯度平板为研究对象,通过求解基于有限体积法的雷诺平均N-S方程验证该模型自动捕捉流动转捩的准确性;将该模型应用于传统有压力梯度的NACA 0012翼型的流场特性和气动性能的研究中,并与原始k-ω SST模型的计算结果及全湍流试验数据进行比较.结果表明:远场边界距离对翼型阻力系数有较大的影响;与无转捩模型相比,γ-Reθt转捩模型对翼型阻力系数的预测精度有一定程度的提高;对于二维模型,γ-Reθt转捩模型难以捕捉翼型表面的三维效应和非定常分离特性.     

高压内冷涡轮的气热耦合计算(英文)

本文目的在于验证所开发的适用于涡轮气热耦合模拟的计算程序,并研究转捩对气热耦合计算结果影响。首先在流场求解程序HIT-3D中加入考虑转捩影响的q-ω低雷诺数二方程模型以及AGS代数转捩模型模块,然后采用直接耦合方法关联HIT-3D与自主开发的温度场求解程序,使新程序具备气热耦合求解功能。选取MarkⅡ叶片的三个不同试验工况作为验证算例,在计算中考虑管内流动影响,并对流道内流动分别采用了B-L代数模型、q-ω二方程模型以及B-L&AGS模型,而对管内流动则分别采用了B-L模型与B-L&AGS模型。计算表明采用各模型预测的压力分布与试验吻合较好,而在层流转捩区域采用B-L&AGS模型预测的温度分布与实验吻合最好,而在湍流流动区域,各模型预测的温度分布接近。这一方面表明所开发程序具备较准确进行内冷涡轮气热耦合计算的能力,另一方面也证明了考虑转捩影响对提高气热耦合计算精度的重要性。     

翼型几何模型对边界层转捩预测精度的影响

对飞行器表面的边界层转捩现象进行准确地预测,是设计高性能层流翼型的关键。基于边界层数值模拟和现代CFD技术的特点,选取与SSTk-ω湍流模型相耦合的γ-Reθt转捩模型,对不同类型的翼型边界层转捩进行预测。结果表明:在转捩计算过程中出现的摩阻曲线震荡,是由翼型表面计算网格不光顺所引起的;提高翼型几何模型光顺程度能够在不同程度上提高翼型气动特性的计算精度,并能得到更加准确的转捩预测结果。     

基于γ-Reθt转捩模型的翼型气动特性计算精度改进研究

将结合SSTk-ω湍流模型的γ-Reθt转捩模型与二维雷诺平均NS（RANS）方程数值求解相耦合,发展了考虑转捩影响的翼型气动特性计算方法。得到的计算结果与没有考虑转捩影响的计算结果的比较表明,与实验更加吻合,计算精度得到了明显提高。     

一种基于动模态分解的翼型流动转捩预测新方法

考虑自由转捩的定常/非定常流动Navier-Stokes方程数值求解,对于翼型流动细节的精确模拟和气动力的精确预测均具有十分重要的意义。采用动模态分解(DMD)方法进行流动稳定性分析,再结合e N方法,提出了一套适用于翼型绕流的转捩预测新方法,称为DMD/e N方法。相比于传统的线性稳定性分析方法,DMD方法不需要求解附面层方程和线性稳定性方程,也没有引入平行流假设,具有更好的理论适用性和算法鲁棒性。开展了NLF0416、S809和SD7003等翼型的转捩预测数值验证研究,通过与实验结果以及与传统的基于线性稳定性分析的e N方法的比较,验证了本文所发展的转捩预测新方法在预测翼型的定常流动和非定常流动转捩方面的正确性,也表明了该方法具有解决含层流分离泡的翼型绕流转捩预测的能力。     

基于响应面法的低速翼型气动优化设计

响应面方法相较于其它直接优化方法有其高效、实用的优势,此前的研究更多地将响应面方法用于超音速和跨音速翼型的减阻优化设计中。本文将此方法应用于低速翼型优化设计中,进行了基于RANS(Reynolds-Aver-aged Navier-Stokes)方程和自由转捩预测耦合求解的低速翼型气动优化设计。通过计算附面层方程得到附面层参数并用en方法计算转捩位置,并考虑了T-S波和层流分离造成的转捩。RANS方程计算中,使用了转捩过渡区模型,以保证附面层外边界压力分布的精度。RANS方程和转捩预测迭代进行至转捩位置收敛。在响应面模型计算中,使用不含二阶交叉项的二阶多项式模型,减少了构造模型所需的计算量;合理的选择设计空间保证了构造的响应面模型具有较高的精度。使用三个设计点的多目标优化设计,保证了设计的合理性。通过对NACA64(1)-112翼型优化计算结果表明,本文的方法可以有效地进行低速翼型的气动优化,各设计点上转捩位置也得到了改善,有较好的工程实用前景。     

