Effect of curing condition on bonding quality of scarf-repaired composite laminates

Both single-face vacuum bag curing (SVC) and double-face vacuum bag curing (DVC) can be used in scarf repair of composite structures. But different curing conditions caused by the sealing state may affect the bonding quality of scarf-repaired structures. In this paper, the effect of curing condition on bonding quality of scarf-repaired laminates was experimentally investigated in terms of surface profiles, moisture absorption curves and section profiles. In order to further explore the moisture absorption mechanism, finite element model of the repaired laminates using DVC was established with moisture diffusion of both the adhesive and composite laminates considered. This model was verified by experimental results. Based on the model of DVC case, the model of SVC case was built by changing moisture absorption parameters of the adhesive. Results show that SVC reduces the bonding quality, mainly reflecting in more adhesive inner voids and patch-to-parent dislocation. And SVC increases moisture absorption rate and moisture equilibrium content of the adhesive, and its effect on the former is far greater than that on the latter.     

双面贴补层合板压缩屈曲渐进损伤分析

贴补复合材料层合板在压缩载荷作用下的屈曲破坏强度及其损伤演化过程对于复合材料结构修理具有重要意义。本文基于应变和黏聚区模型(CZM)建立了贴补复合材料层合板的渐进损伤分析模型,引入复合材料与胶层的损伤判据和刚度退化方案,计算了结构屈曲强度。数值仿真结果和实验数据吻合较好,验证了模型的有效性。基于该模型,采用非线性有限元方法研究了压缩载荷下双面贴补复合材料层合板的屈曲损伤演化过程,并讨论了补片参数对结构屈曲强度的影响。研究结果表明:双面贴补复合材料层合板屈曲后,处于拉伸和压缩状态下的铺层中的损伤程度存在差异;增大补片直径与厚度可以在一定程度上提高双面贴补复合材料层合板的屈曲强度。     

Structure,luminosity, and dynamics of the Venus thermosphere

We review here observations and models related to the chemical and thermal structures, airglow and auroral emissions and dynamics of the Venus thermosphere, and compare empirical models of the neutral densities based in large part on in situ measurements obtained by the Pioneer Venus spacecraft. Observations of the intensities of emissions are important as a diagnostic tool for understanding the chemical and physical processes taking place in the Venus thermosphere. Measurements, ground-based and from rockets, satellites, and spacecraft, and model predictions of atomic, molecular and ionic emissions, are presented and the most important sources are elucidated. Coronas of hot hydrogen and hot oxygen have been observed to surround the terrestrial planets. We discuss the observations of and production mechanisms for the extended exospheres and models for the escape of lighter species from the atmosphere. Over the last decade and a half, models have attempted to explain the unexpectedly cold temperatures in the Venus thermosphere; recently considerable progress has been made, although some controversies remain. We review the history of these models and discuss the heating and cooling mechanisms that are presently considered to be the most important in determining the thermal structure. Finally, we discuss major aspects of the circulation and dynamics of the thermosphere: the sub-solar to anti-solar circulation, superrotation, and turbulent processes.     

Fabrication of Ti/Al/Mg laminated composites by hot roll bonding and their microstructures and mechanical properties

Ti/Al/Mg laminated composites were successfully fabricated by hot roll bonding. The effects of the rolling reduction on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the composites were explored. The results show that Ti/Al/Mg laminated sheets exhibit good interfacial bonding. The rolling reduction has a significant effect on the deformation inhomogeneity through the thickness of the Al layer. The initial grains of the Al layer near the Ti/Al interface are fragmented into fine equiaxed grains, and the grains at the center and near the Al/Mg interface are elongated. The R-cube shear texture of the Al layer forms near the Ti/Al interface and permeates into the center layer in the samples with greater rolling reductions. The β-fiber rolling texture of the Al layer is observed near the Al/Mg interface and increases with the increase of rolling reduction. The stress–strain curves indicate that the fracture appears first in the Mg layer. With the increasing rolling reduction, the ultimate tensile and yield strength values increase, and the elongation up to the Mg layer fracture decreases.     

