航天器介质盘环结构内带电特性三维仿真分析

针对航天器内特定结构的内带电（IDC）问题，以航天器典型复杂介质结构——太阳帆板驱动机构介质盘环为研究对象，开展了地球同步轨道恶劣充电环境（Flumic3）下介质内带电三维仿真分析。通过Geant4实现电荷输运模拟，根据电荷守恒定律数值计算得到电场，在此基础上，研究了屏蔽厚度对介质内带电的影响规律，提出了根据屏蔽厚度调整入射电子能谱能量下限以提高计算效率的方法。仿真结果表明，盘环结构内带电最严重部位是盘环最外圈上层介质与金属导电环接触的上边沿；增加屏蔽厚度可以减缓充电风险，但是随着温度降低，屏蔽效果会随之减弱。在地球同步轨道恶劣充电环境（Flumic3）下，当温度低至183 K时，由于辐射诱导电导率成为总电导率的主导部分，从而增大屏蔽的同时也会降低介质电导率，导致即使3 mm铝屏蔽下仍可能出现接近10⁷ V/m的场强峰值。     

航天器用聚合物介质抗内带电改性技术

采用对航天器聚合物介质进行非线性电导改性的方法消除或削弱材料的内带电现象,以期达到消除介质脉冲放电对航天器可靠性的威胁的目标.实验研究发现,采用具有非线性电导率特性的粉粒(添加剂)对航天器用PTFE和EP进行改性,该两种复合介质材料均可产生显著的非线性电导特性.而且,该种添加剂可以显著降低PTFE的非线性电导阈值,改变EP的非线性电导特性的陡度,而不会对两种材料的直流电气强度产生显著影响.     

非线性添加剂对聚酰亚胺介电性能的影响

采用非线性添加剂对聚酰亚胺进行电导率改性,研究了改性前后介质的电导特性及其他介电性能,以及添加剂含量对聚酰亚胺复合介质材料电导特性的影响。结果表明,改性后的复合试样的体电导率随添加剂质量分数的变化而变化,当质量分数小于5%时,电导率略有下降,大于5%时显著上升。改性后的复合介质材料的非线性电导率特性变化显著。     

介质材料介电常数均匀性测试评价系统

介绍了针对介质材料的介电常数的均匀性测试方法,基于谐振微扰法和场分析理论,建立了圆柱腔内样品分段测试模型。利用工作在TM_(0n0)的圆柱腔进行方法可行性验证后,设计了一套由矢量网络分析仪、计算机、圆柱腔、移动装置等组成的介电常数均匀性测试系统,并利用自动化测试软件,旨在实现对介质材料介电常数的在线自动化均匀性测试。通过对三种典型介质材料进行均匀性测试分析,与材料制造商比对的测试差别分别小于0.02、0.04和0.15,证明了该均匀性能测试评价系统的可行性和有效性。     

酚醛-涤纶的SIMS/AES表面分析

我们使用PHI595型扫描俄歇微探针(AES/SAM)[2]和PHI3500型二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)对酚醛-涤纶材料在星体使用前后的表面形态及杂质进行了测试。由于SIMS的检测灵敏度极高,AES又具有极好的空间分辨力,所以两者结合是一种很好的表面检测组合形式。它适合于各种宇航材料的物理化学性能测试,亦可对各种表面处理工艺进行鉴定。在测试酚醛-涤纶这样的绝缘体时,尽管在测试中会有电荷积累,但由于采用了消电荷措施仍能给出满意的测试结果。     

卫星胶粘剂出气性质测试和预处理结果分析

根据有关标准，对卫星用１３种胶粘剂材料出气污染性质进行了标准筛选测试和不同预处理条件下的再标准测试。测试结果分析表明：真空烘烤预处理可明显降低材料总质量扣损失；真空烘烤预处理不能明显改善材料水气回吸性。     

滑油系统全流量磨粒在线监测静电传感技术研究

在滑油系统全流量磨粒在线静电监测中,针对缺乏与实际物理模型相一致的数学模型以及深入地分析,建立了较准确的数学模型.对信号采集电路的分析表明:带不同极性电荷的磨粒经过静电感应区域时输出的感应电压变化不同,从而确定带电磨粒的极性.同时,引入空间灵敏度概念,对带电磨粒的位置、传感器的轴向长度与径向半径3个影响因素分别进行了研究,所得空间灵敏度曲线彼此印证,进而说明了所建数学模型的准确性.为了证实所建立的数学模型与实际的滑油系统全流量磨粒在线监测数据的一致性,设计了仿真监测试验平台,试验结果表明,虽然监测到的静电感应信号夹杂着噪声,但与理论分析的理想电压输出相似,并且可以判断磨粒所带电荷的极性.     