绕翼型低雷诺数流动的数值分析研究

分离泡的产生是绕翼型低雷诺数流动的一个重要特征,分离泡通常都是非定常的,会对整个流场产生极大的影响,由于分离附面层的不稳定性,很快诱发转捩,并产生湍流再附。文中通过求解雷诺平均N-S方程,数值模拟了绕Eppler387翼型的低雷诺数非定常流动,并对两方程SSTk-ω湍流模型,代数B-L模型和层流的计算结果作了比较。N-S方程和两方程湍流模型的控制方程非耦合求解,时间推进均采用近似因子方法(AF);空间离散无粘项采用ROE格式,粘性项用中心差分方法计算;计算非定常流场时,采用伪时间子迭代(τt-s)方法保证二阶时间精度,湍流模型计算时都是在固定点转捩。最后分析了转捩对低雷诺数流动的影响、分离泡的存在引起的流动不稳定性和周期性的脱出涡,数值计算给出的时间平均升力系数、阻力系数和压力分布与实验结果比较吻合。     

基于放大因子与Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型的转捩预测

为了验证放大因子输运方程与Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)湍流模型耦合对转捩现象的模拟精度,选取Schubauer and Klebanoff(S-K)平板、S809低速翼型、30p30n多段翼型以及复杂的三维HiLiftPW-1构型进行自由转捩计算,并将计算结果与实验进行比较分析,其中针对S809算例,还与Langtry-Menter(L-M)转捩模型进行了比较.算例结果表明:放大因子输运方程与S-A湍流模型的耦合能够较好的捕捉转捩位置以及转捩发展过程,对分离泡诱导的转捩的模拟相比L-M转捩模型更精确,转捩位置的捕捉精度提升了10%;对比实验,多段翼转捩位置的捕捉误差最大为6.5%;针对三维高升力增升构型,以实验作为参考,全湍流计算与考虑边界层转捩的对比显示考虑边界层转捩能够更加精确的模拟气动力系数,升力和表面摩擦阻力系数的模拟精度精度提升1%.      

Robust design of NLF airfoils

 A robust optimization design approach of natural laminar airfoils is developed in this paper. First, the non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) free form deformation method based on NURBS basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization. Second, aerodynamic characteristics are evaluated by solving Navier-Stokes equations, and the γ-Re_θt transition model coupling with shear-stress transport (SST) turbulent model is introduced to simulate boundary layer transition. A numerical simulation of transition flow around NLF0416 airfoil is conducted to test the code. The comparison between numerical simulation results and wind tunnel test data approves the validity and applicability of the present transition model. Third, the optimization system is set up, which uses the separated particle swarm optimization (SPSO) as search algorithm and combines the Kriging models as surrogate model during optimization. The system is applied to carry out robust design about the uncertainty of lift coefficient and Mach number for NASA NLF-0115 airfoil. The data of optimized airfoil aerodynamic characteristics indicates that the optimized airfoil can maintain laminar flow stably in an uncertain range and has a wider range of low drag.     

低压涡轮叶栅流动中转捩模型的校验及改进

为评估并提高现有转捩模型的预测精度,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLUENT 12.1,选取层流模型、全湍流模型、剪切应力输运(SST)低雷诺数模型、k-kl-ω模型以及γ-Reθ模型对低压涡轮叶栅T106-EIZ进行数值模拟,通过与实验数据的对比校验了后3种模型对于转捩以及相关参数的模拟能力,并对结果以及模型的作用机理进行分析,校验结果表明所有模型都不能准确地预测分离流转捩以及尾迹诱导转捩.选取预测效果较好的γ-Reθ模型进行了修正,提出通过修改间歇因子输运方程中的参数Ca1和Ca2的方法来修正该模型,结果表明该方法可以提高模拟精度.     

γ-Reθ转捩模型在二维低速问题中的应用

介绍了基于当地关联的γ-Reθ转捩模型.通过Spalart建议的环境源项法对自由流湍流度衰减的有效控制,实现了该转捩模型的实用化.利用中国空气动力研究与发展中心的TRIP软件平台上实现的该转捩模型,对S809翼型、NLR7301两段翼型和30P30N三段翼型3个低速翼型绕流问题进行了计算,将不同迎角下的计算结果与试验结...     

Conjugate heat transfer investigations of turbine vane based on transition models

The accurate simulation of boundary layer transition process plays a very important role in the prediction of turbine blade temperature field. Based on the Abu-Ghannam and Shaw (AGS) and c-Re h transition models, a 3D conjugate heat transfer solver is developed, where the fluid domain is discretized by multi-block structured grids, and the solid domain is discretized by unstructured grids. At the unmatched fluid/solid interface, the shape function interpolation method is adopted to ensure the conservation of the interfacial heat flux. Then the shear stress transport (SST) model, SST & AGS model and SST & c-Re h model are used to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Mark II turbine vane. The results indicate that compared with the full turbulence model (SST model), the transition models could improve the prediction accuracy of temperature and heat transfer coefficient at the laminar zone near the blade leading edge. Compared with the AGS transition model, the c-Re h model could predict the transition onset location induced by shock/boundary layer interaction more accurately, and the prediction accuracy of temperature field could be greatly improved.     

