一种基于数值计算的轴流压气机旋转失速稳定性模型——之二:简化模型及应用

提出了一个基于直接数值计算结果基础上的旋转失速线性稳定性模型,描述了如何从基本的Navier-Stokes方程出发,把轴流压气机流动稳定性问题转化为一个特征值问题的基本理论框架,对压气机不稳定边界的判断通过计算和检验特征值的方式来实现,给出了有限差分法和基于Gauss-Lobatto节点的谱配置方法两种数值离散的方式,并分析了这两种离散方式的收敛特性.     

基于特征值理论的轴流跨声速压气机失稳预测

流动失稳问题是叶轮机械所面临的严峻挑战之一,而旋转失速是轴流压气机及压缩系统中普遍存在的一种典型流动不稳定状态。基于特征值理论发展了一个轴流压气机流动失稳开始点预测模型,应用谱方法和奇异值分解(SVD)算法求解所建立的特征值方程,通过特征频率的虚部判断压缩系统的流动稳定性。并通过一个高速单转子在高低两个转速时的算例,定量分析了流动压缩性对跨声速压气机流动失稳开始点预测的重要影响。该模型可在合理的精度范围内,以工程应用可接受的计算资源消耗来预测跨声速单级压气机旋转失速的开始点流量,同时不应用大量经验数据,为压气机设计阶段的稳定性评估提供指导。     

轴流压气机引气后流场的数值模拟

选取了NASA Stage 35作为算例进行压气机引气数值模拟研究.通过对比验证了网格无关性和计算的准确性,应用两种数值实现方法分别进行圆孔和槽引气计算,两种数值方法的结果基本吻合.进行了两种引气方式（即圆孔和槽）的对比.结果表明:槽引气转子出口总压损失小,效果好于圆孔引气.应用NUMECA软件自带引气模块操作简单,容易实现.绘制引气管路网格增加了流道网格绘制的难度和计算边界条件设置的复杂度,但更加符合压气机实际的引气情况.引气后压气机效率 流量曲线整体上移,总压比 流量曲线下降,失速裕度有较大提升.      

畸变进气下压缩系统稳定性分析的通用方法

基于逐级平行压缩系统模型，发展了一种分析周向组合畸变对多级轴流压缩系统稳定性影响的通用分析方法。应用此方法对两个多级轴流压气机进行了详细的数值分析，给出了纯压力畸变、纯温度畸变及压力－温度不同位置的组合畸变与轴流压气机喘振裕度损失之间的定量关系。     

平面波压力扰动下压气机逐级动态响应分析

应用轴流压缩系统的逐级动态响应模型对平面波型压力扰动下的多级压气机瞬态响应及气动稳定性进行了较详细的数值分析。对－ ８级跨声压气机的数值模拟结果表明, 基于流动阻塞机理建立的压缩系统稳定性判别准则是合理和可靠的。结果还进一步建立进口扰动频率与压气机瞬态响应间的关联关系     

总压总温组合畸变对压气机稳定性影响的数值模拟研究

本文对不同进口总压、总温组合畸变对压气机稳定性的影响进行了数值研究。计算模型以一维时间相关的气体欧拉方程组为基础,计及了压气机系统加功、气体抽吸和加热过程,并在计算中改进平行压气机理论的进出口假设,对一种双涵道压气机进行了三种周向总温、总压畸变组合形式的计算,给出了组合畸变情况下压气机稳定边界的变化。结果表明,在三种组合方式中,总压、总温畸变区域完全重合时压气机的稳定裕度损失最大,反之最小,部分区域重合时稳定边界介于前两者之间,且同时具有前两种情况的部分特征。      

跨声速轴流压气机特性全三维粘性流动分析

应用Steger-Ｗarming通量分裂技术,将守恒型方程中的流通向量分裂成两部分,应用 NND格式对无粘项进行数值离散,粘性项采用中心差分格式,采用LU-SGS隐式推进迭代建立了跨声速轴流压气机性能及内流场三维N-S方程的高分辨率和高效率的数值方法。数值模拟给出NASA ROTOR37和NASA ROTOR67性能及内流场流动结构。并进一步基于混合平面法建立了多级轴流压气机性能计算模型,详细分析了某一级跨声速轴流压气机性能和内流特性,计算与实验结果比较表明了本模型与方法是可行的和可靠的。     

轴流压缩系统对非定常扰动响应的新模型

对进口非定常扰动条件下多级轴流压气机动态响应及气动稳定性进行了详细的数值分析。采用了目前广泛使用的逐级模型。基于逐级特性, 建立了该模型中叶片力和轴功的准定常计算方法并导出了基于特征线和MacCormack二步差分相结合的数值计算方法。应用本模型对两个多级轴流压缩系统算例进行了数值预测, 其结果与实验结果一致性较好, 表明了本文新模型是可行的。      