静电引信探测的主要影响因素分析

文章采用电磁场数值仿真的方法对影响静电引信探测的主要因素进行了分析。首先,在导弹壳体不存在的理想情况下验证了仿真模型的准确性;然后,分析了导弹壳体存在时,导弹壳体对探测结果的影响以及壳体带电、海/地平面对探测结果的影响。仿真结果表明,导弹壳体会导致电极板上的感应电荷和感应电流比理论值大,而壳体带电、海/地平面对探测电流基本没有影响。     

不同复合基底旋波介质的吸波特性研究

首次制备了不同复合基底的旋波介质,利用网络分析仪对样品进行了测量。实验表明,适当改变基底电导率或适量掺杂铁电、铁磁性物质可有效降低旋波介质的反射率,可有效调节复合手性材料的吸波性能,为研制高效、宽频、轻质的吸收材料提供了切实可行的思路。文中对测量结构进行了定性的分析,并与以非复合材料为基底的旋波介质进行了比较。     

椭球形颗粒多相复合介质的有效电导率张量

本文从理论上给出了椭球形颗粒悬浮于多相复合介质中时计算有效电导率张量的低密度近似公式,并研究了悬浮颗粒的几何形状(圆球形、长棒形、扁圆盘形等)对电导率张量的影响,提出了计算无序非均匀系有效电导率的公式。本文结果也适用于多相复合介质的有效介电常数和磁导率的计算。     

ACTIVE SPACECRAFT POTENTIAL CONTROL

Charging of the outer surface or of the entire structure of a spacecraft in orbit can have a severe impact on the scientific output of the instruments. Typical floating potentials for magnetospheric satellites (from +1 to several tens of volts in sunlight) make it practically impossible to measure the cold (several eV) component of the ambient plasma. Effects of spacecraft charging are reduced by an entirely conductive surface of the spacecraft and by active charge neutralisation, which in the case of Cluster only deals with a positive potential. The Cluster spacecraft are instrumented with ion emitters of the liquid-metal ion-source type, which will produce indium ions at 5 to 8 keV energy. The operating principle is field evaporation of indium in the apex field of a needle. The advantages are low power consumption, compactness and high mass efficiency. The ion current will be adjusted in a feedback loop with instruments measuring the spacecraft potential (EFW and PEACE). A stand-alone mode is also foreseen as a back-up. The design and principles of the operation of the active spacecraft potential control instrument (ASPOC) are presented in detail. Flight experience with a similar instrument on the Geotail spacecraft is outlined.     

Global avionics in the future

The following topics are discussed: new batteries for old airplanes; new charge controls for lengthening battery life; fast methods for batteries charging; AC conductance measurement based battery testing; pulse power; bipolar lead-acid batteries vs supercapacitors; Ni electrode cells for spacecraft; worn-out battery disposal; recycling technology; vehicle batteries cost; high energy content batteries; and energy storage for electric utilities     

航天器空间辐射防护材料与防护结构

电子、质子、重离子、光子等空间辐射环境可在航天器材料或元器件中产生单粒子效应、总剂量效应、表面充放电效应、位移损伤效应、内带电效应等,因此,需要对航天器进行空间辐射防护。本文首先介绍空间辐射防护原理和防护有效性,进而从材料、分系统(或部组件)、航天器3个不同维度,对质量屏蔽防护材料、静电防护材料、抗辐射功能材料、航天器局部辐射防护结构和整星辐射防护结构进行了探讨,最后对未来发展的方向进行了讨论。     

The Engineering Radiation Monitor for the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Mission

An Engineering Radiation Monitor (ERM) has been developed as a supplementary spacecraft subsystem for NASA’s Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission. The ERM will monitor total dose and deep dielectric charging at each RBSP spacecraft in real time. Configured to take the place of spacecraft balance mass, the ERM contains an array of eight dosimeters and two buried conductive plates. The dosimeters are mounted under covers of varying shielding thickness to obtain a dose-depth curve and characterize the electron and proton contributions to total dose. A 3-min readout cadence coupled with an initial sensitivity of ～0.01 krad should enable dynamic measurements of dose rate throughout the 9-hr RBSP orbit. The dosimeters are Radiation-sensing Field Effect Transistors (RadFETs) and operate at zero bias to preserve their response even when powered off. The range of the RadFETs extends above 1000 krad to avoid saturation over the expected duration of the mission. Two large-area (～10 cm²) charge monitor plates set behind different thickness covers will measure the dynamic currents of weakly-penetrating electrons that can be potentially hazardous to sensitive electronic components within the spacecraft. The charge monitors can handle large events without saturating (～3000 fA/cm²) and provide sufficient sensitivity (～0.1 fA/cm²) to gauge quiescent conditions. High time-resolution (5 s) monitoring allows detection of rapid changes in flux and enables correlation of spacecraft anomalies with local space weather conditions. Although primarily intended as an engineering subsystem to monitor spacecraft radiation levels, real-time data from the ERM may also prove useful or interesting to a larger community.     

