Ideal proportional navigation for exoatmospheric interception

Ideal proportional navigation (IPN) is a natural choice for exoatmospheric interception for its mighty capture capability and ease of implementation. The closed-form solution of two- dimensional ideal proportional navigation was conducted in previous public literature, whereas the practical interception happens in the three-dimensional space. A novel set of relative dynamic equations is adopted in this paper, which is with the advantage of decoupling relative motion in the instantaneous rotation plane of the line of sight from the rotation of this plane. The dimension-reduced IPN is constructed in this instantaneous plane, which functions as a three-dimensional guidance law. The trajectory features of dimension-reduced IPN are explored, and the capture regions of dimension-reduced IPN with limited acceleration against nonmaneuvering and maneuvering targets are analyzed by using phase plane method. It is proved that the capture capability of IPN is much stronger than true proportional navigation (TPN), no matter the target maneuvers or not. Finally, simulation results indicate that IPN is more effective than TPN in exoatmospheric interception scenarios.     

A finite-time 3D guidance law based on fixed-time convergence disturbance observer

In order to achieve accurate interception of high-speed maneuvering targets, this paper presents a relative Line-of-Sight (LOS) velocity based finite-time three-dimensional guidance law design framework, and discusses the application of fixed-time convergence disturbance observer in this framework. Firstly, a simple Lyapunov function is provided to show that the coupled terms in the relative kinematics can be ignored in the proposed guidance law design framework. Secondly, the realizations of several classical guidance laws are analyzed with the proposed framework, including TPN guidance law, finite-time Input-to-State Stability (ISS) guidance law, and sliding mode guidance law. Thirdly, fixed-time convergence disturbance observers are introduced to design the composite finite-time 3D guidance law, and Lyapunov method is employed to show the stability of the guidance system. Numerical simulations with different scenarios show that the proposed generalized guidance law performs high interception accuracy.     

基于零化相对速度偏角的变结构末制导律设计

针对拦截问题,选取导弹和目标的相对速度矢量与导弹—目标视线之间的夹角（即相对速度偏角）作为滑模面,无须对导弹—目标相对运动学方程进行归一化,且不对弹目速度比进行限制,将有关目标运动的加速度和方位信息视为干扰量,应用变结构理论设计了一种变结构末制导律,并应用Lyapunov理论进行了稳定性分析。仿真结果表明,所设计的导引律对目标机动具有很强的鲁棒性。     

无人飞行器集群仅测距初始相对位姿确定方法研究CSCD

针对全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)拒止环境下无人飞行器集群成员间的相对定位问题,研究了一种基于机载惯性测量单元(IMU)、气压高度计与数据链测距组合的初始相对位姿求解算法。首先,在高度计稳定输出较为精确的高度信息的前提下,将飞行器的三维运动解耦成二维水平运动,给出了三维加速度和角速度、测距信息的水平坐标系投影等效模型。在此基础上,以待求量相对位置和航向角的非线性形式构造了新的待求状态量,并将相对位置和航向角的非线性求解问题转化成了新状态量的线性模型最小二乘求解问题。然后,通过引入递推最小二乘算法(RLS),建立了该相对位姿求解算法的实时输出递推形式,有效降低了机载在线计算的负载。接着,对所提算法进行了可观测性分析,并给出了使系统状态量不可观测的几种相对运动形式。最后,对所提算法进行了数值仿真实验,仿真结果表明,该算法能够有效、快速求解初始相对位姿,位置误差在初始相对距离的10%以内,航向角误差在初始相对角度的1%以内。     

基于H∞ 控制的非线性末制导律设计

 针对三维目标拦截问题,提出一种新的具有强鲁棒性的非线性H_∞末制导律。基于三维弹目相对运动学的非线性关系,将目标机动作为系统扰动,建立了弹目相对运动的数学模型。同时,基于零化弹目视线角速率的思想,提出一种全局非线性H_∞稳定控制策略,得到了连续的非线性末制导律。该方法利用Lyapunov稳定性理论严格证明了制导系统的全局渐近稳定性,并且无需求解哈密尔顿-雅可比-艾萨克斯（HJI）偏微分方程,同时也无需控制弹目相对运动速度。数字仿真表明,和比例导引律相比,这种制导律对高速大机动目标具有很强的鲁棒性和适应性,并能获得良好的制导精度。     

