大型民机的非相似余度飞控计算机研究

 对中国自主研制的大型民机的余度飞行控制系统进行基础技术研究,设计了一套适合民机电传(FBW)系统的余度飞控计算机(FCC)新方案。提出了民机余度飞控计算机的2个设计准则：满足系统的可靠性指标和满足FO/FO/FO容错等级。然后根据这2个基本准则,给出了民机余度飞控计算机设计的7个建议,从而确定了民机余度飞行控制系统的余度数和余度结构：新型民机的余度飞行控制系统可采用非相似四余度,每个余度通道由两个支路构成比较监控结构,每个支路运行2套软件,保证软硬件系统的可靠性均衡。还确定了民机余度飞行控制系统的工作方式,使用Petri网分析了新方案的可靠性,并与B777和A320的余度飞控计算机进行了比较。     

Methodology for cost-effective software fault tolerance formission-critical systems

A computing capabilities continue to advance, there will be a concurrent rise in the number of both hardware and software faults. These will be caused by the greater volume of more complex software, by the increased number of untested software states, and by more incidents of hardware/software interaction faults as a result of increased hardware speed and density. The traditional software implemented fault tolerance: approaches have been successfully utilized in life-critical systems, such as digital flight controls, where their additional costs can be easily justified. Examples include N-Version Programming and Recovery Block approaches. However, there is still a need for dependable computing for mission-critical applications as well. Often, these traditional techniques are avoided for mission-critical systems due to the difficulty in justifying their extra up-front development cost. We provide an alternative for the high “sunk cost” of traditional software fault tolerance techniques. The methodology, called data fusion integrity processes (DFIPs), is a simple, yet effective technique for mission-critical systems. In addition, the approach establishes a framework from which other costlier, more extensive traditional techniques can be added. We present details of the DFIP methodology and a DFIP framework for Ada programs. We also briefly discuss development of a DFIP code generation system which exploits Java that will enable users to quickly build a DFIP framework in Ada, and select reusable DFIP component methods     

基于打靶试验的风扇机匣包容能力评估方法

为保障飞行安全,航空发动机机匣需具有足够的抗冲击能力以包容高速旋转状态下丢失的叶片。针对某型涡扇发动机对开式风扇机匣包容性评估需求,提出了1种结合真实机匣打靶试验和有限元分析评估机匣包容能力的方法。通过使用真实机匣和真实叶片进行打靶试验获得风扇机匣的冲击损伤情况,并基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA进行了瞬态动力学有限元分析。结果表明:采用Johnson-Cook模型预测的机匣伤形状、尺寸以及叶片残余速度均与试验结果接近,验证了数值分析方法的准确性。采用验证过的数值分析方法开展旋转状态下机匣的包容性评估,发现由于撞击姿态差异和失效模式转变,风扇机匣可以包容以100%工作转速飞出的叶片,但机匣出现长裂纹,接近临界包容状态。所提出的方法可以在不具备部件包容试验条件的情况下,以较方便的形式对机匣包容能力可靠评估。     

面向包容性的航空发动机机匣研究综述

机匣作为航空发动机的关键部件,其包容性能是保障飞行安全的必要条件。针对机匣包容性问题,首先,简要介绍涉及包容性的机匣类别和结构形式;其次,从理论研究、仿真分析及试验测试等方面概述机匣的冲击响应、损伤机理和包容性能等,简述机匣包容性试验方法及试验研究进展,按机匣材料类别对包容性数值仿真研究分类介绍;最后,总结机匣包容性研究状况并从机匣工作条件、受载情况和优化设计角度对机匣包容性研究进行展望。     

多型飞控系统模拟器的设计

针对多型飞控系统模拟器的硬件设计,对模拟座舱、计算机网络系统和控制显示部分进行了较详细的介绍,着重分析了该系统软件设计中的软件结构及任务计算机模块、仿真计算机模块、仪表计算机模块和视景计算机模块所完成的功能,并对所采用的关键技术进行了论述。经反复调试和实验,该系统性能稳定、工作可靠,可用于多种飞机飞行控制及飞行力学研究。     

