压气机和涡轮转子三维温度场计算研究

为了对压气机盘和涡轮盘低循环疲劳寿命分析提供温度场数据,采用ANSYS计算软件的热分析模块对某型航空发动机高压压气机转子瞬态温度场和低压涡轮转子三维稳态温度场进行计算研究。重点分析旋转盘腔、旋转轴系、封严篦齿、榫头装配间隙等部位的换热规律;计算结果与相关文献进行对比,验证转子温度场计算方法的可行性。计算结果表明：从慢车到最大状态过程中,高压压气机盘最大径向温差先增加后减小直至稳定,中心孔附近较厚区域温度梯度最大;低压涡轮盘中下部沿轴向盘面温差很小,整个轮盘高温区域集中在轮盘盘缘。     

典型尖楔结构燃气流热试验工况确定方法

在传统冷壁热流模拟方法的基础上,进一步提出以热壁温度及热流密度的时序变化曲线为控制目标的燃气流热试验工况确定方法,即利用壁温控制目标与实测值的偏差对热壁热流控制目标做一定修正,以尽可能消除和弥补前期试验误差,同时利用300K冷壁边界热流密度数据库插值迭代方法,快速确定一定气动热模拟所需燃气流温度,解决了沿飞行轨迹瞬态热试验技术难题之一。利用CFD数值模拟方法,建立了典型尖楔结构高/中温双路燃气流组合热试验300K冷壁边界热流密度数据库,并针对典型尖楔结构沿某飞行轨迹9个典型状态气动热模拟需求,确定相应双路燃气流热模拟参数。相关数值计算结果显示,驻点区域热流密度平均模拟偏差为4.5%,平板区热流密度平均模拟偏差为4.6%,两者最大模拟偏差均不大于8%,满足工程试验精度要求。同时,瞬态热分析结果显示第45s时,距驻点1mm处最大温度梯度达到21K/mm,距驻点10.1mm处最大温度梯度达到18K/mm,满足气动热大温度梯度效应需求。      

涡轮盘热处理过程温度场数值研究

针对涡轮盘热处理复杂工艺过程中温度场的分析需求,开展了流场/温度场一体化建模方法研究。建立了包含流场和固体结构的耦合分析模型,并通过仿真计算研究了冷却方式和涡轮盘旋转等工艺过程对温度场的影响,开展了包含多个工艺过程的涡轮盘温度变化特征分析。结果表明,热处理过程中流场和温度场相互耦合变化,工艺方法对于涡轮盘的温度场变化过程有重要影响,不同工艺阶段采样点的温度下降规律有差异。提出的建模和分析方法可为复杂热处理过程温度场分析及工艺改进设计提供参考。     

航空发动机过渡态典型热端部件热响应分析

为满足航空发动机方案设计阶段结构分析及强度寿命评估的要求,必须提供相关零件稳态和过渡态热状态数据。应用1维解析方法和数值方法分别对薄壁类和轴对称缘盘类热端部件进行了过渡态热状态计算分析,得到带涂层叶片、盘及机匣平均温度随发动机状态的变化,并依此分别进行了各零件热响应分析;由热响应分析结果得到了高压涡轮转子和机匣过渡态热伸长量,并进行了过渡态的热间隙分析,为结构分析提供输入;计算结果与采用ANSYS软件计算的结果偏差普遍在3%以内,说明计算方法合理,可适用于方案设计阶段过渡态热端部件热状态计算。     

高压涡轮盘疲劳载荷分析与试验

针对航空发动机涡轮盘低循环疲劳寿命受交变热应力影响的问题,对某型高压涡轮盘服役过程的温度场变化情况进行 了研究。根据某型发动机高压涡轮盘试车过程中实测的随时间变化的温度分布,采用有限元方法分析了轮盘温度变化对不同考 核部位应力水平的影响,对发动机工作状态下各考核部位的循环应力进行了计算。制定了试验方案,设计了试验装置,在旋转试 验器上进行了涡轮盘在高温状态下的低循环疲劳试验,按照安全寿命法确定了盘心和螺栓孔部位的安全寿命。结果表明：温度变 化对轮盘考核部位应力的影响明显,瞬态温度沿径向呈“V”型分布,导致螺栓孔部位应力水平比稳态温度分布下的提高了25.9%, 使其成为涡轮盘的限寿部位;轮盘失效模式为低循环疲劳破坏,裂纹起源于螺栓孔的6、12点钟方向,沿径向扩展导致轮盘失效。     