基于改进CST参数化方法和转捩模型的翼型优化设计

为提高翼型优化设计效率,增大设计空间,采用B样条基函数替代传统的形状类别函数(CST)方法中的Bezier多项式,增强了对翼型参数化表达的局部控制能力并提高了翼型局部表达精度。为了确保翼型在优化设计过程中的几何光顺特性和代理模型的准确性,采用小波分解技术提出了多分辨率翼型的局部光顺方法。采用基于本征正交分解(POD)的流场数值代理模型,并结合γ-Reθt转捩模型实现了快速准确的气动力与流动转捩预测。采用小波技术光顺的CST翼型参数化建模、POD流场数值计算代理模型以及γ-Reθt转捩模型,结合遗传算法建立了完整的翼型气动优化设计系统。针对低速层流翼型与超临界翼型进行优化设计,优化设计后的翼型升阻比分别提高了47.42%和45.85%,且对改进前后参数化建模方法的优化性能进行了对比,结果表明本文构建的翼型气动优化设计系统具备很高的优化效率。     

Quantification of parametric uncertainty in γ-Reθ model for typical flat plate and airfoil transitional flows

Owing to the lack of physical knowledge of boundary layer transition, the γ-Re_θ transition model introduces closure parameters, which increase the uncertainty of transition prediction. The objective of this work is to quantify the uncertainties of closure parameters in the quantities of interests and identify the key parameters. The six closure parameters in the uncertainty intervals are used as input variables, and the uncertainties of the output results are propagated by a stochastic expansion based on the point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos method. The relative contribution of each parameter to uncertainty is evaluated by the Sobol index. The computational cases include natural and bypass transitional flows on zero-pressure-gradient flat plates, and subsonic and transonic flows around airfoils. For most cases, c_e2, c_a2, and c_a1 dominate the uncertainty, and the influence of σ_θt is also significant when the history effects of flow are evident. The contribution of parameters in airfoils is more complex than that in flat plates. The transonic airfoil case shows that flow separation dramatically changes the distribution of Sobol indices, which poses a challenge to the accurate prediction of transition. Generally, c_e2 and c_a2 are the key parameters of the γ-Re_θ model.     

高超声速钝楔边界层转捩大涡模拟

 以五阶迎风和八阶对称格式混合差分格式求解三维可压缩滤波Navier-Stokes方程，对来流Mach数为6.0、半锥角5°的高超声速空间发展钝楔边界层转捩至完全湍流进行了大涡模拟。时间推进采用紧致存储三阶Runge-Kutta方法，亚格子尺度模型为Driest因子修正的Smagorinsky涡黏性模型。通过定常流场入口边界附近吹／吸引入不稳定扰动斜波的方法数值模拟得到了层流失稳转捩直至完全湍流的空间发展全过程。对扰动的线性、非线性增长以及湍流斑的形成和发展进行了分析，给出了转捩及完全湍流下的速度相关量统计并与实验、DNS结果进行了对比分析，计算结果与理论及实验吻合。     

基于SA和SSTγ-■模型对边界层转捩预测的比较

利用作者共同研发的In-house代码TRANS3D平台,在SA和SST两种常用湍流模型框架下构建了γ-■转捩模型,并以二维低速S809层流翼型和三维小后掠跨音速F5层流机翼为对象,比较了两种不同湍流模型构架下γ-■转捩模型预测的气动力特性和流场分布。结果表明:两种转捩模型均能预测航空转捩计算中常见的分离流转捩和自然转捩类型,明显改善了中低雷诺数流场下的预测精度,但由于选取基准湍流模型的不同,基于SA和SST的γ-■转捩模型在流动细节上依然存在着一些差异。     

A three-equation transition model with mechanical considerations

A three-equation transition model based on the transition V-model is proposed for subsonic flows in this study. Considering the mechanical approximation of the generation process of the pre-transitional vorticities, the value of laminar Reynolds shear stress related to the mean shear deformation was calculated in the original transition V-model. Then a new transition model, named V-SA model, was proposed, which considered the phenomenological process of transition and presented great results for flows with and without pressure gradient. It is well-known that the baseline Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model shows excellent performance of accuracy and robustness in plentiful flow cases, but it is important to predict boundary layer transition. The current model (V-SST) successfully couples the V-model to the SST turbulence model by introducing the effective turbulent viscosity and additional correction terms into the transport equations. A thorough evaluation of its ability to predict transition features is performed versus the well-documented flat plate of ERCOFTAC, including T3A and T3B without pressure gradient, T3L2 and T3L3 with semi-circular leading edge, the three-dimensional 6:1 prolate-spheroid under two angles of attack, and the NLR-7301 airfoil under different Mach numbers. Numerical results show that the current model has an attractive and superior performance in the simulation of boundary layer transition processes     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).