基于热力耦合层合板雷击损伤特性分析

为研究复合材料层合板在雷电流作用下的烧蚀损伤力学特性,建立复合材料雷击热力耦合有限元分析模型,与文献实验结果对比验证模型的有效性。根据Hashin三维失效准则编写用户材料子程序,分别得出层合板雷击烧蚀区域周围出现的力学损伤、各层力学损伤分布以及首层在不同方向上的应力分布,分析得出层合板的烧蚀损伤随雷电流持续时间的变化规律。结果表明:由于存在较高的温度梯度,导致层合板出现较大的热膨胀应力,进而导致层合板内部产生各种力学损伤,即基体开裂、分层及纤维断裂;雷击电流施加时间、峰值电流与温度场均对层合板烧蚀面积产生较大的影响。     

Carbon nanotube protected composite laminate subjected to lightning strike: Interlaminar film distribution investigation

A kind of interlaminar film with carbon nanotubes inserted into polyether ketone with cardo was used for lightning strike protection of composite laminates. The distribution of the interlaminar film was investigated by experimental and numerical methods. Artificial lightning strike tests were conducted for 12-film carbon nanotube and traditional surface silver coating protected specimens. Then corresponding finite element models (FEMs) were established to analyze the lightning strike effect and validated by the experimental results. Based on the FEMs, the number, distribution and thickness of interlaminar film were investigated in order to obtain equivalent protection effect with the traditional surface silver coating. The results show that only the first two layers were damaged for the surface silver coating protected specimen, while 5 layers were ablated for the 12-film protected specimen. Lightning strike damage area of the laminate protected with 5-film carbon nanotube is almost the same as that of the laminate protected with 12-film carbon nanotube. Compared with traditional surface silver coating protection, one film protection with thickness of 360 μm can make the laminate to obtain equivalent damage depth, 54.8% smaller damage area and 58% less additional weight. And reparability of the laminate is better than that of the laminate protected with 5 interlaminar films.     

不同喷铝参数对复合材料雷击防护性能模拟

为了研究复合材料不同的雷击防护(lightning strike protection,LSP)系统在雷电流作用下的损伤规律,对雷击损伤过程和烧蚀机理进行分析,建立复合材料层合板雷击防护的能量平衡数学模型。在此基础上,在ABAQUS中建立复合材料基准件、全喷铝和局部喷铝防护系统的碳纤维增强复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)层合板电-热耦合有限元模型,和实验结果对比验证模型的有效性,对雷击烧蚀损伤特征进行分析,并引入雷击烧蚀损伤指数DI,得出三种不同模型在不同铝涂层厚度、不同峰值雷电流作用下的烧蚀损伤规律,并对两种不同的局部喷铝防护系统下复合材料的损伤特征进行对比分析。结果表明:雷击防护系统下复合材料的烧蚀损伤面积和铝涂层厚度关系进行函数拟合,两者均满足幂函数关系。     

含紧固件层合板雷击烧蚀损伤分析

为了研究含紧固件复合材料层合板在雷击电流作用下的烧蚀损伤规律,基于热电耦合建立含紧固件层合板的雷击有限元分析模型,并对雷击烧蚀损伤结果进行分析,与参考结果对比验证模型的合理性,并分析得到含紧固件层合板在不同峰值电流、紧固件尺寸、层合板宽度比条件下的烧蚀损伤结果,总结不同因素影响下烧蚀损伤面积的变化规律。结果表明:雷击峰值电流、紧固件的尺寸、层合板的宽度对含紧固件层合板烧蚀损伤面积具有极大的影响,相同的雷击电流波形,峰值150 kA雷击电流导致的烧蚀损伤面积是峰值50 kA的15.39倍;紧固件越小,烧蚀损伤面积越大,分层损伤面积越大,其中,当紧固件直径减小至1/2时,烧蚀损伤面积最大可增加4.97倍,分层损伤面积最大可增加1.91倍;层合板损伤面积随宽度的增加先增大后减小,最后趋于平稳,其中最大损伤面积与最小损伤面积的比值可达1.81倍,且比值随着紧固件直径的增加而增大。     

