负荷条件下注意力分配策略对情境意识的影响

为探究负荷条件下不同注意力分配策略对情境意识（SA）的影响，招募22名被试开展了3种注意力分配策略（平均分配、主次分配、多级分配）×2种脑力负荷（低负荷、高负荷）条件下的被试内双因素设计的实验任务，记录情境意识全面测量技术（SAGAT）、行为绩效、眼动和脑电（EEG）指标为因变量。实验结果表明，在不同脑力负荷下，相较于多级注意力分配策略和主次注意力分配策略，平均注意力分配策略的SAGAT得分和绩效正确率均更低、最小近邻指数（NNI）更大；在高脑力负荷下，相较于多级注意力分配策略，主次注意力分配策略的SAGAT得分更高、绩效反应时间更短并且NNI值更低；SAGAT得分与平均注视时间、NNI、θ相对功率和α相对功率均存在显著低度相关。本研究结果提示，在不同脑力负荷条件下，采用平均注意力分配策略可能导致作业人员的注意力更为分散，从而产生更差的工作绩效和更低的SA水平；而在高脑力负荷条件下，相比于多级注意力分配策略，主次注意力分配策略更有助于作业人员提取关键信息并维持更好的SA水平，但同时可能存在SA丧失的风险；眼动的平均注视时间和NNI指标以及EEG的θ和α相对功率指标具有较好的表征SA的潜力。     

机械臂遥操作任务过程脑力负荷研究

脑力负荷是影响机械臂遥操作绩效的重要因素,通过提取机械臂遥操作过程的自发脑电功率谱特征以及非线性动力学特征,结合机械臂遥操作的三阶段操作理论,分析了操作过程脑力负荷变化规律,以及各阶段的主要认知负荷来源。实验表明:自发脑电功率谱指标能有效评估遥操作过程被试的脑力负荷水平,非线性指标能有效评估思维活动水平。在遥操作中,脑电功率谱能量逐渐向高频段转移,脑力负荷水平逐渐升高;前两阶段的非线性动力学特征值显著高于最后阶段,在第二阶段达到最大,与被试的思维活动强度变化规律相同。前两阶段被试脑力负荷主要来源于空间认知,第三阶段负荷主要来源于距离和角度偏差认知及任务压力。根据遥操作任务过程的脑力负荷变化规律及负荷的主要来源针对性提供信息补偿,完善任务设计,可降低航天员在各个阶段的脑力负荷水平,对保障遥操作任务的完成有一定指导意义。     

基于脑电微状态分析的模拟飞行多任务脑力负荷敏感性研究

为探讨脑电微状态用于测量飞行活动脑力负荷的可行性,比较4类脑电微状态参数在不同脑力负荷下的变化.12名男性受试者依次完成高、低负荷的模拟飞行多任务,采用模拟飞行目标追踪、仪表监视、突发事件处理的多任务作为任务模型.每项任务完成后填写NASA-TLX量表,任务过程中采集受试者脑电信号.采用聚类方法分析脑电微状态,提取反映...     

位置编码下平视显示器告警显示工效学问题探究

为探究平视显示器(HUD)不同告警位置对飞行员任务绩效、脑力负荷和注意力分配的影响,招募15名被试人员开展不同告警位置下被试内单因素设计的试验任务,以被试的任务绩效、眼动指标为因变量,综合各项评估指标分析结果表明,告警位置应选择高度兴趣域,其次为姿态兴趣域。当告警位于航向兴趣域时,被试的任务绩效最差,脑力负荷大并且注意力分配比例较少,表明航向兴趣域的位置不适于告警显示。本次试验结果可为HUD告警设计提供参考。     

基于EEG的驾驶舱告警信息设计研究

针对直升机驾驶舱人机交互中认知负荷问题，设计飞行模拟试验，探究视觉和听觉告警对飞行员认 知负荷的影响。基于多元线性回归方法，通过主观评价结果、反应时间、准确率和脑电信号等指标，构建了直 升机驾驶舱人机交互认知负荷评估模型。结果表明文字颜色、语音提示两种告警特征对飞行员信息加工均会产 生影响，使用多元线形回归模型可对不同告警方式下受试对象的认知负荷水平进行评估，构建的评估模型能够 较准确地评估直升机驾驶舱中飞行员的认知负荷，可为优化驾驶舱交互设计、降低飞行员认知负荷、减少人为 差错提供依据。     

