毫米波宽带成像测量雷达及其关键技术研究

针对国内毫米波宽带成像测量雷达的建设思路,从3个方面展开论述:首先,列举了国外相关雷达的主要技术指标,并对其技术特点进行分析,通过采用高功率发射机及功率合成技术、低损耗传输技术、低噪声接收机技术等,国外毫米波雷达实现了对远距离目标的探测,具备很高的测距测角精度、cm级的距离分辨率和极高的多普勒灵敏度,具有较强的目标识别能力;随后,通过对单脉冲机械跟踪和相控阵2种体制的优缺点进行比对分析,建议国内应采用单脉冲机械跟踪体制,并重点探讨了引导捕获和宽带测量方案;最后,对宽带大功率发射机、波束波导天馈线系统、宽带超导接收机以及宽带数据采集等关键技术及其国内基础进行了分析,并给出了发展建议。     

空间自旋目标宽带雷达干涉三维成像方法

空间目标三维成像可为目标的特征提取、分类与识别提供重要依据。基于L型三天线干涉成像原理,提出了一种宽带雷达条件下空间自旋目标干涉三维成像方法。首先,分析了雷达发射线性调频(LFM)信号条件下,空间自旋目标在距离-慢时间平面上的成像特点,建立了基于距离-慢时间平面的空间自旋目标干涉三维成像模型;其次,针对建立的干涉三维成像模型中,不同散射点的回波在距离-慢时间平面上会相互交叠的问题,对回波曲线分离、交叉点处理以及一维距离旁瓣的影响等进行了讨论,并给出了解决方法,从而获得目标三维图像。与已有方法相比,该方法可有效克服单基雷达三维成像无法获得目标各散射点真实三维位置以及在双/多基雷达三维成像时多部雷达回波联合处理较困难的问题。最后,仿真实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

一种用于月面着陆的知识辅助单脉冲前视成像方法

针对月面着陆过程中可能存在的着陆器倾斜而导致的结构损坏甚至颠覆等问题,提出了一种用于月面着陆的基于知识辅助的单脉冲前视成像方法。首先结合月面着陆器平台搭载的双通道雷达进行了理想情况下的单脉冲成像分析,然后分析了影响单脉冲成像性能的内在机理,并对雷达接收通道的不一致性进行了建模。在此基础上,将单脉冲成像问题转化为通道相位误差估计问题;结合天线方向图的先验信息,通过对实际天线方向图与理想方向图数据信息的对比,利用最小二乘方法估计出两者之间的相位差异,并求得改进的单脉冲测角曲线。最后对接收到的回波数据进行相位补偿,就可以获得高分辨的月面着陆区域单脉冲成像结果。地球机载实测数据处理结果表明此方法可以获得高分辨的前视成像结果,可应用在月面着陆过程中。     

单脉冲三维成像试验研究

介绍了单脉冲三维成像的概念和基本原理,结合实际雷达平台开展了跟踪目标试验,利用单脉冲三维成像算法对测量数据进行了处理,并给出了分析结论。     

基于小波变换的单脉冲雷达目标RCS测量方法研究

随着现代信号处理技术的发展,对非平稳信号分析和处理的小波分析技术已成功应用于雷达目标特性分析领域,大功率单脉冲雷达作为我国航天测控网的主干设备,具有一定的目标特性识别能力。本文主要针对脉冲雷达RCS测量原理,讨论了基于小波变换的单脉冲雷达空间目标RCS测量方法,提出应发挥窄带低分辨率雷达在未来空间目标识别中的作用。     

步进频率单脉冲二维像成像仿真及用于识别的研究

探讨了单脉冲雷达三维成像的原理以及方法.通过计算机仿真,基于实验室实测的目标二维重点散射源图,获取了任意目标的二维像,并和ISAR三维成像作了比较.就二维图形数据的特征提取进行了有意义的探索,提出了一种数据合成的方法,在此基础上经过仿真实验,得到了较为理想的目标识别结果.     

雷达低空目标俯仰角跟踪的C2算法研究

在单脉冲测角体制下,由于多径回波信号的干扰,极大地降低了雷达低空目标仰俯角跟踪精度,甚至丢失目标。通过对多路径反射环境模型分析,得出了岸、海基单脉冲雷达低空目标跟踪时仰俯角测量误差的产生原因,提出将传统的多目标分辨算法(C2算法)应用于低角多径环境下目标俯仰角的跟踪测量,并在不同多径反射环境下对不同高度、不同飞行速度和飞行方向的目标进行了仿真,得到良好的仿真结果,表明该算法可较大地提高俯仰角跟踪测量精度。通过对仿真结果的分析,验证了该算法在低空目标跟踪中的有效性和可行性。     