CFRP层合板雷击烧蚀损伤模拟的电流加载方式分析

通过改进加载方式减小数值模拟与试验结果误差对于提高仿真准确性具有一定意义。本文探究复合材料层合板在不同形式雷击电流下的烧蚀损伤特性，改进Braginskii 电弧半径扩展公式，建立适用于雷击过程的电弧扩展半径数值模型；基于ABAQUS 建立CFRP 层合板有限元模型，分析不同电流加载方式下的烧蚀损伤情况。结果表明：建立的有限元模型能够模拟CFRP 层合板雷击烧蚀损伤；扩展移动加载造成的损伤面积、损伤深度和损伤体积与试验结果对比误差均约为7%，较其他加载方式仿真结果与试验结果对比具有良好的一致性，模拟复合材料雷击烧蚀损伤时应同时考虑电流扩展和移动的影响。     

复合材料层合板雷击烧蚀损伤模拟

 为解决复合材料层合板的雷击烧蚀问题,通过复合材料层合板雷电流烧蚀的热-电-结构耦合分析,建立复合材料层合板烧蚀的三维有限元模型。利用删除单元法模拟复合材料层合板在不同脉冲波形雷电流作用下的冲击响应,进行复合材料层合板雷击损伤机理和损伤模式分析,得出了复合材料层合板在不同脉冲波形和峰值雷电流作用下的瞬态热传递和热烧蚀规律。分析了不同雷电流参数对烧蚀结果的影响。结果表明峰值电流、放电量和比能对复合材料层合板的烧蚀尺寸和内部损伤产生很大的影响。     

Thermal damage analysis of aircraft composite laminate suffered from lightning swept stroke and arc propagation

Lightning strike is a complicated process involving multi-field coupling. In order to investigate the thermal damage mechanism of carbon fiber reinforced composites subject to lightning swept stroke, a complete numerical method is presented. Numerical model of lightning discharge is established based on Magneto Hydro Dynamics (MHD) and calculated by FLUENT secondary development technology. Considering aerodynamic flow effect, channel formation and evolution process during lightning discharge is analyzed for lightning current waveform A. Thermal-electric Coupling model is presented according to Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolation theory, which is implemented by compiling program to make lightning current and heat energy inject into composite laminate. Consequently, damage mechanism of composite laminate under lightning swept stroke is studied based on the coupled numerical model and element deletion method. Ablation damage morphology of composite laminate is analyzed to understand plasma expansion and reattachment in arc root. The results show that aerodynamic flow makes the lightning channel move fast and composite laminate is deteriorated due to thermal damage.     

飞机雷电防护

雷电是一种危险现象,但是到目前为止还没有一种技术能够防止飞机遭受雷击。本文分析了雷电造成的危害,并论述了飞机结构设计应该为雷电流提供低阻抗的通路。对于对雷击放电敏感的部位和部件,必须根据其自身的重要性采取适当的雷电防护措施,以尽可能减少雷电对飞机的损害。最后介绍了为确保雷电防护措施的可靠性而进行的验证试验方法。     

飞机雷电防护设计与鉴定试验

飞机遭受雷击后产生强大的雷电流,它严重的威胁飞行的安全.本文分析了雷电造成的危害,并论述了飞机结构设计应为雷电流提供低阻抗的通路.对雷击放电敏感的部位和部件,必须根据自身的重要性采取适当的雷电防护措施,以尽可能减少雷电对飞机的损害.最后介绍了为确保雷电防护措施的可靠性而进行的验证试验方法.     

用塑性滞后能原理估算随机载荷下的疲劳寿命

 材料的疲劳损伤包括静力损伤和循环损伤,静力损伤为第一次静力加载引起的塑性应变能与静力韧性之比；循环损伤由循环塑性滞后能与疲劳韧性之比来计算,计算中计及了材料循环硬化（或软化）引起的屈服应力增大（或减小）的影响。为了简化计算,假设在循环加载时应力一应变曲线均按迟滞回线规律变化；不同应力变程下材料疲劳韧性可由对称循环的应力控制疲劳试验确定。本文提出了一种比较合理又便于工程应用的、用塑性滞后能原理估算随机载荷下疲劳寿命的新方法,初步的试验验证是令人满意的。     

