跨声速飞机高可信度多设计点多约束气动优化设计技术研究

本文目的是研究和开发工程实用的高可信度数值优化设计技术,并应用于先进跨声速飞机机翼的三维气动外形优化设计。本文综合应用了自由几何变形(FFD)几何外形参数化方法、弹簧比拟非结构网格变形方法、基于RANS方程的高可信度计算流体力学(CFD)分析方法、径向基函数(RBF)代理模型方法、粒子群寻优(PSO)方法等技术,分别对NASA CRM模型、航空工业设计的W2机翼模型展开了单设计点和多设计点的三维气动外形优化设计。通过对单设计点优化设计后的CRM翼身组合体、双设计点优化设计后的W2机翼模型气动外形进行详细的气动分析,发现优化后的CRM翼身组合体、W2机翼模型相对初始外形气动性能得到显著改进,证实了数值优化设计技术应用于先进跨声速飞机机翼三维气动外形设计的有效性。同时证实了开发的数值优化设计技术和工具的正确性和实用性。     

某机载吊舱的气动特性分析

为满足航空遥感试验研究需求,设计并分析了一种飞机机腹吊舱。文中采用CFD软件对飞机机腹加装的吊舱进行气动外形特性分析,首先利用Icem软件对机载吊舱进行结构性网格划分,通过Flunet软件模拟飞机在多种高空环境下的飞行特性,仿真其受压力变化分布,并计算飞机重心的变化,提出吊舱设计应考虑压力调节需求和机腹结构加强需求,并评估飞机重心变化对飞行安全的影响。经飞行试验证明,该吊舱设计合理,可为同类产品设计提供参考。     

运输类飞机巡航阻力CFD计算分析

针对运输类飞机设计过程中的巡航阻力准确预测问题,采用基于多块结构网格求解三维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的并行流动求解器“CCFD-MB”,对AIAA阻力预测小组提供的典型运输类飞机DLR—F6翼身构型进行了CFD计算分析,比较了小同规模网格及不同湍流模型对计算结果的影响;并通过与DLR-F4翼身构型计算结果...     

HyperFLOW亚跨声速流动验证

主要介绍了结构/非结构混合CFD软件HyperFLOW的设计开发与验证.HyperFLOW软件在结构网格上采用结构算法,在非结构网格上采用非结构算法,以充分利用两种网格及解算器的优点.首先介绍了软件的体系结构和基本算法,然后采用NASA Trap-Wing高升力外形和DLR-F6翼身组合体,对软件的结构解算器和非结构解算器进行了验证.结果表明,该软件的结构解算器和非结构解算器均有较好的网格收敛性,计算结果与其他参考结果和试验数据均符合较好,具有可接受的可信度.     

多重网格技术在民机模型流场数值模拟中的应用

本文采用自主开发的ENSMB V1.2（Euler/Navier- Stokes equation Multi- Block solver system Version 1.2）航空数值计算平台,利用DPW提供的多块结构网格,数值模拟了DLR—F6翼身组合体的外形。主要研究了多重网格技术的加速收敛效应。得到了一些初步结论。     

电动前起落架

最近,德国宇航中心（DLR）技术学院启动了空客A320的以燃料电池为动力的电动前起落架的地面测试。一旦试验成功,该技术可大幅降低飞机滑行过程中的油耗和噪声。     

X—38飞行器无粘绕流的非结构网格模拟

本文采用非结构网格，利用DLR所发展的计算软件TAU对X－38飞行器高超声速无粘绕流进行数值计算。为了生成有效的计算网格及提高对流场细节的分辨率，在求解过程中应用了网格自适应,并研究了网格密度对气动力的影响程度；同时与现有的实验结果和用结构网格得到的结果进行了比较，符合程度令人满意。     

电动前起落架

最近，德国宇航中心（DLR）技术学院启动了空客A320的以燃料电池为动力的电动前起落架的地面测试。一旦试验成功，该技术可大幅降低飞机滑行过程中的油耗和噪声。     

用混合网格模拟绕X-38粘性流动

采用混合网格，利用DLR所发展的计算软件TAU对X-38高超声速粘性绕流进行了数值计算，网格自适应技术被用来生成有效的计算网格及提高对流场细节的分辨率。计算结果与现有的实验结果和用结构网格得到的结果吻合很好。     

HyperFLOW 软件数值模拟TrapWing 高升力外形北大核心CSCD

采用High-Lift研讨会提供的梯形翼外形(TrapWing),利用自主研发的基于结构、非结构网格的通用CFD软件HyperFLOW进行了数值计算,以评估其对复杂外形低速流的模拟能力。分别采用了三套不同拓扑结构的计算网格,包括两套非结构/混合网格和一套多块结构网格,每套网格又分为粗、中、细三种密度不同的网格数量以考察其网格收敛性。利用Richardson插值法,对计算结果开展了可信度分析。结果表明,不管是结构网格还是非结构网格,HyperFLOW均建立了可接受的可信度;对于高升力外形数值模拟,SA湍流模型要比SST湍流模型模拟的更准确;在失速迎角附近,现有的二阶精度解算器仍需持续改进。     