基于固定阈值事件触发扩张状态观测器的多智能体协同目标环绕控制

针对复杂多扰环境下面向未知运动目标的多智能体对峙跟踪问题,提出了一种基于固定阈值事件触发扩张状态观测器(FTESO)的多智能体协同目标环绕控制方法。首先,建立了智能体与目标的相对运动模型,将目标加速度、模型非线性、环境摄动视为集总干扰,利用量测的相对位置信息构造可降低测量端状态更新频次的FTESO,以实现在非周期采样条件下对于相对速度不可测和集总干扰未知的精准估计。其次,结合速度方向场理论生成目标与智能体间的期望相对速度,根据相邻智能体间的相对角间距信息与FTESO的观测结果,设计了一种不依赖目标加速度信息的多智能体相位协同一致性协议,使得多智能体能够以指定环绕半径、环绕角速度和相对角间距实现对未知运动目标的环绕跟踪。借助Lyapunov稳定性理论,证明了闭环系统中所有误差信号最终一致有界。最后,通过仿真和比较结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

过载约束下的大机动目标协同拦截

研究了非线性拦截几何下具有过载约束的多枚弱机动能力的导弹拦截强机动能力的目标的协同拦截问题。首先，在建立导弹的可达域、导弹的可行域以及目标的逃逸域这3个概念的基础上提出了非线性拦截几何下的基于逃逸域覆盖的协同拦截策略，并提出了基于标准弹道的设计方法。然后，给出了协同拦截制导律的形式，研究了导弹的末制导初始阵位、制导律参数以及导弹对目标机动的覆盖区域这三者间的关系，并设计了数值求解算法来实现对多弹的覆盖区域的分配、协同制导律的设计以及多弹初始拦截阵位的配置。最后，对理论结果进行仿真。结果显示，多枚机动性较小的导弹，通过初始拦截阵位的合理配置和协同拦截制导律的合理设计，可以实现对机动性能较强的目标的协同拦截。     

一种IRST双机协同被动探测机动目标定位新方法

针对红外搜索跟踪系统（IRST）双机协同被动探测定位作战使用中，机动目标建模与实际运动失配造成定位误差偏大的问题，研究了一种基于曲线模型的自适应滤波新方法。该方法改进了传统方法根据方向角估计转弯率以及基于帧间插分线加速度估计切向加速度的思路，将转弯率及线加速度联合作为状态变量进行了状态扩维，并推导了扩维后的过程噪声协方差表达式，在缓解传统两层滤波结构带来的计算量大问题外，也提高了切向加速度的估计精度。另外基于反正切函数的值域，结合方向角在四象限间的转移关系，优化了方向角的设计。通过IRST双机协同仿真实例，验证了所提方法对机动目标的适应性更强、目标定位精度更高。     

大气层内模型预测静态规划拦截中制导

在临近空间机动目标拦截中,拦截器的初始动力段对中制导段乃至末端拦截性能具有重要影响。在模型预测静态规划（MPSP）理论基础上提出了一种初、中制导联合规划制导方法,旨在解决多阶段、快速、最优拦截轨迹规划和制导问题。首先,提出了一种改进的模型预测静态规划方法,该方法不仅可以满足终端约束,还可以生成最优初始状态,并在性能指标中考虑状态变量相关函数。其次,基于等效阻力模型建立了包含动力段与非动力段的两段规划模型,通过采用分段离散以及构建关机点变分关系的方法,避免了内点约束的引入,使MPSP算法可直接求解该两段规划问题。最后,结合提出的MPSP算法以及两段规划模型,实现了终端速度最优的拦截轨迹规划,结合目标预测方法,实现了对机动目标的预测拦截。仿真结果表明,本文方法可提高制导精度和终端速度,且能更好满足对机动目标的拦截需求。     

