混合小推力航天器日心悬浮轨道保持控制

针对太阳帆、太阳电混合推进航天器日心悬浮轨道保持控制问题进行了研究。为解决基于局部线性化模型设计轨道保持控制器时存在的控制精度不高、模型精确性过度依赖等问题,应用自抗扰控制(ADRC)技术设计了轨道保持控制器。首先,采用圆形限制性三体问题(CRTBP)模型推导了混合小推力航天器日心悬浮轨道动力学方程;然后,考虑系统模型不确定性和外部扰动,提出了一种基于扰动估计和补偿的轨道保持控制方法;最后,数值仿真表明存在系统模型不确定性、初始入轨误差及地球轨道偏心率扰动等因素的情况下,所设计的控制器仅需很小的速度增量即可实现高精度的日心悬浮轨道保持控制。     

地球同步轨道薄膜太阳帆的姿态轨道控制方法

薄膜太阳帆（FSS）是集推进、发电和姿轨控功能于一体化的超大型挠性太阳帆式航天器，通过调整薄膜反射率产生可变推力和力矩，实现其姿态和轨道运动控制。结合薄膜太阳帆在地球同步轨道运行时的受力特性进行了轨道漂移分析。通过建立薄膜太阳帆动力学模型及受力模型，提出了调整帆面角度轨道修正方法以及基于薄膜光压力矩角动量卸载的长期在轨对日定向面内双轴动量轮稳定控制方法。通过系统仿真验证表明所提的轨道修正和对日定向控制方法是合理有效的，可使薄膜太阳帆长期在定点位置维持对日定向。     

太阳帆悬浮轨道的动力学特性分析

研究了太阳帆悬浮轨道的动力学特性,主要分析了稳定性条件.首先建立垂直于太阳-行星连线的悬浮轨道模型,在柱坐标系下,依据Hamilton原理得到悬浮轨道角动量与太阳光压的关系.然后,针对小扰动情况运动方程,分析悬浮轨道线性与非线性稳定性条件.最后,运用Hamilton-Jacobi理论进行变量分离,得到物理意义明显的动力学方程.仿真结果表明,选取合适的初始值,可以实现稳定的太阳帆悬浮轨道.     

RCD太阳帆航天器人工平动点轨道保持与控制

针对航天器平动点轨道保持问题,研究了含有反射率控制设备(RCD)的太阳帆航天器在日地系共线人工平动点处的轨道保持与控制,同时降低因频繁改变航天器姿态所带来的振动问题。首先,基于太阳帆圆型限制性三体问题,计算了RCD型太阳帆人工平动点位置,给出了太阳帆共线人工平动点三阶Halo轨道,并将其作为参考轨道;然后,将太阳帆动力学方程线性化,采用跟踪控制输出的方法对线性模型进行控制;最后,通过合理选择控制变量矩阵,将控制律代入非线性模型中进行轨道保持控制。仿真结果表明,通过控制RCD太阳帆反射率设备参数及姿态角,实现了长时间的Halo轨道保持,同时大幅减小了太阳帆姿态角的改变,从而减小了帆面振动,为太阳帆航天器长期轨道任务的实现提供了良好的理论依据。     

基于微分进化算法的深空小推力轨道优化设计

针对多目标多任务的深空探测轨道优化设计问题,基于以太阳为主引力体的二体模型,采用电推进小推力系统,提出了将目标行星的探测方式、探测顺序、发射窗口同时进行全局优化的解决方案.依此建立小推力轨道优化设计算法模型,利用微分进化算法进行全局一体化优化设计,得出多目标多任务的一体化深空探测轨道.通过与相同条件下其他设计方法的结果比对分析得出：基于小推力推进方式并采用微分进化算法进行优化的轨道优化设计方案,在多目标多任务深空轨道一体化设计问题上具有可行性及应用价值.     

太阳帆航天器动力学建模与求解

 太阳帆航天器动力学建模与求解是姿态控制与结构振动抑制的基础,具有重要的理论与工程意义。针对带有控制杆和控制叶片的太阳帆航天器,进行结构的合理简化。应用矢量力学基本原理,推导出考虑弹性振动的太阳帆航天器姿态动力学方程,再对其进行简化,分别得到基于控制叶片和控制杆的两类太阳帆航天器的姿态动力学方程,联立太阳帆支撑杆振动方程,结合非约束模态的定义对运行于超地球同步转移轨道的太阳帆航天器动力学方程进行了求解及分析,结果表明所建立的太阳帆动力学模型可准确地描述柔性太阳帆航天器的动力学特性。     