基于混合神经网络模型的磨粒电荷检测方法研究

由于传统的滑油磨粒在线监测方法无法获取电荷分布位置信息,难以准确测量荷电颗粒数目及其携带的电荷量。为此,本文提出一种基于静电层析成像（Electrostatic tomography,EST）技术和深度学习算法的荷电颗粒检测方法。对EST传感器测量数据采用BP神经网络算法重建出测量截面上电荷的分布图像,采用卷积神经网络（Convolutional neural networks,CNN）算法分析重建图像以识别荷电颗粒数目,将识别的颗粒数目和传感器测量数据组合成输入向量,通过1个多层前馈网络确定带电颗粒数目、感应电荷值与颗粒电荷量值之间的映射关系,得到准确的各颗粒的电荷量值。实验结果表明：混合神经网络模型对数据样本的测量误差为9%,可满足滑油监测对于准确性的要求。     

碰摩故障静电监测方法及模拟实验

针对航空发动机叶片碰摩故障难以实现在线监测的问题,展开基于静电感应原理的碰摩故障监测新方法研究。分析了碰摩颗粒产生与荷电机理,以静电传感器理论和点电荷感应信号特征为依据,建立了周期碰摩静电感应理论模型。研究结果表明:周期碰摩在静电传感器上的输出是一系列以碰摩频率为间隔的随频率增大幅值迅速衰减的周期离散谱线。为了验证模型的正确性,利用自行研制的静电传感器,采用模拟碰摩的方式进行了两组实验。第1组实验结果表明传感器可以监测到模拟碰摩故障产生的带电颗粒,碰摩阶段的信号活动率水平明显增大,但事件率没有出现明显的变化;第2组实验在信号频域出现了非常明显的特征频率及其二倍频,且二倍幅值频随频率增大迅速衰减,证明了模型的有效性。     

大型低轨道载人航天器电位主动控制

采用高电压太阳电池阵供电系统的低轨道(LEO)大型航天器会收集周围空间环境电子电流,使其被充电到较高的负电位,从而对航天器交会对接和航天员出舱产生严重的危害,因此对这种航天器表面电位进行主动控制可有效降低航天器运行风险和保障航天员安全。采用地面模拟试验的方法,利用空心阴极等离子体接触器发射电子的手段,模拟太空环境下对带负电航天器表面电位进行有效控制。研究结果表明,最小工质流率大于4.0 sccm时空心阴极发射的电子电流可以抵消航天器吸收的电子电流,实现航天器电位的自适应控制,将航天器表面电位钳制在20 V之内;且随着氙气流率的增加,钳位电压会更小。这一方法将有效避免航天员出舱活动和航天器交会对接时的放电危险,对中国航天器带电效应防护具有很重要的意义。     

The Charging of Planetary Rings

This chapter will review what is known about the charging of planetary rings, in particular the sum of the individual currents from the time-varying charge dQ/dt, of the planetary ring particle. For the smallest ring particles, in addition to checking the plasma conditions for the charging currents, one must consider if collective effects in the ring environment are relevant. Two planetary ring environments that have held a strong interest for ring scientists in the last two decades are Saturn’s spokes in the B Ring and the environment of Saturn’s E ring. Two sections of this chapter will describe these planetary ring charging environments in detail. Finally, we describe two charging effects that demonstrate areas of future studies while providing fresh examples of the intriguing effects from planetary ring charging processes.     

Data mining as a foundation for science-enabling autonomy

In-situ exploration by spacecraft and planetary rovers will increasingly require knowledge "on demand" in the future as downlinlk constraints limit the amount of information that can be transmitted from these platforms back to Earth. Several on-board processing methods have the potential to significantly enhance scientific results in these settings. They include automatic detection Of natural satellites of planetary bodies, investigation of possible surface motions on planets and planetary moons, and directed acquisition Of scientific data by planetary rovers. The key ingpredient in all three cases is the need to process scientific data directly on-board, so that information can be rapidly provided to an automated spacecraft ex~ecutive and/or to ground-based Principal Inesiators (pis). We discuss, herein, recent developments in data mining technology that were designed initially for ground-based scientific data analysis. We then outline how these ideas can be migrated to on-board platforms to dramatically enhance the scientific capabilities of autonomous spacecraft.