三维空间拦截的前置追踪变结构制导律(英文)

This article aims to develop a head pursuit （HP） guidance law for three-dimensional hypervelocity interception, so that the effect of the perturbation induced by seeker detection can be reduced. On the basis of a novel HP three-dimensional guidance model, a nonlinear variable structure guidance law is presented by using Lyapunov stability theory. The guidance law positions the interceptor ahead of the target on its tlight trajectory, and the speed of the interceptor is required to be lower than that of the target, A numerical example of maneuvering ballistic target interception verifies the rightness of the guidance model and the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于序列图像的航天器自主导航降维滤波方法

非合作目标的运动感知与状态估计,是太空领域技术发展的重要组成部分。非合作目标相对状态的精确估计是相对导航的难点问题。传统的非合作目标扩展卡尔曼滤波算法需要结合非合作目标的质心位置,增加了状态变量的维数,提高了系统不确定性,从而会影响状态扩展卡尔曼滤波的收敛速度。提出了一种基于序列图像的非合作目标相对导航方法,该方法在不对质心进行估计的情况下首先对非合作目标姿态进行估计,在完成非合作目标姿态估计后再对其质心进行估计。本文推导了光学相机测量值与目标真实姿态的关系,构建了基于序列图像的测量模型,分别建立了不含有非合作目标质心位置的状态方程和基于非合作目标位置、速度矢量的状态方程,设计了适用于非合作目标状态估计的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法。仿真实验表明该方法可在10 Hz采样频率下经过50次采样（即5 s）内快速收敛,从而有利于空间飞行器的在轨服务与维护。     

基于模糊RBF网络的自适应变结构制导律设计

针对空中高速、大机动目标的拦截问题,传统的滑模变结构制导律虽然对外界干扰和参数摄动具有较好的鲁棒性,但是存在视线角速率抖振及参数不易确定等缺点.对此,在变结构控制理论的基础上,提出了三维自适应变结构制导律,将目标加速度视为外界干扰,设计了一种快速趋近律,并利用模糊RBF网络的高效自学习能力对变结构项的增益进行了在线自适应调节.仿真结果表明,该制导律能够有效削弱系统抖振,提高制导精度,并对拦截大机动目标具有很强的自适应性.     

Three-dimensional cooperative guidance strategy and guidance law for intercepting highly maneuvering target

Cooperative interception of the target with strong maneuverability by multiple missiles with weak maneuverability in the three-dimensional nonlinear model is studied. Firstly, the three-dimensional nonlinear model of cooperative guidance is established. The three-dimensional reachable region is represented composed of lateral acceleration and longitudinal acceleration in the two-dimensional coordinate system. Secondly, the problem of the multiple missile's reachable coverage area is transformed into the problem of cooperative coverage. A cooperative coverage strategy is proposed and an algorithm for quickly calculating the number of required missiles is designed. Then, the guidance law based on the cooperative coverage strategy is proposed, and it is proved that cooperative interception of the target can be achieved under the acceleration limit. Moreover, the relations among the number of missiles, the initial array position of terminal guidance and the coverage area of the target’s large maneuver are analyzed. The dynamic adjustment strategy of guidance parameters is proposed to reduce the guidance error. Finally, simulation results show that multiple missiles with low maneuverability can achieve effective interception of target with strong maneuverability through the proposed cooperative strategy and cooperative guidance method.     

多坐标系下目标跟踪的联合滤波

针对雷达目标观测和处理在不同的坐标系下完成，本文提出了联合滤波算法来跟踪机动目标。该算法以卡尔曼滤波器为基础，直角坐标系下和极坐标系下的算法相联合，不仅克服了两种坐标系下滤波算法的不足，而且对机动目标有很好的跟踪效果。仿真实验结果表明了该算法的有效性。     

