电子对抗技术的仿真

最近已研制成功一种用于鉴定电子对抗(ECM)技术—如“对眼”(CrossEye)技术—效果的设备,该技术从分置的独立天线向敌方雷达系统(如单脉冲雷达)发射射频(RF)信号。这项发明将雷达发射的RF信号分为两路,加上ECM信号,并在每个脉冲重复间隔后校准雷达-ECM混合信号,使之达到相位和幅度平衡。再将该信号在仿真雷达天线处下变频至中频。此天线之后,注频网络又将该信号的频率上变频,加上计算机控制的输入(包括回波信号),然后送到雷达接收机进行最后处理。     

国外航空电子厂商积极开发无源雷达技术

众所周知，有源雷达系统发射无线电频率能量，并等待回波以跟踪某一目标。与之相反，无源雷达系统则通过其它发射机（通常为无线电或TV信号）不仅采用RF波广播信号，而且还利用来自诸如GPS或敌方雷达的蜂窝式电话、空基系统的发射信号。无源系统要求知晓发射机的位置，并在不被飞行在某一区域内的目标干扰时，还测量整个电磁环境。当某一目标飞行通过时，防空系统可以根据被飞机或巡航导弹反射同来的信号来推断出目标的位置。将从发射机直接传输到雷达的信号与一个由目标反射的信号进行比较，同时测量时间和频率的到达差值。     

基于软件无线电的VOR射频激励源研究

在对机载VOR接收机进行测试与维护时,需要提供可以模拟地面台射频信号的激励源;目前使用的射频激励源一般为传统的专用硬件设备,存在调制参数固定、无法灵活调节等问题。为解决该问题,对VOR射频信号原理进行了分析,基于软件无线电原理,对VOR射频激励源进行了设计;采用零中频软件无线电结构,在计算机上实现对VOR射频信号的正交调制,从而能够对调制参数进行灵活调节,并通过通用的硬件平台发射VOR射频信号;系统可通过人机交互界面、网络或GPIB方式进行控制。使用频谱仪对系统进行了测试,并将输出的射频信号进行记录后,导入到Matlab进行分析验证。结果表明,系统误差在允许的范围内,能够为VOR接收机提供符合要求的射频信号。     

GPS接收机中的数字信号处理技术

GPS接收机信号处理可分为三部分:射频信号处理,同相(I)和正交(Q)信号的估计及其随后处理。本篇回顾了模拟射频信号处理,描述和评价了产生I/Q信号的三种数字信号处理技术(基带、幅度采样中频和相位采样中频),并介绍了能完成其随后处理功能的典型数字信号处理算法。     

加速度冲击对卫星接收机性能影响

基于加速度对晶体振荡器输出频率的影响,研究了加速度冲击对卫星接收机性能的影响。首先,利用ANSYS软件仿真分析了加速度冲击作用对石英晶体形变的影响过程,在此基础上建立加速度冲击环境下卫星接收机参考源晶振的频率偏差数学模型;接着,分析在加速度冲击下由参考晶振频率偏差对接收机射频前端输出中频信号的影响,并结合卫星接收机的工作原理阐述了加速度冲击对其跟踪性能的影响。仿真结果表明,加速度冲击会使接收机跟踪环路的性能恶化,时间较长会引起跟踪环路失锁。     

二次雷达接收机典型故障的分析与排除

本站所使用的是意大利Alenia公司的航管二次雷达。接收机在整个二次雷达系统中的作用是将由天线系统接收的目标应答脉冲（∑、Ω、△信号）经转换组件（CHANGEOVERASSY）选择送入主用通道和、差信号送入耦合组件中，强信号被限幅，耦合组件的输出经高频放大后进行混频，形成60MHz的中频信号。此中频信号送入相幅均衡组件，在相幅均衡组件中比较∑通道信号与△通道信号的相位和幅度，相幅均衡组件还受到自动增益控制信号的控制。     

航天飞机运载器的靶场安全指令接收/解码器

靶场安全用的停飞分系统是所有航天器发射运载器的一个组成部分。该分系统中的指令接收和解码器接收上行射频信号,启动停飞动作。对于无人航天器运载器,靶场安全上行指令信号由一组选定的IRIG单音组成(按特定的顺序,对射频载波进行调频)。航天飞机的发射,则采用了一种更为复杂的主字母(High-Alphabet)调制技术,这种技术能更好地防止干扰信号所引起的误炸。航天飞机系统使用了一种复合指令调制格式,即由几种不同的单音组成,对标准的UHF载皮进行调频。指令字中的字母由两个同时发送的单音组成,这两个单音选自7个可供使用的单音频率。这7个单音一次使用两个,可形成一个21个字母的字母表,用这些字母构成指令字。每次任务可选择发射字母序列。对于任何一次任务,大约有10~(12)种可供选用的代码组合。对于航天飞机发射,空间运输系统的固体助推器和外储箱要加靶场安全指令接收—解码器。接收机部分设计成单超外差式,在制造过程中固定调谐在一个合适的射频中心频率上。解码器部分采用一个微处理器进行解码。解码器在飞行前编好程,使之仅能识别这次任务的代码。此外,借助微处理器利用快速付利叶变换(FFT)完成单音解调。由固态输出开关给停飞炸毁机构输出解码器输出电压     