太阳帆航天器在绕地轨道中的热诱发振动

太阳帆航天器在绕地轨道中将会周期性地进出地球阴影，经历热环境的剧烈变化，在热辐射冲击作用下，太阳帆这种大柔性空间结构的热致响应值得研究。以方形有桅杆式太阳帆为研究对象，考虑热辐射等非线性因素，建立了太阳帆的热-结构耦合动力学模型，分析了太阳帆桅杆-薄膜结构热诱发振动的特点和影响因素。分析结果表明：太阳帆由地球阴影区进入光照区将会发生明显的热诱发振动；随着热流入射角的增大，太阳帆桅杆截面的摄动温度减小，热诱发振动减弱，频率不变；太阳帆桅杆刚度的增大有利于抑制结构热诱发振动的发生；帆膜预应力将会影响太阳帆的热诱发振动，随着桅杆轴力增大，热诱发振动的振幅增大，频率减小，当轴力增大至一定程度，太阳帆的热诱发振动将会发散。     

太阳信息辅助的脉冲相位估计方法及导航应用

X射线脉冲星导航是一种新兴的航天器自主导航方法，脉冲相位是其基本测量量。然而，现有的在轨航天器脉冲相位估计方法计算量大，阻碍了X射线脉冲星导航的工程应用。为了减少脉冲相位估计的计算量，提出了一种基于太阳信息辅助的深空探测器脉冲相位估计方法。通过太阳信息粗略地消除航天器轨道运动的影响，并推导了对应的脉冲星相位计算公式。在此基础上，提出了一种X射线脉冲星/太阳信息深组合导航方法，并通过仿真验证了太阳信息辅助脉冲相位估计方法和组合导航方法的性能。仿真结果表明，所提出的脉冲相位估计方法在保证精度的前提下具有更小的计算量。此外，对于深空探测器，所提出的组合导航方法的位置误差相比于仅使用太阳信息导航的方法降低了70.1%。     

共位衍射电磁航天器成像过程中的小推力控制 (新型推进系统控制专栏)

为了满足衍射成像系统在解决低轨遥感航天器覆盖范围小、目标重访周期长等问题的同时,而引入的航天器相对位置、姿态控制需求。针对共位衍射航天器相对位置、姿态控制过程中传统推力器带来的羽流污染问题,本文采用电磁推力器和飞轮作为执行器,设计一种基于快速非奇异滑模的轨道控制器和基于PID的姿态控制器。所设计的快速非奇异滑模轨道控制器为共位衍射航天器频繁位置调整提供控制保障,基于PID的姿态控制器能够消除由电磁力耦合产生的电磁干扰力矩。研究结果表明：基于相对轨道动力学方程设计的快速非奇异滑模控制律鲁棒性好、收敛速度快,能够达到两颗共位衍射电磁航天器沿z轴保持在10m相对距离的控制效果。在轨道调整过程中,其姿态能够通过PID算法稳定控制到期望姿态,使衍射成像结构一直保持不变,从而有效完成衍射成像任务。     

共位衍射电磁航天器成像过程中的小推力控制

为了满足衍射成像系统在解决低轨遥感航天器覆盖范围小、目标重访周期长等问题的同时,而引入对航天器相对位置、姿态控制的需求。针对共位衍射航天器相对位置、姿态控制过程中传统推力器带来的羽流污染问题,采用电磁推力器和飞轮作为执行器,设计一种基于快速非奇异滑模的轨道控制器和基于PID的姿态控制器。所设计的快速非奇异滑模轨道控制器为共位衍射航天器频繁位置调整提供控制保障,基于PID的姿态控制器能够消除由电磁力耦合产生的电磁干扰力矩。研究结果表明：基于相对轨道动力学方程设计的快速非奇异滑模控制律鲁棒性好、收敛速度快,能够达到两颗共位衍射电磁航天器沿Z轴保持在10m相对距离的控制效果。在轨道调整过程中,其姿态能够通过PID算法稳定控制到期望姿态,使衍射成像结构一直保持不变,从而有效完成衍射成像任务。     

POWOW: power without wires: a SEP concept for space exploration

Electric propulsion has emerged as a cost-effective solution to a wide range of satellite applications. Deep Space 1 successfully demonstrated electric propulsion as the primary propulsion source for a satellite. The POWOW concept is a solar-electric propelled spacecraft capable of significant cargo and short trip times for traveling to Mars. It would enter aerosynchronous orbit and from there, beam power to surface installations via lasers. The concept has been developed with industrial partner expertise in high efficiency solar cells, advanced concentrator modules, innovative arrays, and high power electric propulsion systems. The latest version of the spacecraft, the technologies used, and trip times to Mars are presented. The POWOW spacecraft is a general purpose solar electric propulsion system that uses new technologies that are directly applicable to commercial and government spacecraft with power levels ranging from a LEO power level of 4 kW up to GEO spacecraft about 1 MW. The system is modular, expandable, and amenable to learning curve cost projection methods     