超声速粘性剪切流空间稳定性对称紧致差分数值分析

用一类高精度对称紧致差分格式数值离散一阶改型三维可压粘性扰动方程,对导出的非线性离散特征值问题采用二阶修正Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ－Ｒａｐｈｓｏｎ边值迭代局部解法,实现了超声速剪切流的线性空间稳定性分析。基于对流Ｍ数、Ｒｅ数、速度比、密度比等参数研究,讨论了压缩性效应、粘性效应、超声速扰动快／慢模态等,结果显示超声速粘性剪切流的弱不稳定性同多种影响因素密切相关。     

模化设计对离心压气机气动噪声的影响

采用数值计算方法研究了模化设计对压气机气动噪声的影响，三维流场计算结果表明模化设计压气机与原始机型满足相似准则，整级性能参数误差在2%以内；流场结构的分析进一步证实了模化机型与原始机型流场相似。基于非定常雷诺平均方法和声学边界元方法的混合气动声学方法对模化前后的压气机气动噪声进行了数值预测，结果表明:压气机气动噪声主要由离散单音噪声和宽频噪声组成，且离散单音噪声占主导。模化机型总声压级随着模化比减小逐渐减小，相比于原始机型，模化机型离散单音噪声峰值仅略有降低，而宽频噪声大幅提高。压气机气动噪声在进气管口有明显指向性，模化机型声压幅值和指向性较原始机型降低，且变化趋势与模化比成正比。      

小型通用民用飞机的失速试飞研究

介绍了小型通用民用飞机的失速试飞依据与要求、试飞方法与驾驶技术、数据处理与分析方法。提出了直接采用发动机慢车状态来确定无动力状态下飞机失速速度的试飞方法，并以小鹰-500飞机为例，给出了用本方法确定零拉力失速速度的符合性验证及失速特性的符合性验证结果。     

某型教练飞机尾旋特性试飞研究

为了解决某型教练机大迎角/失速/尾旋设计定型的技术难题,依据GJB3814《军用飞机失速/过失速/尾旋试飞验证要求》,开展了尾旋试飞技术研究,提出了符合军标验证要求的尾旋特性试飞方法,包括不同进入方法、不同改出方法、最佳改出方法以及改出过程中误操纵等。通过试飞发现：该飞机对偏离是敏感的,但对尾旋等过失速模态是阻抗的;该飞机存在＂过失速旋转＂、＂落叶飘＂、＂振荡正飞陡尾旋＂以及＂倒飞尾旋＂四种典型的过失速模态;＂三中立＂法可以较迅速改出发现的四种过失速模态,与失速改出方法具有同一性且不需要过多驾驶技巧,为试飞员推荐的最佳改出动作。     

Hysteresis behaviors of compressor rotating stall with cusp catastrophic model

Rotating stall is a complex nonlinear dynamic phenomenon which is always characterized by catastrophe and hysteresis in high aerodynamic-loading compressor. Exploring the key contributing factors and characteristic rules of hysteresis is very important for compressor design and flow instability control. In this paper, a novel model method is proposed to analyze the hysteresis behaviors to extend the understanding of compressor rotating stall. The equilibrium states of compressor system under different conditions are first described based on Moore-Greitzer model. Then, through assessing the stability of the equilibrium points by Liapunov's theorem, the ratio of shutoff head to compressor characteristic semi-height is found to affect the stall hysteresis: the size of hysteresis loop will gradually decrease, even disappear with the increase of the ratio. Combing the effects of both the ratio and throttle coefficient, the hysteresis behaviors of compressor stall under multi-parameters can be found to be consistent with the topological properties of cusp catastrophic model by Thom’s catastrophe theory. Finally, according to topological invariant rules, from the perspective of potential function, the equilibrium surface equation of compressor system is developed by standard cusp catastrophic model to describe the various hysteresis behaviors of compressor rotating stall along different control routes.     

Study on effects of thickness on airfoil-stall at low Reynolds numbers by cusp-catastrophic model based on GA(W)-1 airfoil

The phenomena of an airfoil stall present the behaviors of catastrophe and hysteresis at low Reynolds numbers. Numerical simulation results of two-dimensional airfoil GA(W)-1 show that the width of the hysteresis loop of airfoil stall will gradually decrease and even disappear with the decrease of thickness ratio. These nonlinear characteristics are in accordance with the topological features of the cusp catastrophic model. According to the topological invariant principle, a novel topological mapping method is developed to establish the mapping relationship between cusp catastrophic model and stall characteristics of the airfoil, then the effect of thickness ratio on airfoil stall is successfully described quantitatively by cusp catastrophic model. Further, based on the established topological mapping relationship, combined with the mean flow field of the airfoil stall, potential function approach of cusp catastrophic model is first introduced to interpret the catastrophe and hysteresis of the airfoil stall, and it is found that as the thickness ratio decreases, the system's maximal potential energy gradually disappears, and the short separation bubble at the leading edge of the airfoil changes to long separation bubble, so the airfoil stall changes from a bistable system to a monostable system.     