涡轮转子无螺栓挡板过渡态热固耦合响应分析

采用有限元方法间接耦合方式分析航空发动机涡轮转子过渡态热和变形响应,获取无螺栓挡板过渡态热与机械载荷共同作用下涡轮转子的温度场、变形和应力历程。结果表明,过渡态下的无螺栓挡板与涡轮盘径向配合面受力及挡板自身应力分布均与稳态下的差异明显,且过渡态无螺栓挡板应力峰值大于所有稳态值。为保证涡轮转子无螺栓挡板过渡态下工作安全可靠,应关注其过渡态响应特性。此结论可为航空发动机涡轮转子无螺栓挡板过渡态响应分析与无螺栓挡板设计提供工程参考。     

基于ERSM涡轮盘径向变形的非线性动态概率分析

为了准确设计高压涡轮盘和叶尖间隙,从概率的角度进行了涡轮盘径向变形的分析。介绍了高精度高效率的非线性动态概率分析的极值响应面方法 (Extremum Response Surface Method,ERSM),并建立了其数学模型。考虑材料属性和边界条件的非线性,以及热载荷和离心载荷的动态性,基于ERSM对涡轮盘径向变形进行了非线性动态概率分析,得到了输入输出参数的分布特征和影响涡轮盘径向动态变形的主要因素。最后,通过方法比较,验证了ERSM在保证计算精度的前提下能大大提高计算速度,节约计算时间,改善计算效率。为进行更有效的涡轮盘设计和优化,改善叶尖间隙设计和控制的合理性提供了有效依据。     

航空发动机压气机盘瞬态温度场的数值研究

利用ANSYS/Thermal瞬态热分析功能对压气机盘腔进行了瞬态温度场数值模拟.并将模拟结果与试验数据进行比较,验证了压气机盘边界条件计算方法的可靠性和ANSYS软件作为压气机转子瞬态温度计算工具的有效性.     

基于共轭换热的涡轮转子热环境预测方法研究

为了开发适用于发动机方案设计阶段的涡轮转子热环境预测方法,开发获得了一种快速而准确的稳态热环境预测算法。算法求解二维和三维导热方程来计算固体导热,用二维边界层算法计算叶身燃气边界条件,用一维流体网络法计算空气系统流量。使用该算法对某型涡扇发动机高压涡轮转子进行了温度场计算,并与试验结果进行了对比,温度误差约为30~40K。对燃气边界和冷气边界分别对比了共轭换热计算和非共轭换热计算模式下结果的差异,温度差值在120K左右,流量相对差值在10%左右。结论表明:对于空气系统边界,共轭模型显著影响计算精度;而对于主流边界,就本文研究的非冷却叶片而言,是否采用共轭模型对温度场预测影响很小。     

精铸过程位移场的数值模拟方法

为了保证精铸件的成形精度,制造所用的模具型腔必须对铸件的收缩变形进行补偿。提出一种精铸过程位移场的数值模拟方法：通过涡轮叶片的精铸实验,测量与分析铸件上特定位置的温度值变化曲线,反向求解了界面换热系数随时间的变化关系,提高了铸件凝固过程中温度场数值计算的精度。通过设置适当的工艺参数和边界条件,基于熔模铸造温度场和应力场,对精铸过程进行耦合计算,得到了较为精确的凝固过程位移场,与实测结果吻合较好,为精铸涡轮叶片模具型腔的优化提供了量化参考依据。     