Earth-moon Trajectory Optimization Using Solar Electric Propulsion

The optimization of the Earth-moon trajectory using solar electric propulsion is presented. A feasible method is proposed to optimize the transfer trajectory starting from a low Earth circular orbit (500 km altitude) to a low lunar circular orbit (200 km altitude). Due to the use of low-thrust solar electric propulsion, the entire transfer trajectory consists of hundreds or even thousands of orbital revolutions around the Earth and the moon. The Earth-orbit ascending (from low Earth orbit to high Earth orbit) and lunar descending (from high lunar orbit to low lunar orbit) trajectories in the presence of J2 perturbations and shadowing effect are computed by an analytic orbital averaging technique. A direct/indirect method is used to optimize the control steering for the trans-lunar trajectory segment, a segment from a high Earth orbit to a high lunar orbit, with a fixed thrust-coast-thrust engine sequence. For the trans-lunar trajectory segment, the equations of motion are expressed in the inertial coordinates about the Earth and the moon using a set of nonsingular equinoctial elements inclusive of the gravitational forces of the sun, the Earth, and the moon. By way of the analytic orbital averaging technique and the direct/indirect method, the Earth-moon transfer problem is converted to a parameter optimization problem, and the entire transfer trajectory is formulated and optimized in the form of a single nonlinear optimization problem with a small number of variables and constraints. Finally, an example of an Earth-moon transfer trajectory using solar electric propulsion is demonstrated.     

太阳帆航天器被动姿态控制研究

针对由有效载荷、太阳帆和4个控制叶片所组成的太阳帆航天器系统,从物理模型出发,利用欧拉方程建立了姿态动力学模型,并通过数值仿真对太阳帆航天器基于控制叶片的对日定向性能进行了研究。研究结果表明,在行星际飞行中太阳帆航天器可以通过使控制叶片保持偏置来保持姿态稳定。     

Design and application of solar sailing: A review on key technologies

Solar sail technology has been proposed and developed for space explorations with advantages of low launch cost, no-propellant consumption, and continuous thrust, which has great potentials in earth polar detection, interstellar explorations and etc. The development of solar sail has made significant progress in structural design, manufacturing, materials, orbit transfer, and stability control in the past few decades, which makes meaningful contributions to astronomy, physics, and aerospace science. Technological breakthroughs of Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) propulsion and interstellar transfer have been achieved in current solar sail missions. However, there are still many challenges and problems need to be solved. This paper attempts to summarize the research schemes and potential applications of solar sailing in space missions from the viewpoint of key technologies, so as to provide an overall perspective for researchers in this field. Analyses of the key technologies of solar sailing system design are provided. Finally, challenges and prospective development of solar sailing are discussed.     

Cubesat solar sail 3-axis stabilization using panel translation and magnetic torquing

A Cubesat mission with a deployable solar sail of 5 meter by 5 meter in a sun-synchronous low earth orbit is analyzed to demonstrate solar sailing using active attitude stabilization of the sail panel. The sail panel is kept parallel to the orbital plane to minimize aerodynamic drag and optimize the orbit inclination change caused by the solar pressure force normal to the sail surface. A practical control system is proposed, using a combination of small 2-dimensional translation of the sail panel and 3-axis magnetic torquing which is proved to have sufficient control authority over the gravity gradient and aerodynamic disturbance torques. Miniaturized CMOS cameras are used as sun and nadir vector attitude sensors and a robust Kalman filter is used to accurately estimate the inertially referenced body rates from only the sun vector measurements. It is shown through realistic simulation tests that the proposed control system, although inactive during eclipse, will be able to stabilize the sail panel to within ±2° in all attitude angles during the sunlit part of the orbit, when solar sailing is possible.     

The Dawn Spacecraft

The Dawn spacecraft is designed to travel to and operate in orbit around the two largest main belt asteroids, Vesta and Ceres. Developed to meet a ten-year life and fully redundant, the spacecraft accommodates an ion propulsion system, including three ion engines and xenon propellant tank, utilizes large solar arrays to power the engines, carries the science instrument payload, and hosts the hardware and software required to successfully collect and transmit the scientific data back to Earth. The launch of the Dawn spacecraft in September 2007 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station was the culmination of nearly five years of design, development, integration and testing of this unique system, one of the very few scientific spacecraft to rely on ion propulsion. The Dawn spacecraft arrived at its first destination, Vesta, in July 2011, where it will conduct science operations for twelve months before departing for Ceres.