无人机系统术语标准研究

通过对ASTM F2395–07和AIAA R–103–2004等国外无人机系统术语标准的分析,总结分析了我国国家军用标准中无人机系统术语的现状,提出了无人机系统术语标准的编制思路,初步构建了无人机系统术语标准的结构框架.     

北约无人机系统适航标准分析

介绍了北约NATO STANAG 4671《无人机系统适航性要求》的适用范围、标准结构和主要内容,探讨了其对我国无人机系统适航性发展的启示,从跟踪研究国外适航要求,利用载人航空器适航标准,无人机系统特点,建立无人机适航体系等几方面进行了深入的分析并提出了建议。     

NATO STANAG 4703《轻型无人机系统适航性要求》解读与思考

主要介绍了NATO STANAG 4703《轻型无人机系统适航性要求》的适用范围、标准结构和主要内容,结合我国轻型无人机适航标准发展现状,从轻小型无人机系统特点,借鉴现有适航体系和如何突破无人机适航标准瓶颈3个方面提出了对我国轻型无人机适航发展的建议,对我国无人机适航标准的研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

无人机系统适航标准剪裁案例分析

无人机系统的使用日益广泛,因此将无人机系统并入到现有的空域管理系统中显得尤为迫切。在技术层面,无人机系统有一系列独特的适航特点。因此,应重点发展针对无人机系统的适航标准与验证。研究了有人驾驶飞行器的适航标准(CS-23),及其通过剪裁后成为专门适用于无人机系统的适航标准(STANAG4671),这将促进无人机系统的技术更加标准化,并有利于国内无人机系统民用适航标准的发展。     

固定翼无人机飞行性能试验验证标准研究

通过对国内外现有的无人机飞行性能试验验证相关规范和标准进行研究,对传统有人机飞行性能验证方法的适用性进行分析,提出了我国固定翼无人机飞行性能试验验证标准的具体要求,并针对我国无人机飞行性能适航审查要求出相关建议,将促进我国无人机系统标准体系及适航性技术体系的建立。     

信息

改进型伊尔-76TD-90VD装备13种新型机载设备系统；美海军期望年中部署最新升级型EA-6B飞机；俄空军A-50远程预警与控制机实施现代化；新指挥控制系统通过美国空军互操作性测试；EADS公司创新高速战术无人机成功首飞。[编者按]     

基于改进层次分析法的无人机自主能力评价方法

针对无人机系统自主能力评估需求,通过分析已有无人机自主能力评价标准,基于OODA环(Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action Loop)理论,从感知能力、分析能力、决策能力和行为能力等4个方面构建了无人机自主能力评价指标模型,给出了无人机自主能力等级划分建议。应用改进层次分析法,提出了一种适用于大中型无人机的自主能力定量评价准则,把系统评价问题归结为指标模型最底层因素对于最高层因素的相对重要性权值的排序问题。该方法能够直观、全面地反映无人机的自主能力水平,具有较强的可操作性和实用性,可为大中型无人机自主能力定量评价提供理论支持。     

基于ASAAC标准的无人机地面站系统管理方案的设计与实现

相比于飞机系统,无人机地面站的系统设计,还欠缺相应的指导标准和设计规范。因此,无人机地 面站设计过程中,参考借鉴飞机系统的设计标准与规范,来提高无人机地面站的稳定性和可用性,是一种可行 的设计思路。本文参考了ASAAC 标准,设计并实现了一种分层级的地面站系统管理方案。     

美军无人机系统训练综述

通过对美军各军种无人机和无人机系统训练相关研究文献和指导性文件的分析研究,本文对美军无人机系统训练发展情况进行了综述,主要内容涵盖2000年前后到目前的美军无人机系统操作军官训练需求、训练体制、训练设施规划思想、以及对未来无人机系统操作军官的训练思考等。最后,本文总结了发展无人机系统综合训练系统需要考虑的几方面问题。     

无人机系统的安全性与危险源分析

无人机系统的战术性能及优势将使其在未来高技术战争和民用航空中发挥越来越重要的作用。然 而,由于有人机与无人机飞行事故的特点不同,使得有人机的安全性分析与管理措施不完全适用于无人机系 统。首先,对无人机系统的飞行事故进行统计分析,得出无人机系统事故的特点;然后,合理借鉴有人机的安全 性分析,定义无人机系统的安全性,提出无人机系统事故的严酷度等级划分及相应的危险可接受度;最后,从设 计、机组训练及使用操作三方面进行危险源分析。本文提出的无人机系统不安全事件发生可能性等级划分和 危险源定性分析,可为后续无人机安全管理框架的构建奠定基础。     

The Future of UAS: Standards, Regulations, and Operational Experiences [Workshop Report]

The outcomes of "the future of UAS: standards, regulations and operational experiences" workshop, held on the 7 -8 December 2006, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The goal of the workshop was to identify recent international activities in the unmanned airborne systems (UAS) airspace integration problem. The workshop attracted a broad cross-section of the UAS community, including: airspace and safety regulators, developers, operators, and researchers. The three themes of discussion were: progress in the development of standards and regulations; lessons learnt from recent operations; and advances in new technologies. This summarises the activities of the workshop and explores the important outcomes and trends as perceived by these authors.     