Effect of laser-discrete-quenching on bonding properties of electroplated grinding wheel with AISI 1045 steel substrate and nickel bond

To improve the bonding strength between the nickel bond and the hub of the electroplated diamond grinding wheel, a hybrid technique was proposed to combine laser pre-quenching steel substrate and post-electroplating nickel. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique, AISI 1045 substrate was nickel-coated. The bonding properties between the electroplated nickel coating and substrate with or without laser-discrete-quenching were discussed comparatively by scratch, indentation, and thermal shock tests. The results show that the pre-quenching treatment leads to phase transformation of AISI 1045 microstructure from the mixed pearlite and ferrite phases into the martensitic phase. Since the martensitic phase is characterized as a high corrosion resistance, the interface of substrate/coating is smooth and flat in the pre-quenched zone, and the coating is bonded well with the steel substrate. In contrast to the steel substrate without pre-quenching treatment, the proposed technique significantly enhanced the bonding strengths of the electroplated nickel-coating. On one hand, the average hardness of electroplated nickel-coating on the laser pre-quenched zone is increased by 18.7%, and the scratch depth with the same load become narrower and shallower. On the other hand, the coefficient of friction (CoF) and the vibration amplitude are reduced, and the coating is bonded effectively with the substrate to inhibit the crack initialization at the interface. This prevents effectively the coating from peeling off and improves significantly the thermal shock resistance property.     

中性聚合物键合剂对硝胺推进剂相界面的作用

采用溶胀比测试和原位拉伸扫描电镜观测等手段,研究中性聚合物键合剂（NPBA）对硝胺填充固体推进剂界面作用的影响。结果表明,NPBA能在硝胺颗粒周围形成一层高模量中间相,有效地解决“脱湿”问题,提高了推进剂的拉伸性能。     

圆棒热挤压过程研究

用抛物面速度场,对圆棒热挤压过程进行上限分析。经理论计算和有关试验数据比较,所求得的挤压力具有足够高的精度;并利用所建立的数学模型对挤压过程死区、最佳模角和挤压力进行了系统地研究。     

键合剂1,1′-(1,3-苯二羰基)双-2-甲基氮丙啶的热行为

用DSC和TG－DTG等 过冷态和结晶态的键合剂1，1′－（1，3－苯二羰基）双－2－甲基氮丙啶（HX－752）的热行为，在－80℃－100℃范围内，除了过冷态在－37.6℃的玻璃化转变和结晶态在36.8℃－42.9℃的熔融外，没有任何其它物理化学。亚稳态的过冷液体比结晶态有较大的分解热。HX－752有复杂的分解过程，第一步分解失重虽小，但放热量很大，说明分子结构发生重大变化。     

TC4钛合金锥形环热辗轧应变及温度场对轧辊尺寸的响应规律

 提出采用等效半径来描述锥形轧辊(驱动辊和芯辊)及锥形环坯的呈线性变化的径向尺寸,进而建立了确定锥形环件辗轧关键工艺参数合理范围的方法。基于ABAQUS软件平台,研究建立了TC4钛合金锥形环热辗轧三维热力耦合有限元模型,进而模拟阐明了TC4钛合金锥形环热辗轧过程应变及温度场对轧辊尺寸(等效半径)的响应规律与机理。主要结果表明:随着驱动辊等效半径增大,环件内侧等效塑性应变及温度明显增大,环件温度分布越均匀;随着芯辊等效半径增大,环件内侧等效塑性应变及温度明显减小,温度分布越不均匀;驱动辊和芯辊各存在一个最佳的等效半径,使得环件应变分布最均匀。     

风洞模型-支撑系统涡激振动测量与分析

以0.55m×0.4m低湍流航空声学风洞某模型及其支撑系统为研究对象,采用基于加速度传感器直接测量支撑系统和热线间接测量模型尾流相结合的方法,测量并分析了风洞模型-支撑系统的涡激振动模态,给出了测量方案和数据处理方法。采用基于加速度传感器的功率谱分析方法,获得了模型-支撑系统的三阶振动频率分别为31.1、120.9和221.4Hz;采用基于加速度传感器的频域滤波和频域积分方法,提高了有效信号的信噪比,获得了模型-支撑系统振动的振型和振动节点位置;采用热线测量模型尾流分离涡脱落频率的方法,获得了模型一阶和二阶振动的尾流涡激频率分别为31.1和124.1Hz,并从测量尾流速度脉动量获得了模型振幅变化和抖振边界信息。实验结果表明,采用热线测量模型尾流从而分析模型振动的方法,有利于小尺度的模型振动测量,而且相对于加速度传感器装于模型表面的直接测量方法而言,对试验模型的绕流流场干扰较小,为测量风洞试验模型的涡激振动模态提供了一种方法。     