可应用于民机空气动力设计中的数值优化方法

目前民机成功设计的一个关键要素即在设计中有效地引入计算流体力学（CFD）的模拟方法和软件,特别是具有设计能力的方法和工具。本文概要地叙述了反设计、基于CFD低可信度和高可信度模型等数值优化方法的发展和应用于民机设计的历史和现状;简单地介绍了即将举行的空气动力优化设计计算系列研讨会;重点讨论了对可应用于民机设计的基于Navier-Stokes方程解算器的OPTIMAS的数值优化方法的要求及其构造方法,并以翼身组合体整流外形和翼身融合体（BWB）外形的算例表明其有效性,说明OPTIMAS可以成为民机日常设计的方法和工具之一。     

可应用于民机空气动力设计中的数值优化方法简

 目前民机成功设计的一个关键要素即在设计中有效地引入计算流体力学（CFD）的模拟方法和软件,特别是具有设计能力的方法和工具。本文概要地叙述了反设计、基于CFD低可信度和高可信度模型等数值优化方法的发展和应用于民机设计的历史和现状;简单地介绍了即将举行的空气动力优化设计计算系列研讨会;重点讨论了对可应用于民机设计的基于Navier-Stokes方程解算器的OPTIMAS的数值优化方法的要求及其构造方法,并以翼身组合体整流外形和翼身融合体（BWB）外形的算例表明其有效性,说明OPTIMAS可以成为民机日常设计的方法和工具之一。     

Improvement of numerical methods for crash analysis in future composite aircraft design

Recent aircraft as well as rotorcraft design technologies include more and more composite materials. Their high mechanical characteristics and high mass specific energy absorption capability motivate their use in large primary structures as well as in sub-floor structural and crashworthy components in preference to metals. Due to the increased performance of computers and new explicit finite element (FE) software developments industry now considers using crash simulation technologies to study the crashworthiness of new aircraft design. In order to address the crash analysis of composite structures, which is much more difficult than the behaviour of ductile metallic structures, a German/French research co-operation was set up between ONERA and DLR. This paper summarises results from the first 3 years collaboration and some work performed within a European research project on composite fuselage structures. In the first part of the paper, ONERA presents its contribution to the characterisation of composite materials from 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ up to 100 s⁻¹ on hydraulic machines. Simulations have been undertaken to model the tests and evaluate the FE codes. In the second part DLR studies are presented on the application of a commercial explicit FE code to simulate the behaviour of generic energy absorbing composite sub-floor elements, representative for helicopters and general aviation aircraft, under low velocity crash conditions (up to 15 m/s). This includes some comparisons between predicted structural response and failure modes with observed test results.     

FlowStar:国家数值风洞(NNW)工程非结构通用CFD软件

计算流体力学（CFD）仿真软件是流体相关的数学物理知识和工程实践经验的数字化表达,是工业数字化转型的重要助推。然而,大型工业CFD软件研发难度极高,需要同时兼顾功能多样、系统稳定、性能优越、交互友好等特征。依托国家数值风洞（NNW）工程,研发出一款通用流场模拟软件NNW-FlowStar,并在航空、航天等工业部门大力推广使用。软件基于非结构有限体积求解方法和大规模并行计算技术开发,结合现代化软件工程思维设计,具备先进的数值方法、高效的计算效率和友好的用户操作界面,可满足各类复杂外形的高效气动模拟。独特的重叠网格技术配合六自由度运动模块,可帮助实现武器分离、舱门定轴转动等各类气动-运动协同仿真需求。多类标模案例和复杂工程应用表明,FlowStar软件算法鲁棒、精度可靠,是一款高精度、高效率、高可靠性的通用CFD仿真软件。通过对软件的架构设计和功能应用进行介绍,使相关从业人员能更好地了解FlowStar软件,最终促进国产自主CFD软件生态的良性发展。     

Numerical simulation of flows around helicopters at DLR and ONERA

This paper presents an overview of recent activities in CFD research conducted within cooperations between DLR and ONERA for the simulation of helicopter arerodynamics. These activities are mainly illustrated by two topics in the framework of a previous 3-year bilateral cooperation on `Rotorcraft CFD code Development', the objective of which was the assessement, comparison and further improvement of the DLR and ONERA Euler/Navier–Stokes methods for the prediction of the flow around isolated helicopter rotors. The first topic is devoted to a comparison of two different grid strategies for time-accurate inviscid flow computations of multibladed rotors in forward flight from the solution of Euler equations: the moving grid approach by ONERA and the overlapping grid technique by DLR. The second topic is concerned with a comparison of respective Euler/Kirchhoff aeroacoustic methods for the prediction of High Speed Impulsive noise of rotors. For the assessment and improvement of Navier–Stokes methods for fuselage drag prediction, a comparison between DLR and ONERA Navier–Stokes solutions achieved within the prediction phase of the Brite/EuRam European project `HELIFUSE' is also presented. The paper is concluded by a summary of ongoing DLR and ONERA research activities in the framework of the new long-term project `CHANCE' (Complete Helicopter AdvaNced Computational Environment) for the development and assessment of common Franco-German CFD tools for the complete helicopter accounting for trim and dynamics.     