零质量射流推迟翼型失速的数值模拟

 通过在具有分离流动的翼型表面局部地引入零质量射流干扰，可以较小的能量代价实现对翼型绕流的全局性主动控制，从而达到抑制分离、推迟翼型失速的目的。本文发展了零质量射流与翼型绕流干扰的数值分析方法。在格心有限体积法的基础上，空间离散采用AUSM+up格式，时间推进运用含牛顿型LU-SGS子迭代的全隐式双时间法，且引入了预处理方法和多重网格法等技术。以TAU0015翼型失速主动控制为算例，通过在翼型上表面前缘附近引入零质量射流控制，使翼型失速特性得到改善。将计算结果与实验结果做了比较，验证了本文发展的数值模拟方法及程序的正确性。还以NACA0015翼型为例研究了射流动量系数、射流频率、射流偏角等关键参数对失速控制效果的影响，得出一些关于如何选择控制参数的结论。     

带气腔的离心压缩机旋转失速的三维数值模拟

使用商业CFD计算软件CFX求解三维雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程组, 结合出口气腔模型对某带无叶扩压器的离心压缩机的旋转失速现象进行数值模拟.首先使用定常计算得到了该离心压缩机的稳态性能曲线, 并和实验测量值进行了比较.然后引入出口气腔模型, 模拟离心压缩机内的旋转失速流动.在小流量下, 从矢量图和径向速度等值线图中观察得到了离心压缩机内部流场的非定常流动现象.还研究了气腔模型不同参数对失速流动的影响, 结果表明气腔体积越大, 计算得到的失速频率越低.      

包含处理机匣影响的压气机旋转失速稳定性模型

通过引入等价分布源方法,建立了处理机匣非定常壁面边界条件的数学模型,从而可以计算处理机匣对压力扰动波的影响。同时,将这一计算模块引入稳定性模型中,发展了可以包含处理机匣影响的稳定性模型。与某低压压气机以及NA SA的37号压气机的实验结果对比表明,所发展的三维旋转失速稳定性模型完全满足预测压气机稳定性的需求。此外,对37号压气机的数值计算表明,处理机匣的结构参数,如长度、背腔高度和壁面开孔率等都对稳定性有影响。理论上表明可以通过设计这些结构参数达到扩大压气机稳定性裕度的目的。      

Transonic wing stall of a blended flying wing common research model based on DDES method

Numerical simulation of wing stall of a blended flying wing configuration at transonic speed was conducted using both delayed detached eddy simulation(DDES) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) equations methods based on the shear stress transport(SST) turbulence model for a free-stream Mach number 0.9 and a Reynolds number 9.6 × 10~6. A joint time step/grid density study is performed based on power spectrum density(PSD) analysis of the frequency content of forces or moments, and medium mesh and the normalized time scale0.010 were suggested for this simulation. The simulation results show that the DDES methods perform more precisely than the URANS method and the aerodynamic coefficient results from DDES method compare very well with the experiment data. The angle of attack of nonlinear vortex lift and abrupt wing stall of DDES results compare well with the experimental data. The flow structure of the DDES computation shows that the wing stall is caused mainly by the leeward vortex breakdown which occurred at x/x_(cr)= 0.6 at angle of attack of 14°. The DDES methods show advantage in the simulation problem with separation flow. The computed result shows that a shock/vortex interaction is responsible for the wing stall caused by the vortex breakdown. The balance of the vortex strength and axial flow, and the shock strength, is examined to provide an explanation of the sensitivity of the breakdown location. Wing body thickness has a great influence on shock and shock/vortex interactions, which can make a significant difference to the vortex breakdown behavior and stall characteristic of the blended flying wing configuration.     

A high-order model of rotating stall in axial compressors with inlet distortion

In this paper,a high-order distortion model is proposed for analyzing the rotating stall inception process induced by inlet distortion in axial compressors.A distortion-generating screen in the compressor inlet is considered.By assuming a quadratic function for the local flow total pressure-drop,the existing Mansoux model is extended to include the effects of static inlet distor tion,and a new high-order distortion model is derived.To illustrate the effectiveness of the distortion model,numerical simulations are performed on an eighteenth-order model.It is demonstrated that long length-scale disturbances emerge out of the distorted background flow,and further induce the onset of rotating stall in advance.In addition,the circumferential non-uniform distribution and time evolution of the axial flow are also shown to be consistent with the existing features.It is thus shown that the high-order distortion model is capable of describing the transient behavior of stall inception and will contribute further to stall detection under inlet distortion.