周边封闭铝蜂窝夹层结构配合改进和胶接工艺研究

采用多种材料作为校验膜测试零件间的配合间隙,分析对比使用效果确定了最佳校验材料。对柔性蜂窝芯零件的周边加强和定位进行了研究,在蜂窝芯边缘和倒角区采用泡沫胶修形,改善零件间的配合关系。为提高板_板区的胶接质量,采用自制压条使板_板胶接区平整,且满足了无损检测的要求。     

复合材料胶接技术的研究进展

回顾了高聚物基体复合材料胶接技术的研究进展情况。总结了用于提高复合材料胶接强度的工艺、胶黏剂材料以及影响胶接耐久性的因素。胶接材料包括热固性和热塑性复合材料以及复合材料和金属之间的胶接。复合材料胶接的性能因复合材料的种类、胶黏剂的种类、表面处理技术的不同而有较大差异。为了获得兼顾高强度和耐久性的复合材料胶接制件,应在胶黏剂和复合材料体系选择、复合材料表面处理技术、胶接体系的试验评估和胶接设计方面开展大量的工作。     

Computer aided development of biomechanical pilot models

In this paper the computer aided development of biomechanical pilot models for the prediction of roll ratcheting (RR) is described. At first the phenomenon of RR is characterized as an aircraft-pilot coupling problem. Existing biomechanical pilot models for the prediction of RR are presented. A computer aided procedure for the establishment of biomechanical pilot models is described by setting up an existing pilot model. The procedure is based on the application of a software package for multibody system calculations (SIMPACK) and a control system design software tool (MATLAB/SIMULINK). The first is used to determine the pilot model equations of motion and the latter is applied to estimate the model parameters as well as to conduct further evaluations. With the help of this procedure, deficiencies of the existing state-of-the-art biomechanical pilot model are shown. Due to these deficiencies new pilot models have been established and are assessed on the basis of the parameters identified. According to this assessment some pilot models suitable for further applications are selected and used to investigate a RR incident. In order to predict the RR potential, the stability of the aircraft-pilot loop, which contains a biomechanical pilot model and the augmented aircraft model to be investigated, is assessed.     

Modeling of Heat Conduction in Thermoplastic Honeycomb Core/Face Sheet Fusion Bonding

Honeycomb sandwich materials have been widely used in aerospace industry as secondary structural materials or interior panels. Recently the research of full thermoplastic honeycomb sandwich materials has been of interest due to their recyclability. In their production, they usually demand an adhesive-free process, namely fusion bonding, to connect thermoplastic honeycomb core and face sheets. It is a heat induced process where a parameter of temperature should be well controlled to guarantee the product quality. This article presents a mathematical model of heat conduction to analyze the transient temperature distribution from heating tools towards inner part of the core under fusion bonding conditions. In order to simplify the complexity of 3D honeycomb geometry, a homogenization method is used to obtain average thermal properties of the honeycomb along the major heat flux direction. The model is validated by comparing with the results of in-situ temperature measurement during fusion bonding. The presented model can also be applied to analyzing general out-of-plane heat conduction through honeycomb sandwich structures made from other materials.     

前体涡诱导机翼摇滚扰动控制高速风洞试验研究

通过在临界雷诺数范围内的翼身组合体自由摇滚试验,开展了前体涡扰动对机翼摇滚的流动控制研究。实验结果表明,通过对前体涡的控制可以有效消除翼身组合体摇滚的发生,添加头尖扰动的位置对控制效果具有明显影响,扰动在正侧向控制效果最佳,这种摇滚控制方式在较宽的迎角范围及马赫数范围内均有效。对前体涡诱导机翼摇滚的扰动控制机理做了简要分析。     