基于PXI的舵机仿真器伺服系统控制方法

舵机是导弹飞行控制系统的执行机构,导弹的各种姿态运动都是靠舵机带动舵面偏转来实现的。文章在详细介绍舵机仿真器硬件设计基础上,完成了系统软件设计,对伺服系统进行了仿真,分析了系统的性能。     

基于软件的无人机故障注入技术研究

故障注入是一种用于容错计算机系统验证的有效技术,其应用效果直接取决于所采用的故障注入方法的正确性。文中采用硬件覆盖和故障模型的方法,模拟无人机系统的硬件故障,并着重讨论了在总线上注入故障的试验策略。然后用软件的方法构造了一个用于测评无人机飞行控制系统容错控制机制的故障注入工具UAVFI_01。在无人机动态测试过程中,故障注入试验结果表明了这种方案的正确性和可行性。     

Reliability and safety analysis of redundant vehicle management computer system

Redundant techniques are widely adopted in vehicle management computer （VMC） to ensure that VMC has high reliability and safety. At the same time, it makes VMC have special characteristics, e.g., failure correlation, event simultaneity, and failure self-recovery. Accordingly, the reliability and safety analysis to redundant VMC system （RVMCS） becomes more difficult. Aimed at the difficulties in RVMCS reliability modeling, this paper adopts generalized stochastic Petri nets to establish the reliability and safety models of RVMCS. Then this paper analyzes RVMCS oper- ating states and potential threats to flight control system. It is verified by simulation that the reli- ability of VMC is not the product of hardware reliability and software reliability, and the interactions between hardware and software faults can reduce the real reliability of VMC obviously. Furthermore, the failure undetected states and false alarming states inevitably exist in RVMCS due to the influences of limited fault monitoring coverage and false alarming probability of fault mon- itoring devices （FMD）. RVMCS operating in some failure undetected states will produce fatal threats to the safety of flight control system. RVMCS operating in some false alarming states will reduce utility of RVMCS obviously. The results abstracted in this paper can guide reliable VMC and efficient FMD designs. The methods adopted in this paper can also be used to analyze other intelligent systems＇ reliability.     

Aerospace lithium solid polymer batteries

Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space and Ultralife Batteries, Inc. are developing batteries for spacecraft and launchers based on Li-ion solid-polymer-electrolyte cell technology. These cells utilize a carbon anode, a manganese dioxide cathode and a solid polymer electrolyte. Electrode and electrolyte layers are thin and flexible. The electrode assembly is easily fabricated into thin, flat prismatic shapes using ordinary lamination techniques and is hermetically sealed in thin foil packaging. Cells ranging in capacity from 4 Ah to 50 Ah have been designed and are in development testing. The packaged cells have specific energies in excess of 100 Wh/kg. Prototype 30 volt batteries have also been designed and are being assembled and tested along with the critical battery cell charge management controllers needed to recharge all cells to full capacity while preventing overvoltage damage. The major results of this development effort are reviewed and the key issues for advancing this technology to flight qualification demonstrations are discussed     

Bipolar nickel-metal hydride batteries for aerospace applications

Electro Energy Inc. (EEI) is developing high power, long life, bipolar nickel-metal hydride batteries for aerospace applications. Bipolar nickel-metal hydride designs allow for high energy and high power designs with a 25 percent reduction in both weight and volume as compared to prismatic and/or cylindrical Ni-MH designs. Utilizing a sealed wafer cell design EEI has demonstrated a 1.2 kW/kg power capability. Prototype designs have achieved 70 Wh/kg. Designs studies show 80 Wh/kg are achievable with EEI's state-of-the-art technology. The sealed wafer cell is the building block for EEI's high power and high voltage bipolar batteries making the assembly easy and significantly lower in cost. Satellite and aircraft batteries are being developed which provide high power and long life. Sealed cells now show excellent rate capability and life. Cells tested in a low earth orbit (LEO) cycle have reached 9000 cycles and continue on test. High power, bipolar battery designs are ideal in applications where using conventional aerospace battery technology would require excessive capacity; weight and volume, thereby reducing usable payload on the vehicle     