NeoCASS: An integrated tool for structural sizing, aeroelastic analysis and MDO at conceptual design level

This paper presents a design framework called NeoCASS (Next generation Conceptual Aero-Structural Sizing Suite), developed at the Department of Aerospace Engineering of Politecnico di Milano in the frame of SimSAC (Simulating Aircraft Stability And Control Characteristics for Use in Conceptual Design) project, funded by EU in the context of 6th Framework Program. It enables the creation of efficient low-order, medium fidelity models particularly suitable for structural sizing, aeroelastic analysis and optimization at the conceptual design level.The whole methodology is based on the integration of geometry construction, aerodynamic and structural analysis codes that combine depictive, computational, analytical, and semi-empirical methods, validated in an aircraft design environment.The work here presented aims at including the airframe and its effect from the very beginning of the conceptual design. This aspect is usually not considered in this early phase. In most cases, very simplified formulas and datasheets are adopted, which implies a low level of detail and a poor accuracy. Through NeoCASS, a preliminar distribution of stiffness and inertias can be determined, given the initial layout. The adoption of empirical formulas is reduced to the minimum in favor of simple numerical methods. This allows to consider the aeroelastic behavior and performances, as well, improving the accuracy of the design tools during the iterative steps and lowering the development costs and reducing the time to market.The result achieved is a design tool based on computational methods for the aero-structural analysis and Multi-Disciplinary Optimization (MDO) of aircraft layouts at the conceptual design stage. A complete case study regarding the TransoniCRuiser aircraft, including validation of the results obtained using industrial standard tools like MSC/NASTRAN and a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code, is reported. As it will be shown, it is possible to improve the degree of fidelity of the conceptual design process by including tailored numerical tools, overcoming the lacks of statistical methods. The result is a method minimally dependent on datasheets, featuring a good compromise between accuracy and costs.     

From geometry to CFD grids—An automated approach for conceptual design

The CEASIOM software developed in the EU-funded collaborative research project SimSAC generates stability and control data for preliminary aircraft design using different methods of varying fidelity. In order to obtain the aerodynamic derivatives by CFD, the aircraft geometry must be defined, computational meshes generated, and numerical parameters set for the flow solvers. An approach to automation of the process is discussed, involving geometry generation and mesh generation for inviscid as well as RANS flow models.     

NNW-HyFLOW高超声速流动模拟软件框架设计

NNW-HyFLOW在国家数值风洞（NNW）工程支持下,由风雷开源软件提供基础框架支撑,将建设成为基于结构/非结构混合网格,面向高超声速应用领域的国产自主工业CFD软件,具备高温气体热化学非平衡效应模拟及其相关气动力、气动热和气动物理特性计算分析等主要特色功能。本文从框架设计、数据结构、耦合方法、并行计算方法以及接口设计等方面对软件设计思想和框架特点进行了介绍,给出了求解器采用的理论模型、核心数值算法及其实现方法,结合HEG风洞试验、RAM-C飞行试验、Electre飞行试验以及航天飞机OV102飞行试验等典型算例开展了数值模拟。研究表明：NNW-HyFLOW具有底层代码复用、功能兼容性好、扩展能力强和接口灵活等优点,其当前测试版本已经具备了较好的高超声速非平衡流动数值模拟能力,在热化学非平衡效应及其影响的气动力特性、气动热环境和等离子体分布特性预测与评估方面,具有较高的数值计算精准度,初步满足了高超声速复杂飞行器高温非平衡流动数值模拟的需求。     

现代自然层流翼型的设计方法

本文介绍一种设计跨声速自然层流翼型的计算流体力学(CFD)方法。本方法采用“正反迭代、余量修正”设计原理,通过将跨声速翼型设计软件NPU-TD2D中的反设计程序进行改进,并与含有层、湍流混合边界层修正的跨声速层流翼型计算程序DLRBGKWALZ耦合,实现了在跨声速粘性流动条件下直接设计层流翼型。亚、超临界的设计实例和风洞验证表明,本方法可以在几个设计迭代内设计出压力分布、转捩位置及气动参数均准确收敛于设计目标的新翼型,是一种设计现代自然层流翼型的有效而实用的CFD方法。