考虑空间机动飞行的直升机尾传动轴建模与临界转速分析

建立了具有普遍性的考虑直升机空间机动飞行的尾传动轴动力学模型.分析了机动飞行对尾传动轴临界转速的影响,发现只有俯仰角速度、偏航角速度、横滚角速度和角加速度4个转动运动分量会影响尾传动轴的临界转速.通过算例着重分析了俯仰、偏航和横滚角速度对尾传动轴前3阶临界转速的影响规律.结果表明:俯仰角速度使尾传动轴的临界转速降低,但只对反进动第1阶临界转速有较大影响;偏航角速度对尾传动轴临界转速的影响效果与俯仰角速度完全相同;正向横滚角速度使尾传动轴的正进动临界转速提高,而使反进动临界转速降低;但对于反向横滚,在以横滚角速度等于某值的分界线之前,横滚角速度对尾传动轴临界转速的影响规律与正向横滚相反,前3阶临界转速变化曲线的分界线对应的横滚角速度分别为1.86,27.41,124.5rad/s.      

机动目标“当前”统计模型与自适应跟踪算法

本文提出机动目标“当前”统计模型的概念并建议用修正的瑞利-马尔科夫过程描述目标随机加速机动的统计特性。文中指出了在机动目标运动模型中状态（机动加速度）估值与状态噪声之间的内在联系。在此基础上提出了具有机动加速度均值及方差自适应的卡尔曼滤波算法。对一维和三维的情形进行了计算机模拟。计算结果表明,在仅对目标位置进行观测的情况下,这类自适应估值算法无论对高度机动或无机动的目标均可绘出较好的位置、速度及加速度估值。     

一种适用于捷联探测器的空间目标搜索算法

针对空间目标的搜索问题，提出了一种适用于捷联探测器的目标搜索算法。无论探测器是否能够获取目标方位的先验信息，该算法都能够使得搜索轨迹覆盖探测球面，确保目标的成功捕获。该算法分析了目标与探测器间相对运动以及姿态控制精度等因素对搜索轨迹的影响，给出了螺旋搜索轨迹重叠区域与相对运动角速度、姿态控制精度间的约束关系。对于算法生成的目标搜索轨迹，采用单轴定向姿态控制的方式给出了探测球面上搜索轨迹与姿态控制误差信号间的转换方法。最后通过典型情况下的仿真算例对算法进行了验证，仿真结果表明，无论是否具备目标方位先验信息，该算法都能够有效发现目标。     

Modified rolling guidance law for single moving mass controlled reentry vehicle against maneuvering target with impact angle constraints

This paper deals with the problem of guidance law design for the single moving mass controlled reentry vehicle when impact angle constraints and maneuvering target are taken into consideration. More specifically, a modified rolling guidance law is proposed with the interactive virtual target and the landing point prediction strategy. First, considering the fact that the roll channel can be controlled directly, the relative motion between the single moving mass controlled reentry vehicle and the ...     

BTT导弹三维制导控制一体化建模与仿真

针对带有一定机动能力的飞行目标,结合弹目运动关系与导弹自身的动力学特性,给出了倾斜转弯(BTT)拦截导弹的俯仰、滚转、航向三通道独立制导控制一体化(IGC)设计。首先分别建立三通道数学模型,并给出了指令信号的计算形式,随后设计了基于动态面的IGC反步控制算法,最后在三维空间下进行目标拦截仿真验证。仿真结果表明,所建立的三通道模型能够充分描述目标与导弹之间的运动关系,设计的算法能够实现导弹对目标的精确拦截,且具有一定的抗机动能力。     

Estimation of Aircraft Target Motion Using Orientation Measurements

A new approach to estimating motion of a highly maneuverable aircraft target in an air-to-air tracking scenario is presented. An interactive filter system is developed that provides an improved estimate of target motion states by conditioning kinematic filter estimates on target aspect angle data. Pattern recognition techniques used with an electrooptical tracker are presumed to provide this target aspect information. A target orientation filter processes the aspect angle measurements by statistically weighting measured aspect angles with the current best estimate of target kinematics. The aerodynamic lift equation is used to relate approximate angle of attack to target velocity and acceleration. A novel statistical model for aircraft target normal acceleration is also developed to represent better the unknown target accelerations. Simulation results of realistic three-dimensional scenarios are presented to evaluate the performance of the interactive filter system.