振幅和差式单脉冲二次雷达幅相不一致分析和改进方案

单脉冲二次监视雷达(MSSR)已成为我国空中交通管理(ATM)系统的重要组成部分,不仅具备常规雷达的跟踪定位、目标识别和高度确认功能,同时还具有更快的数据获取速度及更高的测量精度,大大提高ATM的能力。振幅和差式单脉冲测角技术是通过比较和差通道的幅度而得到,因此,雷达接收机的动态范围内其振幅特性和相位特性必须保持一致。但在实际应用系统中,由于雷达零件制造存在公差,部件使用过程中不可避免地会逐渐老化从而引起参数的改变,元器件使用过程因温度变化引发电路失调和失配,以及外界杂波的相互影响等,雷达接收机通道之间幅相不一致难以避免。     

基于3DT的空时自适应单脉冲参数估计算法

空时自适应处理(STAP)是机载预警雷达抑制杂波和干扰的一项关键技术,而多普勒三通道联合自适应处理(3DT)是适合工程实现的降维(RD)STAP方法。STAP目标检测后还需进一步估计目标的角度参数,因此将自适应单脉冲(AM)技术引入3DT,提出了一种高精度联合估计目标速度与方位空间角的空时自适应单脉冲算法。理论分析与仿真实验结果表明,当目标多普勒频率偏离检测多普勒单元中心频率时,该算法能同时减少目标多普勒跨越损失和空时导引矢量失配损失,进而提高输出信杂噪比(SCNR),改善目标测角精度。     

一种微波关联成像的新方法

将强度关联量子成像理论引入到雷达成像技术中,提出了一种全新的微波关联成像方法。向目标发射多个幅度、相位可控的单元信号,同时记录各个信号的状态并结合距离信息制作＂成像底版＂,通过对回波信号和＂成像底版＂的关联结果进行数理统计后可实现雷达高分辨成像。     

Difference beam aided target detection in monopulse radar

The classical detection step in a monopulse radar system is based on the sum beam only,the performance of which is not optimal when target is not at the beam center. Target detection aided by the difference beam can improve the performance at this case. However, the existing difference beam aided target detectors have the problem of performance deterioration at the beam center, which has limited their application in real systems. To solve this problem, two detectors are proposed in this paper. Assuming the monopulse ratio is known, a generalized likelihood ratio test(GLRT) detector is derived, which can be used when targeting information on target direction is available. A practical dual-stage detector is proposed for the case that the monopulse ratio is unknown. Simulation results show that performances of the proposed detectors are superior to that of the classical detector.     

Angle estimation for two unresolved targets with monopulse radar

Most present-day radar systems use monopulse techniques to extract angular measurements of sunbeam accuracy. The familiar "monopulse ratio" is a very effective means to derive the angle of a single target within a radar beam. For the simultaneous estimation of the angles of two closely-spaced targets, a modification on the monopulse ratio was derived in (Blair and Pearce, 2001), while (Sinha et al., 2002) presented a maximum likelihood (ML) technique via numerical search. In this paper it is shown that the ML solution can in fact be found explicitly, and the numerical search of ((Sinha et al., 2002) is unnecessary. However, the ML solution requires the signal to noise ratio (SNR) for each target to be known, and hence we generalize it so it requires only the relative SNR. Several versions of expectation maximization (EM) joint angle estimators are also derived, these differing in the degree to which prior information on SNR and on beam pattern are assumed. The performances of the different direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimators for unresolved targets are studied via Monte Carlo, and it is found that most have similar performance: this is remarkable since the use of prior information (SNR, relative SNR, beam pattern) varies widely between them. There is, however, considerable performance variability as a function of the two targets' off-boresight angles. A simple combined technique that fuses the results from different approaches is thus proposed, and it performs well uniformly.     

Monopulse radar based on spatiotemporal correlation of stochastic signals

The theory and technique of angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimation using random-noise or other stochastic transmit waveforms is addressed. The additional uncertainties induced by signal itself and the statistical complexity of the received signals result in major challenges. The statistical properties of the random-noise interferometer and monopulse radar system are studied and compared theoretically using an approximation method. Furthermore, a random-noise coherent correlation receiver (CCR) architecture is proposed. The concept of mean monopulse characteristic curve (MMCC) is introduced. Experimental results using an X-band random-noise monopulse radar system validate the theoretical predictions of random-noise monopulse characteristics and suggest potential applications such as surveillance, imaging, and maneuvering target tracking.     