飞机雷电直接效应综述

飞机的雷电直接效应对飞行安全构成危害,在飞机设计时必须充分考虑这些危害。对比了金属飞机和复合材料在雷电直接效应上的差异,分析了雷电直接效应对各种复合材料的影响,并对燃油系统、电力系统和推进系统等关键部位的雷电危害机理及危害程度进行了全面分析,可为飞机雷电防护设计及试验提供参考。     

Damage sensitivity of a wing-type leading edge structure impacted by a bird

On the windward side of an aircraft, the components with higher probability of impact with birds are the wing-type leading edge structures, such as the wing and tail. A study on the damage sensitivity of a wing-type leading edge structure under bird strikes was presented in this paper. First, a bird strike test was carried out on a wing. The principles of the bird strike test equipment and method were introduced in detail, including the bird strike test system, bird projectile production process and data acquisition system. The dynamic strain measurement results, the high-speed camera videos, and the final deformation and damage morphology observations of the structure were obtained. Based on the coupled Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) - Finite Element Method (FEM), the commercial software PAM-CRASH was used to simulate the process of a bird strike with the wing. The good agreement between the finite element simulation results and the experimental results shows that the calculation method and the numerical model presented in this paper were reasonable. On this basis, wing-type leading edge structures can be designed by adding triangular support. The bird strike resistances of an original structure and improved structure were studied by numerical simulation. The calculated results show that the improved wing-type leading edge structure is less damaged than the original structure under bird strike. The improved leading edge structure satisfied the anti-bird strike airworthiness requirements, as the thickness of the triangular support was 1.2 mm, and the weight of the structure was reduced by 0.87 kg compared with the original structure. This indicated that the bird strike resistance of the improved structure is better than that of the original structure, and the improved design of the wing-type leading edge structure presented in this paper is reasonable.     

Stress concentration in compressor blades at their damage by foreign objects

In this paper, the theoretical studies of stress concentrations in the compressor blades of aircraft gas turbine engines damaged due to foreign objects ingestion into the gas-air flow path are presented. The technique of three-dimensional finite-element calculations of the theoretical stress concentration factor in the damage region has been developed. We also examined the influence of geometrical blade parameters and damages (stress concentrators) upon the theoretical concentration factor and suggest using a simple relation for its approximate assessment.     

HTPB黏弹性微裂纹偏折扩展损伤本构模型

为建立端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）推进剂的损伤本构模型,采用宏细观相结合的方法,将其细观损伤机理视为初始微裂纹偏折扩展的过程。首先,基于微裂纹稀疏估计理论,推导了Abdel-Tawab宏观本构方程中损伤映射张量的一般形式,其物理意义是将真实应力空间中各向异性材料的多轴加载,映射为等效应力空间中各向同性材料的更为复杂的多轴加载。其次,基于能量释放率和最大周向应力准则,分析了三维币形裂纹偏折扩展的情形,进一步采用两步等效法,将偏折扩展后的裂纹等效为币形裂纹。最后,基于Schapery裂纹模型,推导了微裂纹稳定扩展的速率方程。数值结果表明,建立的模型能够有效地反映材料损伤的应变率、温度依赖性和各向异性特征。     

外物损伤对不锈钢疲劳强度的影响

基于空气炮法,针对不锈钢平板试样开展了外物损伤（FOD）模拟试验,使用三维体式显微镜观测了损伤的宏观特征,并用扫描电子显微镜观测了损伤的微观特征,模拟外物损伤具有挤压变形、材料的剪切丢失、塑性变形等宏观特征和微小裂纹、塑性变形、微小缺口、片层结构等微观特征.采用步进法对FOD试样进行了高周疲劳试验,试验结果表明FOD使试样的疲劳强度相对未损伤试样下降超过14%,并且随损伤尺寸的增大,试样的疲劳强度基本呈降低的趋势.疲劳源区多为损伤处的微小缺口或微小裂纹,说明FOD为疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展提供了有利条件.      

