Three-Axes Attitude Determination of Spacecraft Using a Laser

A new method for attitude determination of spacecraft is proposed. The distinctive feature of this method is the ability to determine with high accuracy three elementary angles of the attitude by detection of the electromagnetic wave transmission from a single point. The system consists of a transmitter of a linearly polarized laser beam on the earth (or spacecraft) and receiving equipment on a relevant spacecraft. When the system is used for geosynchronous satellites, the possible accuracies of determination are 10-4 rad or higher for the angles which correspond to roll and pitch, and 10-2 rad or higher for the angle which corresponds to yaw, with the period of 1 s. The system margin for atmospheric attenuation is estimated to be about 50 dB (midnight) to about 20 dB (midday) on the basis of commercially available components. Consequently, it becomes possible to orient antennas or detectors toward arbitrary points around the laser transmitting point on the earth with a high pointing accuracy.     

一种新的无人机数据链抗干扰技术研究(英文)

Based on the M-ary spread spectrum （M-ary-SS）, direct sequence spread spectrum （DS-SS）, and orthogonal frequency division multiplex （OFDM）, a novel anti-jamming scheme, named orthogonal code time division multi-subchannels spread spectrum modulation （OC-TDMSCSSM）, is proposed to enhance the anti-jamming ability of the unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） data link. The anti-jamming system with its mathematical model is presented first, and then the signal formats of transmitter and receiver are derived. The receiver＇s bit error rate （BER） is demonstrated and anti-jamming performance analysis is carded out in an additive white Ganssian noise （AWGN） channel. Theoretical research and simulation results show the anti-jamming performance of the proposed scheme better than that of the hybrid direct sequence frequency hopping spread spectrum （DS/FH SS） system. The jamming margin of the OC-TDMSCSSM system is 5 dB higher than that of DS/FH SS system under the condition of Rician channel and full-band jamming, and 6 dB higher under the condition of Rician channel environment and partial-band jamming.     

Notes on RF scale testing of tower mounted antennas for cellularcommunication

Scale model towers with associated antenna installations provide an efficient and fast means to test current and future 1800 MHz mobile communication base station installations prior to site, antenna type or mounting scheme selection. Repeatability better than 1 dB is readily achieved if the scale reduction is between 1:5-1:15. Many measurements are possible with a very short anechoic test range, just fulfilling the far field requirement. Typical findings include the possibility to effectively reduce interference minima caused by adjacent vertical structures by simply positioning a thin absorptive sheet to the optimum location. Improvements of the order of 20 to 30 dB have been measured     

Optimum transmitter optics aperture for satellite opticalcommunication

An important aspect in satellite optical communication is to obtain minimum bit error rate (BER) using minimum power. This aim can be achieved with very small transmitter beam divergence angles. The disadvantages of too narrow divergence angle is that the transmitter beam may sometimes miss the receiver satellite, due to pointing vibrations. A mathematical model of communication and tracking systems that optimize the BER as function of the transmitter gain is derived     

利用有限域上二元多项式构造带仲裁的认证码

在传统的无条件安全认证码中,假定发方和收方是相互信任的,他们不会互相欺骗。但有些情况也可能不是这样,发方在发出一个消息后,不承认是他发的,收方捏造了一个消息,声称来自发方,在这种情况下就需要增添仲裁方。带仲裁的认证码能解决通信系统中发方与收方互不信任的问题。利用有限域上二元多项式构造了一个带仲裁的认证码,并计算了所构造码的参数。当编码规则按等概率分布选取时,计算出了敌方与收方成功模仿攻击和成功替换攻击的最大概率．以及发方成功模仿攻击的最大概率。     

A Dual Scan Acquisition Technique for a Laser Communication System

A dual scan acquisition system is described in which both the transmitter and the receiver optics scan, although at different frequencies. The condition where only one station scans appears as a special case of the general approach. Curves of acquisition time versus various parameters are calculated. The effect of range is also discussed.     

Graphical Derivations of Radar, Sonar, and Communication Signals

The designer of a communication system often has knowledge concerning the changes in distance between transmitter and receiver as a function of time. This information can be exploited to reduce multipath interference via proper signal design. A radar or sonar may also have good a priori information about possible target trajectories. Such knowledge can again be used to reduce the receiver's response to clutter (MTI), to enhance signal-to-noise ratio, or to simplify receiver design. There are also situations in which prior knowledge about trajectories is lacking. The system should then utilize a single-filter pair which is insensitive to the effects induced by relative motion between transmitter, receiver, and reflectors. For waveforms with large time-bandwidth products, such as long pulse trains, it is possible to graphically derive signal formats for both situations (trajectory known and unknown). Although the exact form of the signal is sometimes not specified by the graphical procedure, the problem in such cases is reduced to one which has already been solved, i. e., the generation of an impulse equivalent code.     