液体火箭发动机推力室壁瞬态加载三维热结构分析

为了预测再生冷却液体火箭发动机推力室壁的应变分布,研究内壁失效机理,使用有限元法对推力室壁进行了三维瞬态热分析,在瞬态热分析结果的基础上采用多线性随动硬化模型对推力室壁进行了三维弹塑性结构分析。计算结果表明,多线性随动硬化模型能够准确地模拟推力室内壁材料的应力-应变关系;内壁温度达到稳态的时间相比外壁要短得多,在预冷、试车和后冷开始约0.1s后内壁温度便已经接近稳态;瞬态加载三维热结构分析能够确定推力室内壁最先失效的危险点的位置在喉部上游冷却通道中心;推力室壁瞬态加载三维热结构分析得到的最大残余应变比稳态加载大15.7%。     

Transient Effects and Disturbed Conditions

In the present phase of the solar cycle no big transients leading to strong modulation had been observed after 1991. Apart from a few minor disturbances cosmic rays were still recovering to a new intensity maximum. It was suggested, therefore, that existing literature from previous cycles should be critically reviewed. The scene was set by the introductory papers on— phenomenology of cosmic ray modulation in successive solar cycles throughout the heliosphere— the present state of models for long term modulation and their shortcomings— the relation between cosmic ray variations and the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field (the CR-B-relation)— charge dependent effects.In the discussions, the study of propagating diffusive disturbances and the CR-B-relation played a central role. The difference was stressed between isolated transient disturbances in the inner solar system (Forbush decreases), and the long lasting, step-like decreases caused by merged interaction regions in the outer heliosphere. The recovery rates following the step-like decreases vary with the phase in the 22-year solar cycle. In some cases this requires a modification of existing drift models. In the outer heliosphere, the CR-B-relation leads to the result 1/ between the diffusion coefficient and the field magnitude . This simple result is a challenge for theoreticians to derive the perpendicular diffusion coefficient fromfirst principles. The three articles in this report essentially follow the list of open points and arguments just presented.The article "Observations and Simple Models" is organised around the model of a propagating diffusive barrier, its application to Forbush effects in the inner heliosphere and to decreases caused by merged interaction regions in the outer heliosphere. Acomparison of observed Forbush decreases with model predictions requires a careful separation of the two steps related to the turbulent region behind the shock front and the closed magnetic field regions of the ejecta (the interplanetary counterparts of coronal mass ejections). It is shown that models for propagating disturbances can be used to derive values of the diffusion coefficients phenomenologically, not only during the disturbance, but also in the ambient medium.The "Modeling of Merged Interaction Regions" summarizes the dynamic and time-dependent process of cosmic ray modulation in the heliosphere. Numerical models with only a time-dependent neutral sheet prove to be successful when moderate to low solar activity occurs but fail to describe large and discrete steps in modulated cosmic rays when solar activity is high. To explain this feature of heliospheric modulation, the concept of global merged interaction regions is required. The com-bination of gradient, curvature and neutral sheet drifts with these global merged interaction regions has so far been the most successful approach in explaining the 11-year and 22-year cycles in the long-term modulation of cosmic rays.The "Remarks on the Diffusion Tensor in the Heliosphere" describe available theories of perpen-dicular diffusion and drift, and discuss their relevance to cosmic rays in the heliosphere. In addition, the information about diffusion coefficients and spatial gradients obtained from the analysis of steady state anisotropies at neutron monitor energies is summarized. These topics are intimately related to the other two articles. They are also part of the general discussion about the "Diffusion Tensor throughout the Heliosphere" which played an important role in all working groups.     

液相过渡扩散焊

重点介绍液相过渡扩散焊的特点及国外近年的研究和应用情况。     

Transient Modeling of Synchronous Machine-Transformer-SCR Bridge

A rigorous mathematical model of a synchronouschine-machine-transformer-thyristor bridge unit is presented in state-space form with coefficients that are explicit functions of standard parameters. The developed model has a minimum order for each of the various operation modes of the bridge, and its form is such that it can be readily interfaced with any type of dc network connected to the bridge. In addition, the model has the capability to consider different types of transformer winding connections. In a digital simulation, the explicit form of the state model eliminates the need of matrix inversions at each integration step. This and the use of the ?, ? reference frame result in a high computing efficiency and accuracy. As an illustration, simulation results are shown of a case study where the unit is part of a high-power pulse generating system.     