宽带综合射频前端三种实施方案

首先描述了军机上射频传感器的现状，介绍了综合射频收发机三种实施方案及其优缺点和应用，其次针对各种不同实施方案存在的缺点给出了改进措施，最后给出了未来综合射频前端的发展趋势及努力方向。 [关键词] 综合射频前端技术；发射机；接收机；中频架构；零中频；数字收发机     

高动态信号模拟器中的多普勒模拟算法

 为了测试卫星定位系统接收机的性能,须用信号模拟器来模拟各种条件下真实的卫星发射信号。卫星信号模拟器由软件、硬件和上位机三部分组成。系统主要包含目标运动轨迹计算、误差计算、导航电文生成及信号调制发射等功能模块。中频信号处理中的多普勒频移模拟是高动态卫星信号模拟器要解决的一项关键技术。为此,提出了一种全相参的多普勒模拟算法,基于真实的高动态运动模型解算出伪码和载波的频率字,在现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）中通过数控振荡器(NCO)设计产生真实的动态卫星信号。通过实际测试并与理论数据进行了比对验证,模拟出的动态特性与真实卫星信号的多普勒特性一致。     

基于MAX2769B的多系统兼容GNSS中频采样器设计与实现

GNSS软件接收机具有算法灵活性高、更新方便等特点,逐步发展为一种较为流行的卫星导航研究与应用平台。从处理多频多系统的角度出发,介绍射频前端的基本结构,对比了几款单芯片GNSS射频解决方案,详细介绍一套基于MAX2769B的多频多系统兼容中频采集系统的设计与实现过程,给出了多系统兼容的参数配置方法。对于采样器研制过程中与性能关系较为密切的部分,提供了设计参考建议与测试流程。针对设计的采样器,测试了其采集GPS系统L1频点信号的性能,并通过后端的软件接收机处理得到了信号捕获、跟踪、测量与定位结果,基于这些结果对中频采样系统的基本功能、多频处理能力等进行了分析和评估。     

Low-cost ground-to-ground mobile telemetry link

A frequency modulated UHF telemetry link giving 5 MHz of baseband capacity with carrier to noise ratio exceeding 30 dB is described. The system is intended for ground mobile use and provides more than 1 km of coverage also in moderately obstructed terrain indicating allowable maximum path loss up to 110 dB. The mobile transmitter end uses a sturdy flexible antenna. Typical sensor signals include voltage outputs from accelerometers, strain gauges, and thermistors, but live broadcasting-quality television is also easy to implement. Digital interfacing is accomplished through suitable D/A converters, multiplexers, and coders. Both the transmitter and receiver utilize commercial-off-the-shelf building blocks in order to keep the total cost within acceptable limits.     

The Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation

The Cassini radio and plasma wave investigation is designed to study radio emissions, plasma waves, thermal plasma, and dust in the vicinity of Saturn. Three nearly orthogonal electric field antennas are used to detect electric fields over a frequency range from 1 Hz to 16 MHz, and three orthogonal search coil magnetic antennas are used to detect magnetic fields over a frequency range from 1 Hz to 12 kHz. A Langmuir probe is used to measure the electron density and temperature. Signals from the electric and magnetic antennas are processed by five receiver systems: a high frequency receiver that covers the frequency range from 3.5 kHz to 16 MHz, a medium frequency receiver that covers the frequency range from 24 Hz to 12 kHz, a low frequency receiver that covers the frequency range from 1 Hz to 26 Hz, a five-channel waveform receiver that covers the frequency range from 1 Hz to 2.5 kHz in two bands, 1 Hz to 26 Hz and 3 Hz to 2.5 kHz, and a wideband receiver that has two frequency bands, 60 Hz to 10.5 kHz and 800 Hz to 75 kHz. In addition, a sounder transmitter can be used to stimulate plasma resonances over a frequency range from 3.6 kHz to 115.2 kHz. Fluxes of micron-sized dust particles can be counted and approximate masses of the dust particles can be determined using the same techniques as Voyager. Compared to Voyagers 1 and 2, which are the only spacecraft that have made radio and plasma wave measurements in the vicinity of Saturn, the Cassini radio and plasma wave instrument has several new capabilities. These include (1) greatly improved sensitivity and dynamic range, (2) the ability to perform direction-finding measurements of remotely generated radio emissions and wave normal measurements of plasma waves, (3) both active and passive measurements of plasma resonances in order to give precise measurements of the local electron density, and (4) Langmuir probe measurements of the local electron density and temperature. With these new capabilities, it will be possible to perform a broad range of studies of radio emissions, wave-particle interactions, thermal plasmas and dust in the vicinity of Saturn.DeceasedThis revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