脑力负荷与目标辨认

研究虚拟战斗机驾驶员飞行过程中涉及的监视、计算记忆、攻击和探测4项任务,通过改变工作的快慢节奏来影响脑力负荷,以正确反应率和反应时间来评价和分析被测试者在不同脑力负荷下对目标颜色、形状和位置的辨认情况,为人机界面设计目标编码及确定目标呈现时间提供科学依据;使用脑电图仪测量实验过程中被测试者的生理反应来评价脑力负荷与任务难度的关系.实验结果表明:在需要分配注意力的情况下,人对实验分别选取的3种颜色和形状的辨认不受脑力负荷大小的影响,脑力负荷大小影响人对不同位置的目标辨认;人的目标辨认显著受到目标呈现时间的影响,目标呈现时间越长,反应时间越长;脑电图在一定程度上波的频率和高振幅波能反应脑力负荷大小.     

手控交会对接中操作者的情境意识和脑力负荷研究

为探究不同任务难度和技能水平下志愿者的情境意识水平和脑力负荷差异,以手控交会对接操作为主任务,招募了15名初学者水平志愿者和12名专家水平志愿者进行实验,每名志愿者进行6次手控交会对接操作,包含3次低任务难度操作和3次高任务难度操作,每次操作完成后填写SART主观量表和NASA-TLX主观量表。研究结果表明:高任务难度操作中操作者的注意集中程度显著高于低任务难度(P<0.05);专家水平操作者的警觉水平和对信息的获取和理解水平显著高于初学者水平操作者(P=0.001和P<0.001);高任务难度操作中操作者在脑力需求方面的负荷显著高于低任务难度(P=0.001);专家水平操作者在脑力需求和时间压力方面的负荷显著低于初学者水平操作者(P=0.001和P<0.001)。研究结果可为航天员手控交会对接训练设计及评价提供理论参考。     

共因失效条件下多状态系统选择性维修优化

共因失效（CCF）广泛存在于多状态系统（MSS）中,研究共因失效条件下多状态系统的维修优化问题,对于提高系统任务成功概率、降低故障损失具有重要意义。考虑多状态系统、任务剖面和随机共因失效的模糊特性,采用模糊马尔可夫模型（FMM）和模糊通用生成函数（FUGF）法,建立了模糊随机共因失效条件下模糊多状态系统（FMSS）任务成功概率评估解析模型（AM）,采用Monte Carlo仿真（MCS）方法对模型进行了验证;考虑维修费用约束,建立了模糊随机共因失效条件下模糊多状态系统选择性维修优化模型,为生成最优维修方案提供支持,结合实际案例,分析了随机共因失效对选择性维修优化和系统各状态的模糊概率的影响,验证了模型的有效性。研究结果表明,模糊随机共因失效和各模糊参数的α水平截集可能会影响选择性维修优化的结果,且忽略模糊随机共因失效会高估系统任务成功概率。     

一种新的基于可解释性置信规则库的飞轮健康状态评估模型

飞轮系统的稳定运行对于航天器在轨安全影响重大，因而对飞轮系统进行健康状态评估至关重要。在进行飞轮系统健康状态评估建模时，不仅要求模型能够处理各种不确定性以保障评估结果的准确性，同时要求其具有透明合理的评估过程与可解释、可追溯的评估结果。因此，在深入研究置信规则库（BRB）建模方法的基础上，构建了一种新的基于可解释性建模的置信规则库（BRB-e）飞轮系统健康状态评估模型。首先，结合飞轮系统特征对模型的可解释性建模准则进行定义；在此基础上，设计了BRB-e评估模型的推理过程；然后，基于鲸鱼优化算法（WOA），提出了一种具有可解释性约束的BRBBRB-ee模型参数优化方法；最后，通过对某飞轮系统中轴承组件的评估案例研究，验证了模型在飞轮系统健康状态评估中的有效性。对比研究表明，BRBBRB-ee模型在评估结果准确性和评估过程可解释性方面具有一定的优势。     