A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

Integrated modular avionics

Over the past 20 years or so avionics have been designed using common standards and this has improved the quality and to some extent the interoperability of equipment. Yet aircraft systems are still a patchwork of one-off designs and the current thrust in Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) is to address this issue.     

Evaluating sensor technology for UAS collision avoidance

The problem of "sense-and-avoid" for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is genuinely multi-dimensional: there is a wide range of UAS sizes, speeds, and maneuverability, as well as missions for which these UAS will be used. There are also a variety of sensors that might be used for sense-and-avoid, which have widely varying capabilities to measure distance or angle to an obstacle, as well as closing rate, and time to collision. Most sensors are not able to provide all required information about the geometry of an encounter; therefore, using a combination of sensors offers one possible solution. We are investigating the concept that there may be a variety of possible sensor solutions for each distinct UAS capability or mission. By studying the breadth of UAS types and missions, and selectively testing certain sensors in the field, we are evaluating the limits to the capabilities of sensors and sensor combinations. This report is on the progress of this multi-dimensional evaluation. We have scoped the dimensions for evaluating UAS capabilities and the capabilities of sensors. We are experimentally evaluating sensor parameters on a variety of aircraft to validate the specified capabilities. This reports on our methodology for field evaluation of sensor technology and the lessons learned on evaluation platforms and capabilities.     

无人机系统适航与安全性分析方法

针对无人机系统安全性需求,首先根据载人航空器适航审定规范及安全性评估依据,表明由于无人机系统的特殊性造成直接应用现有安全性评估流程和评估方法具有局限性.在此基础上提出无人机系统适航安全性评估的几点改进:①考虑无人机系统包括无人机和综合保障设备,扩大安全性评估边界进行无人机系统级的功能危险分析;②考虑无人机系统“人机分离”特点,需要对无人机系统失效状态的严重程度进行重新分级和定义;③考虑无人机系统本身受起飞质量的影响很大,强调必须根据无人机系统分类对地面撞击和空中碰撞两个关键事件进行安全性分析.结果表明:上述改进从无人机系统本身特点出发,通过给定的目标安全水平进一步确保安全性.      

Civil unmanned aircraft system operation in national airspace: A survey from Air Navigation Service Provider perspective

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) have advanced technologically and surged exponentially over recent years. Currently, due to safety concerns, most civil operations of UAS are conducted in low-level uncontrolled area or in segregated controlled airspace. As the industry progresses, both operational and technological capabilities have matured to the point where UASs are expected to gain greater freedom of access to both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. Extensive technical and regulatory surveys have been conducted to enable the expanded operations. However, most surveys are derived from the perspective of UAS own operating mechanism and barely consider interactions of their non-segregated activities with the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system. Hence, to fill the gap, this paper presents a survey conducted from the perspective of Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP), which serves to accommodate these new entrants to the overall national airspace while continuing flight safety and efficiency. The primary objectives of this paper are to: (A) describe what typical ANSP-supplied UAS Traffic Management (UTM) architecture is required to facilitate all types of civil UAS operations; (B) identify three major ANSP considerations on how UAS can be accommodated safely in civil airspace; (C) outline future directions and challenges related with UAS operations for the ANSP.     

无人机系统安全目标水平预估方法

考虑无人机系统（UAS）与有人机运行安全特性的不同,通过事件树分析识别出对地撞击是无人机系统运行的首要风险方式。基于等效安全水平的概念,建立确定无人机系统安全目标水平的对地撞击模型,将无人机撞击动能、构型参数以及飞行环境因素综合考虑到模型中,并计算了不同无人机系统在不同运行场景下的安全目标水平以及基于我国地域人口的安全目标水平,结果表明: 在考虑运行环境的情况下,对无人机系统安全目标水平的定量要求可能跨越4～5个数量级。在此基础上,结合风险矩阵的概念,给出基于对地撞击情况的无人机系统运行风险评价矩阵,为无人机系统运行风险评价提供了一种可行思路。      

Rational placement and required number of information unmanned aerial systems for on-line monitoring of large territories

An urgent problem of organizing the on-line monitoring of large territories using the information unmanned aerial systems (UAS) is considered. We determine the UAS placement and their necessary number by solving a two-criteria problem on rational covering of the territory by these systems. A man-machine algorithm and an example of the problem solution are presented.     

Enabling leg-based guidance on top of waypoint-based autopilots for UAS

This paper presents a methodology to extend the guidance functionalities of Commercial Off-The-Shelf autopilots currently available for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Providing that most autopilots only support elemental waypoint-based guidance, this technique allows the aircraft to follow leg-based flight plans without needing to modify the internal control algorithms of the autopilot. It is discussed how to provide Direct to Fix, Track to Fix and Hold to Fix path terminators (along with Fly-Over and Fly-By waypoints) to basic autopilots able to natively execute only a limited set of legs. Preliminary results show the feasibility of the proposal with flight simulations that used a flexible and reconfigurable UAS architecture specifically designed to avoid dependencies with a single or particular autopilot solution.