SNR-based multipath error correction for GPS differential phase

Carrier phase multipath is currently the limiting error source for high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) applications such as attitude determination and short baseline surveying. Multipath is the corruption of the direct GPS signal by one or more signals reflected from the local surroundings. Multipath reflections affect both the carrier phase measured by the receiver and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A technique is described which uses the SNR information to correct multipath errors in differential phase observations. The potential of the technique to reduce multipath to almost the level of receiver noise was demonstrated in simulations. The effectiveness on real data was demonstrated with controlled static experiments. Small errors remained, predominantly from high frequency multipath. The low frequency multipath was virtually eliminated. The remaining high frequency receiver noise can be easily removed by smoothing or Kalman filtering     

Spectrum Distortion Due to Frequency Instabilities in a Two-Way Coherent Doppler Radar

The power spectral density of the intermediate frequency signal in a coherent Doppler navigation radar is derived. The effects of antenna parameters, periodic frequency instabilities, signal two-way transit time, and transmitter frequency modulation noise are considered Several examples based on the measured frequency modulation noise of a solid-state source transmitter are presented. The results indicate the degree of loss in signal-to-noise ratio, and spectrum broadening due to an increase in signal transit time and/or frequency modulation noise.     

Fiber-optic radar calibration

A simple fiber-optic radar calibration target is described. Its operation is based on a wideband fiber, a laser transmitter that is directly modulated by the down-converted radar signal and an optical diode receiver recovering said signal. Further up-conversion having a common local oscillator with the first mixer ensures fidelity of the calibration return. Measured useful bandwidth exceeds 200 MHz and practically any radar RF frequency can be handled when suitable mixers are employed. Amplifiers can be added to the down-converted path as desired to compensate for the fiber loss. Modulation and LO sweep provide easy ways of introducing artificial fluctuations and Doppler frequencies. Particularly pulsed radars are readily tested with the proposed scheme as no restrictions are posed by the radar's TR-switch delays.     

Delay?Lock Repeater Tracking System Utilizing Superregenerative Interrogator

A unique delay?lock tracking system is described. The system includes an interrogator and a repeater operating on the same radio frequency, with a pulse repetition rate which is related to the distance. Single radio frequency operation allows utilization of a superregenerative radio frequency stage, which serves as both the receiver and the transmitter of the interrogator unit.     

Adjacent Channel Interference in a Binary Bandpass Communication System

The effect of adjacent channel interference on the probability of error in a binary bandpass communication system with an integrating and dumping detector is investigated. Narrowband filters are assumed in the receiver of the main signal and transmitters of both main and interfering signals. Plots of the probability of error as a function of signal to noise ratio in the main channel or as a function of carrier frequency difference between the main and interfering signals are presented, assuming that the filters are of the Butterworth type. These figures are helpful in the selection of minimal frequency spacing of adjacent channels.     

Automatic Controller for a Sweeping Microwave Receiver

The Automatic System Controller (ASC) is a very simple automatic data processing system designed to provide unattended operation of the R-31 receiver, a sweeping microwave receiver. With the receiver set to operate in the scanning mode, its video output is processed by the ASC, which recognizes by thresholding the presence of a signal in the receiver pass band. When the threshold is exceeded, a receiver sweep stop is actuated, an appropriate receiver mode is selected, and an on-site tape recorder is turned on. To enhance signal acquisition, the ASC provides noise leveling gain control, the gating of undesirable signals, and useful aids for an operator attending the receiver.     

Frequency estimation techniques for high dynamic trajectories

A comparison is presented of four different estimation techniques applied to the problem of continuously estimating the rapidly varying parameters of a sinusoidal signal, observed in the presence of additive noise. Frequency estimates are emphasized, although phase and/or frequency rate are also estimated by some of the algorithms. These parameters are related to the velocity, position, and acceleration of the maneuvering receiver or transmitter. Estimated performance at low carrier-to-noise ratios and high dynamics is investigated for the purpose of determining the useful operating range of an approximate maximum likelihood estimator, an extended Kalman filter, a cross-product automatic frequency loop and a phase-locked loop. Numerical simulations are used to evaluate performance while tracking a common trajectory exhibiting high dynamics     

RPC-MIP: the Mutual Impedance Probe of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium

The main objective of the Mutual Impedance Probe (MIP), part of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC), is to measure the electron density and temperature of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s coma, in particular inside the contact surface. Furthermore, MIP will determine the bulk velocity of the ionised outflowing atmosphere, define the spectral distribution of natural plasma waves, and monitor dust and gas activities around the nucleus. The MIP instrumentation consists of an electronics board for signal processing in the 7 kHz to 3.5 MHz range and a sensor unit of two receiving and two transmitting electrodes mounted on a 1-m long bar. In addition, the Langmuir probe of the RPC/LAP instrument that is at about 4 m from the MIP sensor can be used as a transmitter (in place of the MIP ones) and MIP as a receiver in order to have access to the density and temperature of plasmas at higher Debye lengths than those for which the MIP is originally designed.