Detection of Target Multiplicity Using Monopulse Quadrature Angle

The feasibility of using the indicated quadrature angle of arrival of a monopulse radar to discriminate a single target from multiple targets, separated in angle within a radar resolution cell, is investigated. The analysis is performed for steady (fixed) and Rayleigh fluctuating targets which cover a broad range of target characteristics. In both cases, the interfering signals due to noise and clutter in the sum and difference monopulse channels are assumed to be independent, zero-mean Gaussian processes. Detection and false alarm probabilities are evaluated analytically and the receiver operating characteristics are obtained for both fixed and fluctuating target cases. It is shown that multiple targets can be discriminated from a single target condition by integrating the indicated monopulse quadrature angle of arrival from several independent pulses. It is also shown that the probability of detecting multiple targets increases as the fluctuation in the target radar cross section decreases, approaching the fixed amplitude case in the limit.     

Monopulse-radar tracking of swerling III-IV targets using multiple observations

This paper proposes a novel statistical prediction of monopulse errors (Levanon, 1988) for a radar Swerling III-IV target embedded in noise or noise jamming where multiple observations are available. First, the study of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the complex monopulse ratio for a Swerling III-IV target embedded in spatially white noise allows us to extend the use of the MLE practical approximate form introduced by Mosca (1969) for Swerling 0-I-II cases. Afterward, we derive analytical formulas for both the mean and variance of the MLE in approximate form conditioned by the usual detection step performed on the sum channel of a monopulse antenna. Last, we provide a comparison of target direction of arrival (DOA) estimation performance based on monopulse ratio estimation as a function of the Swerling model in the context of a multifunction radar.     

基于模拟器的单脉冲雷达幅相修正方法研究

以某型单脉冲测量雷达为研究对象,深入分析研究幅相一致性修正的必要性和修正原理,通过理论分析与公式推导,经过大量的试验验证,提出一种基于目标模拟的单脉冲测量雷达无塔幅相修正方法。该方法实现后,已成功应用于该型单脉冲测量雷达,解决了传统幅相修正方法受外界因素影响大的技术难题,同时降低了建造成本和维护难度,取得了良好的军事和经济效益。     

Bias compensation and tracking with monopulse radars in the presence of multi path

The problem of tracking targets in the presence of reflections from sea or ground is addressed. Both types of reflections (specular and diffuse) are considered. Specular reflection causes large peak errors followed by an approximately constant bias in the monopulse ratio, while diffuse reflection has random variations which on the average generate a bias in the monopulse ratio. Expressions for the average error (bias) in the monopulse ratio due to specular and diffuse reflections and the corresponding variance in the presence of noise in the radar channels are derived. A maximum maneuver-based filter and a multiple model estimator are used for tracking. Simulation results for five scenarios, typical of sea skimmers, with Swerling III fluctuating radar cross sections (RCSs) indicate the significance and efficiency of the technique developed in this paper-a 65% reduction of the rms error in the target height estimate.     

Adaptive digital beamforming for angle estimation in jamming

A radar digital beamforming (DBF) architecture and processing algorithm is described for nulling the signal from a mainlobe electronic jammer and multiple sidelobe electronic jammers while maintaining monopulse angle estimation accuracy on the target. The architecture consists of a sidelobe jamming (SLJ) cancelling adaptive array (AA) followed by a mainlobe jamming (MLJ) canceller. A mainlobe maintenance (MLM) technique or constrained adaptation during the sidelobe cancellation process is imposed so that the results of the SLJ cancellation process do not distort the subsequent mainlobe cancellation process. The SLJ signals and the MLJ signals are thus cancelled sequentially in separate processes. This technique was developed for improving radar processing in determining the angular location of a target, and specifically for improving the monopulse technique by maintaining the accuracy of the target echo monopulse ratio in the presence of electronic jamming by adaptive suppression of the jamming signals before forming the monopulse sum and difference beams     

Monopulse Estimation of the Centroid of an Ensemble of Radar Scatterers

The use of data obtained by a monopulse radar to estimate the location of the radar cross-section centroid of an ensemble of scatterers is discussed. Both dish and phased-array antenna radars are treated. Expressions for the bias and variance of the centroid estimates are presented, including the effects of the radar receiver and beam pattern characteristics, receiver noise, and the video waveform sampling granularity, as well as the target properties. The monopulse tracking approach discussed here is contrasted with a raster scan approach presented previously.     

Unresolved Rayleigh target detection using monopulse measurements

When the returns from two or more targets interfere (i.e., the signals are not resolved in the frequency or time domains) in a monopulse radar system, the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimate indicated by the monopulse ratio can wander far beyond the angular separation of the targets. Generalized maximum likelihood (GML) detection of the presence of unresolved Rayleigh targets is developed with probability density functions (pdfs) conditioned on the measured amplitude of the target echoes. The Neyman-Pearson detection algorithm uses both the in-phase and quadrature portions of the monopulse ratio and requires no a priori knowledge of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or DOA of either target. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are given along with simulation results that illustrate the performance and application of the algorithm