成都双流国际机场新航站楼中央空调系统节能改造

中央空调系统的空气处理方案、处理设备的容量、输送管道的尺寸等，都是根据夏、冬季节室内外设计计算参数和相应室内最大负荷确定的。系统安装好后，经过调试，一般都能达到设计要求。但是，无论在我国什么地区，在空调使用期间的大部分时间里，室外空气参数都会因气候的变化而与设计计算参数有差异，即使是在一天之内室外空气参数也会有很大变化。此外，室内冷、热、湿负荷也会因室外气象条件的变化以及室内人员的变化、灯光和设备的使用情况而变化，显然在大部分时间里也不会与设计时的室内最大负荷相一致。在上述情况下，如果中央空调系统在运行过程中不做相应调节，则不仅使室内空气控制参数发生波动，偏离控制范围，达不到要求，而且会浪费所供应的能量（冷量和热量），增加系统运行的能耗（电、气、油、煤等消耗）和费用开支。     

飞机座舱人机工效评定实验台研制

为解决飞机人机界面设计在新形势下面临的问题,研制了一套基于飞行模拟器的驾驶员工效评定实验台,以便在更加实际的飞行情况下对飞行员的认知特性进行研究.该实验台由飞机座舱、仿真软件、计算机系统和生理参数测量系统等组成,能开展座舱优化布局、界面信息显示适人性、脑力负荷的综合评定等研究.该实验台的研制为飞机人机界面的工效设计和评定提供了一种新的方法.     

A model for discrimination and prediction of mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface

With respect to the ergonomic evaluation and optimization in the mental task design of the aircraft cockpit display interface, the experimental measurement and theoretical modeling of mental workload were carried out under flight simulation task conditions using the performance evaluation, subjective evaluation and physiological measurement methods. The experimental results show that with an increased mental workload, the detection accuracy of flight operation significantly reduced and the reaction time was significantly prolonged; the standard deviation of R-R intervals（SDNN） significantly decreased, while the mean heart rate exhibited little change; the score of NASA_TLX scale significantly increased. On this basis, the indexes sensitive to mental workload were screened, and an integrated model for the discrimination and prediction of mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface was established based on the Bayesian Fisher discrimination and classification method. The original validation and cross-validation methods were employed to test the accuracy of the results of discrimination and prediction of the integrated model, and the average prediction accuracies determined by these two methods are both higher than 85%. Meanwhile, the integrated model shows a higher accuracy in discrimination and prediction of mental workload compared with single indexes. The model proposed in this paper exhibits a satisfactory coincidence with the measured data and could accurately reflect the variation characteristics of the mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface, thus providing a basis for the ergonomic evaluation and optimization design of the aircraft cockpit display interface in the future.     

Operator scheduling strategies in supervisory control of multiple UAVs

The application of network centric operations to time-constrained command and control environments will mean that human operators will be increasingly responsible for multiple simultaneous supervisory control tasks. One such futuristic application will be the control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by a single operator. To achieve such performance in complex, time critical, and high risk settings, automated systems will be required both to guarantee rapid system response, as well as manageable workload for operators. Through the development of a simulation test bed for human supervisory control of multiple independent UAVs by a single operator, this paper presents recent efforts to investigate workload mitigation strategies as a function of increasing automation. A human-in-the-loop experiment revealed that under low workload conditions, operators' cognitive strategies were relatively robust across increasing levels of automated decision support. However, when provided with explicit automated recommendations and with the ability to negotiate with external agencies for delays in arrival times for targets, operators inappropriately fixated on the need to globally optimize their schedules. In addition, without explicit visual representation of uncertainty, operators tended to treated all probabilities uniformly. This study also revealed that operators who reached cognitive saturation adapted two very distinct management strategies, which led to varying degrees of success. Lastly, operators with management-by-exception decision support exhibited evidence of automation bias.     