Bandwidth maximization for satellite laser communication

Free space optical communication between satellites networked together can make possible high speed communication between different places on Earth. The basic free space optical communication network includes at least two satellites. In order to communicate between them, the transmitter satellite must track the beacon of the receiver satellite and point the information optical beam in its direction. The pointing systems for laser satellite communication suffer during tracking from vibration due to electronic noise, background radiation from interstellar objects such as Sun, Moon, Earth, and Stars in the tracking field of view, and mechanical impact from satellite internal and external sources. Due to vibrations the receiver receives less power. This effect limits the system bandwidth for given bit error rate (BER). In this research we derive an algorithm to maximize the communication system bandwidth using the transmitter telescope gain as a free variable based on the vibration statistics model and the system parameters. Our model makes it possible to adapt the bandwidth and transmitter gain to change of vibration amplitude. We also present an example of a practical satellite network which includes a direct detection receiver with an optical amplifier. A bandwidth improvement of three orders of magnitude is achieved in this example for certain conditions, as compared with an unoptimized system     

利用有限域上向量空间构作具有仲裁的认证码

利用有限域上向量空间的子空间构作了一个具有仲裁的认证码，计算了这个码的参数。当收方和发方的编码规则按等概率分布选取时，各种攻击成功的概率也被算出。     

利用奇异辛几何构作新的带仲裁的认证码

利用有限域上奇异辛几何构造了一个新的带仲裁的认证码，并计算了这个码的参数。当收方和发方的编码规则按等概率分布选取时，计算出了各种攻击成功的概率。     

FM/AM Noise Test Set for a Pulsed Doppler Radar

A new test method to measure the amplitude noise and phase noise in both CW and pulsed CW signals of a Ku-band pulsed Doppler radar is described. These noises are measured in a simulated environment of radar operation; thus the test results may give direct information to determine radar subclutter visibility. In comparison with the conventional noise test method, this new method not only gives more meaningful results but also can obtain results much faster in testing. Actual test system design is described by block diagrams and theoretical analysis. A method to determine approximate frequency jitter in a transmitter signal is also described.     

Error Analysis for Relay Type Satellite-Aided Search and Rescue Systems

An analysis is made of the errors in the determination of the position of an emergency transmitter in a satellite-aided search and rescue system. The satellite is assumed to be at a height of 820 km in a near-circular near polar orbit. Short data spans of four minutes or less are used. The error sources considered are measurement noise, transmitter frequency drift, ionospheric effects, and error in the assumed height of the transmitter. The errors are calculated for several different transmitter positions, data rates, and data spans. The only transmitter frequency used was 406 MHz, but the result can be scaled to different frequencies.     

ETS-II Experiments Part IV: Characteristics of Millimeter and Centimeter Wavelength Propagation

Preliminary results of the ETS-II millimeter and centimeter wavelength propagation experiments are presented based on data collected over one year. Rain attenuation is discussed primarily from the statistical point of view. At 34.5 GHz attenuation in excess of 5, 10, and 19.5 dB were observed 1, 0.3, and 0.1 percent of the test time (5500 hr), respectively. At 11.5 GHz attenuation in excess of 2.5, 4.3, 6.3, 10, and 15.5 dB were observed 0.1, 0.03, 0.01, 0.003, and 0.001 percent of the test time, respectively. Duration time of attenuation is also examined for the benefit of a link design. The longest duration of attenuation of the 34.5-GHz wave exceeding 5 dB was about 150 min. At 11.5 GHz, the longest duration of attenuation in excess of 3 dB, was 60 min and that in excess of 6 dB was 10 min. Rain attenuation is discussed also with relation to the radar and the rain gauge data. Depolarization data of 34.5-GHz and 11.5-GHz waves are orocessed statistically, and it is shown that cross-polarization discriminations in excess of 21.5 dB and 29 dB are observed 0.1 percent of the test time at 34.5 GHz and 11.5 GHz, respectively.     