不同冲击角度外物损伤对TC4钛合金高循环疲劳强度的影响

基于空气炮冲击试验装置在不同冲击角度下进行了TC4钛合金平板试件的外物损伤模拟试验,采用逐级加载试验方法测试获得了光滑和冲击损伤试件的高循环疲劳(high cycle fatigue,HCF)强度,研究了冲击角度、冲击位置以及冲击损伤宏观几何尺寸与HCF强度的关系.结果表明:不同冲击角度下的损伤对HCF强度的影响程度不同.冲击损伤在试件边缘时,30°冲击使试件HCF强度的下降幅度最大;冲击损伤在试件表面时,60°冲击使试件HCF强度的下降幅度最大.试件边缘产生的缺口使HCF强度的下降幅度一般大于试件表面产生弹坑的影响.但在60°冲击时,冲击缺口损伤的影响要小于冲击弹坑损伤的影响.冲击损伤宏观几何尺寸一定程度上可以表征损伤试件HCF强度下降的严重程度.      

含金属固体推进剂燃烧残渣的成分分析

借助于近代物理分析技术（如Ｘ射线衍射、光电子能谱）及化学分析法，对含金属（硼／铝）固体推进剂燃烧后残渣的成分进行了较为全面的分析。在定性分析的基础上，着重介绍了残渣中剩余金属及其它成分的定量分析方法，包括Ｘ射线衍射及化学滴定法（氧化－还原滴定、酸碱滴定）。     

FOD缺口型损伤对TC4疲劳极限强度的影响

针对TC4钛合金风扇/压气机叶片前缘常遭受的外物损伤(FOD)缺口型损伤,进行了不同冲击角度下高速弹道冲击试验研究、损伤特征与应力集中分析,开展了冲击后不处理和冲击后去残余应力退火试样的高循环疲劳试验和疲劳极限强度预测。结果表明:随着冲击角度的增大入射侧损伤尺寸和应力集中系数基本保持不变,出射侧缺口损伤深度和损伤长度减小。损伤深度范围为0.6~1.5mm,应力集中系数范围为2.6~3.4。缺口型损伤试样的疲劳极限强度下降为光滑试样的27%~53%,与应力集中系数并不是呈反比关系。退火试样的高循环疲劳(HCF)性能或略微下降或基本不变,表明残余应力影响较小,残余应力对疲劳极限强度的影响程度不足光滑试样的10%。缺口型损伤试样的HCF性能与损伤底部半径的相关性不明显,随着最大损伤深度和损伤长度的增加而下降,表明制定维修手册时应着重考虑缺口型损伤的最大深度和损伤长度。Peterson经验公式对HCF性能的预测精度不理想,误差最大为45%,需要发展高精度的FOD缺口型损伤构件HCF性能预测方法。      

Residual stress analysis of multi-pass cold spinning process

Uncontrolled residual stresses have significant effects on the service time and defects of the spun parts. Nowadays, X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) method has been widely used in the residual stress measurement of industry products with different forming processes. The calculated residual stress is usually obtained from the data fitting slope of strain and angle with Ordinary Least Squares(OLS) method. But this fitting method is not always suitable for the big fluctuant data. In this paper, the Weighted...     

民用飞机短舱复合材料结构雷电直接效应试验验证方法及漆层厚度影响研究

随着飞机设计的发展，复合材料广泛应用于民用飞机短舱结构。由于碳纤维复合材料结构的导电性以及抗雷电损伤能力比铝合金结构差，复合材料短舱结构雷电防护能力已成为影响飞机飞行安全的一项关键问题。依据相关适航条款和相应的国际标准，阐述了民用飞机短舱复合材料雷电防护试验验证方法，并依据验证方法对漆层厚度的损伤影响进行了试验研究。短舱常规蒙皮构型的复合材料试验件，在不同漆层厚度下的雷电防护试验结果表明，漆层较薄时，漆层对短舱复合材料的雷电直接效应防护能力无明显的影响；当漆层厚度达到一定厚度时，较厚的漆层将显著降低短舱复合材料的雷电直接效应防护能力，最严重时将造成复合材料蒙皮的击穿，损伤蒙皮内部系统设备，从而危害飞行安全。试验结果与理论的机理分析具有良好的一致性，对民用飞机短舱复合材料结构的雷电防护设计提供了指导方向和参考意义。