An experimental analysis of situation awareness for cockpit display interface evaluation based on flight simulation

Aircraft cockpit display interface (CDI) is one of the most important human-machine interfaces for information perceiving. During the process of aircraft design, situation awareness (SA) is frequently considered to improve the design, as the CDI must provide enough SA for the pilot to maintain the flight safety. In order to study the SA in the pilot-aircraft system, a cockpit flight simulation environment is built up, which includes a virtual instrument panel, a flight visual display and the corresponding control system. Based on the simulation environment, a human-in-the-loop experiment is designed to measure the SA by the situation awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT). Through the experiment, the SA degrees and heart rate (HR) data of the subjects are obtained, and the SA levels under different CDI designs are analyzed. The results show that analyzing the SA can serve as an objective way to evaluate the design of CDI, which could be proved from the consistent HR data. With this method, evaluations of the CDI design are performed in the experimental flight simulation environment, and optimizations could be guided through the analysis.     

人工智能飞行通信员系统方案设计

安全高效的陆空通信是提高飞行安全的重要手段,利用人工智能技术代替飞行机组功能需要综合评 估新系统的功能、性能及系统安全性等因素。针对人工智能飞行员系统的操作过程和机载系统的互操作接口开展设计,给出人工智能飞行通信员系统的工作原理和系统架构,以及硬件实现方案和部分飞行员操作界面,,总结人工智能技术替代飞行通讯员功能的优点。从系统安全性和通信性能两方面分析表明：人工智能飞行通 信员系统的方案可行且性能优于原人工陆空通话系统。     

微型扑翼的推进特性实验研究

为了研究微型扑翼的推力和推进效率特性,研制了基于虚拟仪器（VI）的微型扑翼风洞实验系统。该系统以西北工业大学现有微型风洞为基础,采用了高精度六分量天平、角度传感器、新型机翼扑动机构、可编程电源、工控机等设备,利用基于虚拟仪器（VI）的LabView软件对上述设备进行集中控制与数据处理。利用上述实验系统研究了风速、扑动频率、展弦比、根稍比及机翼扑动幅度对微型扑翼推力和推进效率的影响,总结出了微型扑翼推力及推进效率的基本规律,为微型扑翼飞行器机翼设计及飞行控制方式提供了参考。     

基于DSP的导引控制器硬件设计与实现

按照小型化、高实时性的要求,采用TI公司面向控制的DSP芯片TMS320LF2407A,设计并实现了以DSP为处理核心的导引控制器,详细介绍了系统的整体方案设计和具体的硬件选型及接口设计。重点论述了飞控计算机与导引控制器之间的串行通信设计,并给出了硬件接口电路。     

Human factors quantification via boundary identification of flight performance margin

A systematic methodology including a computational pilot model and a pattern recognition method is presented to identify the boundary of the flight performance margin for quantifying the human factors. The pilot model is proposed to correlate a set of quantitative human factors which represent the attributes and characteristics of a group of pilots. Three information processing components which are influenced by human factors are modeled： information perception, decision making, and action execution. By treating the human factors as stochastic variables that follow appropriate probability density functions, the effects of human factors on flight performance can be investigated through Monte Carlo（MC） simulation. Kernel density estimation algorithm is selected to find and rank the influential human factors. Subsequently, human factors are quantified through identifying the boundary of the flight performance margin by the k-nearest neighbor（k-NN） classifier. Simulation-based analysis shows that flight performance can be dramatically improved with the quantitative human factors.     