基于非线性双通MZI的多波长掺铒光纤激光器

提出了一种基于非线性双通MZI光纤滤波器的波长间隔可切换多波长掺铒光纤激光器.非线性双通MZI光纤滤波器除了多通滤波作用还具有功率均衡作用,能有效抑制掺铒光纤的增益竞争,从而实现室温下多波长稳定激射.通过合理调整激光腔内的偏振态,分别实现了0.2 nm和0.4 nm密集波长间隔可切换的多波长激光输出,两种状态下的激光波长个数分别为44个和25个,测量可得激光光信噪比分别高于14 dB和30dB.     

Sikkim's Teesta River fog, mist and dust particle monitoring using monostatic LIDAR

Fog, mist, and atmospheric dust particles, having the dimension of one micrometer or less, play an important role in the deterioration of visibility, as well as in causing local warming in the atmosphere. With an attempt to reduce the deterioration, a scientific approach has to be taken to determine their origins. A monostatic LIDAR may be one of the best instruments for such work. The authors are tempted to develop such a LIDAR for fog, mist, and dust particle monitoring over River Teesta at Sikkim. LIDAR is an acronym for Light Detection And Ranging. What can we do with LIDAR? Measure distance, measure speed, measure rotation, measure chemical composition and concentration, and measure cross-sections of the targets. The digital technique is always utilized for its development which results in better security, lower power consumption, higher power efficiency, higher reliability, lower transmitter power, lower multipath effect, higher interference suppression as compared to an analog system. The commercial systems like disdometer, rain radar, mobile robot, etc., utilizing LIDAR principles are operational in different parts of the world. The authors are highly motivated for such LIDAR development and their development effort follows.     

Solution and performance analysis of geolocation by TDOA

One method of geolocation is based on measuring the time difference of arrivals (TDOAs) of a signal received by three or four geostationary satellites. The received signals are cross-correlated to determine the TDOAs and a set of nonlinear equations are solved to produce the location estimate. An exact solution for the transmitter position is derived for the three or four receiver cases. Extension of the solution method to more receivers is straightforward. An analysis of the performance of the system is given, together with expressions for predicting the localization mean-square errors (MSEs) and bias, and the Cramer-Rao bound. Both precision in TDOA measurements and the relative geometry between receivers and transmitter affect the localization accuracy. The geometric factors act as multipliers to the TDOA variance in the bias and MSE formulae. A study of the dependency of the geometric factors on transmitter position and satellite spacings are provided, as well as simulation results     

Time delay techniques for satellite interference location system

Describes the development of a system for inferring the position of uplink ground stations, using existing domestic satellites, with minimal disruption of normal operation. The system uses the differential time delay of a single uplink signal passing through two adjacent spacecraft to infer the relative position of the uplink transmitter. A system for the measurement of such differential time delays is described. Since this technique alone does not provide an unambiguous determination of uplink transmitter location, the use of an interferometer to resolve such ambiguities is discussed     

飞机座舱有机玻璃透明导电膜的制备及透光和微波散射性能

研究了用溅射法在飞机座舱有机玻璃上镀制金属-介质组合透明导电膜的工艺 ;测试和分析了金膜、银膜、氧化钛膜的光学特性、导电性及形貌结构 ;按薄膜光学原理进行膜系匹计算 ,并分别镀制了 Ti O2-Au-Ti O2 、 Ti O2-Ag-Ti O2 组合透明导电膜。在 40 0～ 760 nm可见光波段内 ,透光率分别达到了 74%和 81 % ,在 8～ 1 2 GHz频段内对垂直入射的微波 ,反射率分别达到-1 .1 d B和-0 .8d B。     

Low observable target motion analysis using amplitude information

In conventional passive and active sonar system, target amplitude information (AI) at the output of the signal processor is used only to declare detections and provide measurements. We show that the AI can be used in passive sonar system, with or without frequency measurements, in the estimation process itself to enhance the performance in the presence of clutter where the target-originated measurements cannot be identified with certainty, i.e., for “low observable” or “dim” (low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) targets. A probabilistic data association (PDA) based maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for target motion analysis (TMA) that uses amplitude information is derived. A track formation algorithm and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in the presence of false measurements, which is met by the estimator even under low SNR conditions, are also given. The CRLB is met by the proposed estimator even at 6 dB in a cell (which corresponds to 0 dB for 1 Hz bandwidth in the case of a 0.25 Hz frequency cell) whereas the estimator without AI works only down to 9 dB. Results demonstrate improved accuracy and superior global convergence when compared with the estimator without AI. The same methodology can be used for bistatic radar