旋转盘腔瞬态响应特性的研究

为保证发动机在飞行包线内正常运转,需研究旋转盘腔的瞬态响应特性。采用1-D模型方法和计算流体力学(CFD方法对旋转盘腔进口压力突升的情况进行非稳态数值计算,所得结果与文献中的结果进行对比,提出1-D模型方法的一些缺点,并证明了CFD计算的正确性。然后用CFD方法并通过用户自定义函数(UDF编程研究了进口压力渐增、正弦变化以及盘腔尺寸对旋转盘腔流动瞬态响应特性的影响。结果表明:1-D模型的计算结果不能显示出CFD模型计算结果的一个高阶震荡;进口压力以不同方式变化,瞬态响应存在不同程度的滞后;进口压力突增和进口压力渐增响应的特征时间比进口压力正弦变化的特征时间分别增加56.0%和106.4%盘腔宽径比由0.2变化到0.39时,腔内均压变高,出口质量流量变低,特征响应时间缩短至40%当宽径比由0.2变化到0.58时,特征响应时间缩短至25%。     

多凹腔燃烧室煤油非定常超声速燃烧流动过程研究

为探究多凹腔燃烧室的燃烧流动过程,采用非定常方法对液态煤油超声速燃烧特性进行了数值研究。计算结果发现,随着燃烧释热的进行,一道拟正激波被推到靠近隔离段入口处,最大压比达到3.77,燃烧达到稳态需要22ms;上游凹腔处煤油液滴运动轨迹表现出很强的非定常性,其运动方向与当地流动时刻的压力条件相匹配,上凹腔附近的液滴穿透深度明显大于下凹腔的,液滴个数也大于后者;出口总压恢复系数为47.09%,与实验值47.50%很接近,出口燃烧效率达到72.91%,体现了多凹腔燃烧室在保证燃烧性能较好时总压损失较低的优点;扩张型面上的凹腔质量交换律大于平直型面上的,表明型面扩张有利于增强凹腔内燃料与主流空气的质量交换;计算预测的燃烧室侧壁、上壁、下壁压力均与实验值吻合得较好。     

On-Line Computer for Transient Turbine Cascade Instrumentation

A 32-channel computer based data acquisition and processing system em has been developed for use with the new type of transient cascade facility at Oxford. This is used for testing turbine blades and nozzle guide vanes at full-scale engine Reynolds and Mach numbers ers with correct wallto-flow temperature ratios. A novel technique for processing transient heat transfer data from thin film surface resistance thermometers has been developed. Measurements of surface ace pressure around blades, and of the upstream turbulence level have been made. The cascade and instrumentation are shown to have advantages both in cost and effectiveness over continuous running cascades.     

Large-Signal Transient Responses of a Switching Regulator

Analytical and experimental considerations of the large-signal transient responses of the buck-type switching regulator are described. The dynamic behavior under the large-signal condition is different from the small-signal operation because of the saturation characteristics of the pulsewidth modulator feedback controller. The effect of this nonlinearity is analyzed by dividing its operation into three modes. As a result the peak values of the inrush current and output voltage are obtained analytically both for the start-up and for the step change of the load condition.     

Transient Performance of Gyro in Spinning Spacecraft

Transient performance of a single-axis rate gyroscope mounted in a spacecraft which is spinning about the spin axis of the gyro is presented. Analytical expressions for various time-domain and frequency-domain specifications as functions of the spin rate of the vehicle are obtained. Numerical results are presented which are useful in selecting the gyro parameters if it is to be used for the measurements of the angular velocity in spinning space vehicles.     

Transient Analysis of the Rectified Superconducting Alternator

A set of five differential equations is derived to describe the transient electrical behavior of a three-phase superconducting alternator connected to a full-wave thyristor bridge. The approximation of constant flux linkages for the rotor circuits is utilized to reduce the number of numerical integrations from five to two. This produces a very efficient algorithm that is quite useful for studies requiring a large number of simulations. Numerical results based on the parameters of a 10-MVA superconducting machine are included.