叶片包容性试验研究

单个模型叶片包容性试验总的目的在于确定单个模型叶片折断后与机匣的碰撞姿态、损坏模式 ,定量测试机匣受叶片撞击时的瞬态应变响应 ,为建立有限元叶片包容性预测计算模型 ,为验证或建立包容曲线提供试验依据。1 .试验概况　模型叶片通过销钉装于轮盘上 ,在轮盘上对称位置通过销钉装了一个平衡块。平衡块比模型叶片短得多 ,但其离心力与模型叶片的离心力是正好相等的。在模型叶片叶身靠近根部的某个需要部位有两条对称的开口槽 (经Φ 0 .2 mm的钼丝线切割加工而成 )。当试验转子达到某一转速时 ,叶身将从开口槽处断开 ,叶身的前半部分 (以…     

用运动嵌套网格方法数值模拟旋翼前飞非定常流场

通过求解Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程数值模拟了直升机旋翼前飞非定常流场。为了模拟包括旋转、周期性变距和周期性挥舞的非定常运动,本文采用了一种能够快速完成重叠网格间流场信息交换的运动嵌套网格方法。空间采用中心平均的有限体积法进行离散,时间方向采用双时间法隐式推进求解。为了验证方法的正确性,数值模拟了悬停流场,数值结果和实验值吻合很好。尽管前飞状态的计算没有实验验证,但计算结果与其它文献计算结果吻合很好。     

飞控襟翼硬件仿真系统的设计及应用

以飞机控制系统的设计要求为依据设计飞控襟翼硬件仿真系统,该系统是参照真实飞控襟翼系统的功能和接口要求,采用基于数字仿真扩展模拟电路接口的硬件仿真系统。其与真实襟翼具有相似功能、相同接口、完全可以替代真实襟翼完成相关试验。试验结果表明:该系统为飞控襟翼试验的圆满完成提供有效的保障。     

Huygens Probe Aerosol Collector Pyrolyser Experiment

ACP's main objective is the chemical analysis of the aerosols in Titan's atmosphere. For this purpose, it will sample the aerosols during descent and prepare the collected matter (by evaporation, pyrolysis and gas products transfer) for analysis by the Huygens Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS). A sampling system is required for sampling the aerosols in the 135'32 km and 22'17 km altitude regions of Titan's atmosphere. A pump unit is used to force the gas flow through a filter. In its sampling position, the filter front face extends a few mm beyond the inlet tube. The oven is a pyrolysis furnace where a heating element can heat the filter and hence the sampled aerosols to 250 °C or 600 °C. The oven contains the filter, which has a thimble-like shape (height 28 mm). For transferring effluent gas and pyrolysis products to GCMS, the carrier gas is a labeled nitrogen ¹⁵N₂, to avoid unwanted secondary reactions with Titan's atmospheric nitrogen. Aeraulic tests under cold temperature conditions were conducted by using a cold gas test system developed by ONERA. The objective of the test was to demonstrate the functional ability of the instrument during the descent of the probe and to understand its thermal behavior, that is to test the performance of all its components, pump unit and mechanisms. In order to validate ACP's scientific performance, pyrolysis tests were conducted at LISA on solid phase material synthesized from experimental simulation. The chromatogram obtained by GCMS analysis shows many organic compounds. Some GC peaks appear clearly from the total mass spectra, with specific ions well identified thanks to the very high sensitivity of the mass spectrometer. The program selected for calibrating the flight model is directly linked to the GCMS calibration plan. In order not to pollute the two flight models with products of solid samples such as tholins, we excluded any direct pyrolysis tests through the ACP oven during the first phase of the calibration. Post probe descent simulation of flight results are planned, using the much representative GCMS and ACP spare models. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于神经网络的飞行科目模板样本集建立方法

为建立某一飞行科目的模板样本集,提出一套基于神经网络和卡尔曼滤波的数据处理方法。任选一次试飞样本,建立Kohonen自组织神经网络进行参数降维、聚类分析、特征提取等,使样本量缩减90%以上,得到该科目的模板样本集。用处理后的样本训练BP神经网络,对其他未经处理的试飞样本进行载荷预测,误差均在3%之内,说明处理后的样本能代表该科目的数据特点,即为模板样本集。方法可以为飞机载荷监控数据库的完善工作服务。