Effects of input method and display mode of situation map on early warning aircraft reconnaissance task performance with different information complexities

Early Warning Aircraft(EWA) are the main force for air detection and its Human-Machine Interface(HMI) should be designed to support task efficiency and safety. With the application of advanced input method and interface design in EWA, little is known about their actual usability in terms of human factors and ergonomics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the input method and display mode of the situation map on EWA reconnaissance task performance with different information c...     

管制扇区工作负荷评估模型的建立及应用

针对管制员工作负荷评估的研究现状,从工作负荷分类的角度分析,建立了综合考虑主客观因素的工作负荷评估模型。通过对管制工作的主要工作进程的次数统计,可以评估出统计时间内的工作负荷值。算例的结果验证了评估模型的可行性以及应用该模型所求得扇区容量值得有效性。     

Advanced flight management system human interface

Alternative Flight Management System (FMS) human interface concepts are becoming increasingly important to investigate as the complexities of understanding and operating this equipment continue to burden and confuse an already inundated pilot. Rockwell Collins, Inc. has designed an advanced FMS display/interface that will significantly reduce and/or eliminate human interface problems between users and the FMS. Results from human factors investigations for a limited set of FMS functions reveal statistically significant findings at the 95th level of confidence favoring the Advanced FMS Interface display format. The Advanced FMS Interface display format produced quicker reaction times and lower levels of mental workload than the a conventional Control Display Unit (CDU) type FMS.Furthermore, statistically significant findings at the 98th level of confidence for three subjective measures, Usability, Learnability, and Overall Attitude lean in favor of this type of FMS display format. These statistically significant findings lead us to believe that this Advanced FMS Interface display format has great potential for significantly reducing and/or eliminating human interface problems between users and the FMS while at the same time reducing pilot mental workload.     

Evaluation of airborne data link communication

An experimental prototype of a cockpit data link communication interface (modified Navigation Display (ND) and Multi-purpose Control and Display Unit (MCDU)) was developed and tested in an Airbus A340 Full Flight Simulator. 8 crews (16 professional pilots) performed simulator flights in a mixed voice and data link scenario. After each experiment video recordings were presented to the pilots and they were asked to estimate subjective strain (NASA task load index) and situational aspects retrospectively. Results show an increase in subjective strain and a decrease of ‘feeling of sovereignty’ and situation awareness under data link conditions. The effect is similar to the one caused by higher workload.     

下腹板长度对单边膨胀喷管性能的影响

在落压比为4~60范围内,对两个不同下腹板长度的单边膨胀喷管模型进行了试验研究,得到了其壁面静压分布,并对4种不同下腹板长度的喷管模型进行了数值模拟研究,获得了总体性能参数.结果表明:在整个落压比范围内,喷管流动都呈现很强的三维特征,而且在高落压比条件下上膨胀面两侧边气流出现了横向分离.喷管轴向推力系数峰值随下腹板长度增大而增加,峰值对应的落压比也逐渐增大并趋近设计点.在落压比为30~80范围内,轴向推力系数随着下腹板长度增大而增加,在设计点轴向推力系数的最大值和最小值相差约1.8%;在特定低落压比条件下,较短下腹板长度的喷管具有高的轴向推力系数.气流矢量角随下腹板长度增加而增大,在设计点最大值和最小值分别为6.03°和-1.83°.      

An experimental analysis of situation awareness for cockpit display interface evaluation based on flight simulation

Aircraft cockpit display interface (CDI) is one of the most important human-machine interfaces for information perceiving. During the process of aircraft design, situation awareness (SA) is frequently considered to improve the design, as the CDI must provide enough SA for the pilot to maintain the flight safety. In order to study the SA in the pilot-aircraft system, a cockpit flight simulation environment is built up, which includes a virtual instrument panel, a flight visual display and the corresponding control system. Based on the simulation environment, a human-in-the-loop experiment is designed to measure the SA by the situation awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT). Through the experiment, the SA degrees and heart rate (HR) data of the subjects are obtained, and the SA levels under different CDI designs are analyzed. The results show that analyzing the SA can serve as an objective way to evaluate the design of CDI, which could be proved from the consistent HR data. With this method, evaluations of the CDI design are performed in the experimental flight simulation environment, and optimizations could be guided through the analysis.