硼酸酯键合剂在丁羟四组元推进剂中作用机理研究

采用反相气相色谱仪测试了BA-5键合剂,RDX,AP和HTPB-TDI胶片的表面酸碱性参数,并估算出各组分之间的界面相互作用焓。结果表明ΔHBA-RDX和ΔHBA-AP均显著大于ΔHBA-HTPB,证实键合剂BA-5与RDX,AP作用力远大于与粘合剂作用力,能在混合过程中优先迁移吸附在RDX,AP颗粒表面,并产生强烈吸附。采用电子能谱仪定性表征了RDX,AP从HTPB中吸附BA-5的情况。结果表明:随着电子束加速电压降低,测试厚度变小,AP样品中硼原子含量增加,证实BA-5是吸附在AP的表面。结合组分基团活性分析,阐述了BA-5键合剂的作用机理。     

一种新型机载对地观测用三轴稳定平台陀螺安装方式

陀螺安装方式及相应的算法编排是稳定平台设计中的一项关键技术。针对机载对地观测用三轴稳定平台特点,提出了将方位陀螺安装在方位环上,俯仰陀螺和横滚陀螺安装在俯仰环上的陀螺安装方式。利用空间矢量分解理论分析了陀螺输出角速度信号的投影关系及电机控制信号的分配;基于稳定平台系统模型,对理想正交情况和考虑陀螺安装误差情况进行了仿真分析,验证了此种安装方式的可行性和优越性。分析表明,在同等条件下,所提出的安装方式减小了稳定平台的机械尺寸,降低了稳定平台的重量和功耗,实现了三维角速度的正交测量,简化了三轴解耦控制算法。研究结论可为其他三轴稳定平台结构设计和陀螺安装方式设计提供参考。     

基于ANN的FGH96合金热变形行为的模拟电路模型

在锻造领域,多采用数字模型进行工艺设计和过程控制,但数字模型无法完成材料成形过程的实时控制。因此,有必要建立一种适合于实时控制的材料动态流动行为模型,以提高生产效率和锻件质量。通过热模拟试验,对细晶态FGH96合金的高温流动特性进行了研究,用BP（Back Propagation）网络建立了FGH96合金热变形行为的人工神经网络模型,根据电模拟理论,利用模拟电路的快速反应与易于控制等特点,建立了基于ANN的FGH96合金的模拟电路模型。测试结果表明,所建立的ANN模型和模拟电路模型均具有较高的预测精度,能很好地反映材料热成形过程的动态流动行为,可用于材料热成形过程的实时控制。     

低速全模颤振试验悬挂支撑系统

为适应日益增多的低速风洞全模颤振试验的需要,发展颤振试验技术,在气动中心低速所3．2m 风洞建立了一套通用的悬挂支撑系统。该悬挂系统分为垂直和水平两部分,水平悬挂系统由水平钢索装置和张紧机构组成。系统可提供模型沉浮、俯仰、横侧向、偏航和滚转5个方向的自由度;可单独改变模型某一方向的自由度而不影响其它方向的自由度;可确保模型上下、左右、前后位置都处于试验段正中心;可方便地调整模型的迎角和滚转角。对采用该悬挂系统的颤振模型,文中提供了技术要求和参数选择方法。采用同一颤振模型在3．2m 风洞与TsAGI的T-103风洞进行了对比试验,得到的颤振临界速度、频率基本一致,证明该套悬挂系统设计合理,可以应用于低速全模颤振试验。     

热塑性复合材料原位成型过程铺层间结合强度

连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料自动铺放原位成型可以实现结构件在制造过程中一次成型，而不需进入热压罐后处理，属于"非热压罐"制造技术，故原位成型过程中铺层间的结合强度将直接决定最终结构件的性能。通过建立铺层间紧密接触模型及高温高压下分子链扩散模型，预测原位成型过程中铺层间的结合强度与成型工艺参数之间的关系，对原位成型工艺参数进行优化，并通过试验验证模型的正确性。试验结果表明，模型预测结果与试验结果基本相符，通过计算发现，压辊压力达到1500 N时，铺层间的紧密接触度才能达到1；通过提高升温速率的方式缩短分子链的扩散时间；原位成型试片的层间剪切强度（ILSS）仅达到热压罐成型的70%左右，因此还需对原位成型试片性能的其他影响因素进行分析。