双尾撑布局无人机总体气动设计研究进展

介绍了双尾撑布局飞机的起源和特征,讨论了大展弦比和中等展弦比双尾撑布局无人机的设计特点和区别,归纳了双尾撑无人机总体气动设计工具、经验估算公式和阻力特性;指出将统计方法和数值模拟方法相结合,进行多学科设计优化是可行的解决方案,并对未来可能的设计方向进行了展望。     

可应用于民机空气动力设计中的数值优化方法

目前民机成功设计的一个关键要素即在设计中有效地引入计算流体力学（CFD）的模拟方法和软件,特别是具有设计能力的方法和工具。本文概要地叙述了反设计、基于CFD低可信度和高可信度模型等数值优化方法的发展和应用于民机设计的历史和现状;简单地介绍了即将举行的空气动力优化设计计算系列研讨会;重点讨论了对可应用于民机设计的基于Navier-Stokes方程解算器的OPTIMAS的数值优化方法的要求及其构造方法,并以翼身组合体整流外形和翼身融合体（BWB）外形的算例表明其有效性,说明OPTIMAS可以成为民机日常设计的方法和工具之一。     

可应用于民机空气动力设计中的数值优化方法简

 目前民机成功设计的一个关键要素即在设计中有效地引入计算流体力学（CFD）的模拟方法和软件,特别是具有设计能力的方法和工具。本文概要地叙述了反设计、基于CFD低可信度和高可信度模型等数值优化方法的发展和应用于民机设计的历史和现状;简单地介绍了即将举行的空气动力优化设计计算系列研讨会;重点讨论了对可应用于民机设计的基于Navier-Stokes方程解算器的OPTIMAS的数值优化方法的要求及其构造方法,并以翼身组合体整流外形和翼身融合体（BWB）外形的算例表明其有效性,说明OPTIMAS可以成为民机日常设计的方法和工具之一。     

基于高拟真度模型的高超声速飞行器静气动弹性优化

为解决基于计算流体动力学(CFD)和计算结构动力学(CSD)高拟真度模型的静气动弹性优化过程中模型更新自动化困难、求解速度慢的难点,提出了基于几何主模型技术的CFD/CSD一体化参数化建模方法和基于网格单元修正的常体积四面体(CVT)数据交换技术,并引入响应面模型来降低气动弹性优化求解难度.通过AGARD 445.6机翼静气动弹性分析对上述方法的可行性和有效性进行了验证;并以某高超声速飞行器为例,采用基于二次响应面的多目标优化算法进行了CFD/CSD气动弹性分析与优化,优化后飞行器升阻比增加16%,结构质量减少9%,且响应面模型精度拟合误差不超过1.5%.计算结果表明:所发展的CFD/CSD一体化参数化建模与优化方法能够有效地解决高拟真度模型的静气动弹性优化问题.      

基于CFD的静气动弹性优化设计方法

以三维Navier-Stokes方程为控制方程,数值计算弹性机翼跨音速气动力,耦合结构静平衡方程,研究弹性机翼的静气动弹性变形和真实载荷分布,并在此基础上,对机翼的型架外形进行基于静气动弹性的多学科的优化设计(MDO),以及对机翼进行基于总升力不变的飞行姿态确定,以满足弹性机翼在飞行时的品质设计要求.以某后掠机翼为例,设计结果达到预期目标.     

Computational approach for investigation of thrust and acoustic performances of present-day nozzles

A computational viewpoint on the problems of design and numerical simulation for the nozzles of modern aircraft turbofan engines is presented. Modern concepts of noise-suppressing nozzles for civil aircraft are reviewed. Examples of application of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) methods to the analysis of nozzle flow structure and assessment of nozzle thrust characteristics are given. Errors of turbulence models in simulation of jets are analyzed. The authors’ experience in simulation of noise-suppressing nozzles for supersonic civil aircrafts is demonstrated. Insufficient accuracy of acoustic analogies for this class of tasks is shown, but a possible area of acoustic analogies application is noted. The essential elements of computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach and numerical methods characteristic of CAA are reviewed. Numerical methodology for the simulation of nozzle acoustic performance is described in detail, including methods for simulation of near and far field of a nozzle, for generation of input perturbations and for the processing the far-field noise. Results of verification and methodical analysis of this acoustic methodology are presented.     

考虑不确定性的飞机总体参数优化方法

由于在各种设计问题包括飞机概念设计中都存在一定的不确定性,因此在总体参数优化时有必要考虑这种不确定性。以大型客机总体参数优化设计为例,定义了考虑不确定性的飞机总体参数优化问题,该问题与传统飞机总体参数优化的区别是要进行不确定性分析。而不确定性分析的计算量过大,为此提出了一种渐进代理模型方法来解决这一难题。在建立代理模型时,通过连续成批地在设计空间的全局和局部均加入新样本点,不断提高代理模型的全局拟合精度,直至获得满意的代理模型为止。然后在优化过程中使用计算量小的代理模型。大型客机总体参数优化问题中含有5个设计变量,目标函数为起飞重量最轻,并需满足4个性能约束。考虑了不确定性后,不仅使目标值（起飞重量）对总体参数变化的敏感度有所减小,而且满足约束（设计要求）概率显著提高。     

计算气动弹性在飞行器设计中的研究与应用

近年来,计算气动弹性(CAE)开始作为一个正式术语出现于一些研究文献中,用来描述耦合高精度的计算流体动力学(CFD)与计算结构动力学(CSD)分析气动弹性问题的方法。本文阐述了CAE方法的基本概念、计算流程及其耦合方法,着重分析了CAE求解计算需要解决的关键问题,介绍了CAE方法在飞行器设计中研究应用的发展状况,并展望了其未来的发展方向。     

From geometry to CFD grids—An automated approach for conceptual design

The CEASIOM software developed in the EU-funded collaborative research project SimSAC generates stability and control data for preliminary aircraft design using different methods of varying fidelity. In order to obtain the aerodynamic derivatives by CFD, the aircraft geometry must be defined, computational meshes generated, and numerical parameters set for the flow solvers. An approach to automation of the process is discussed, involving geometry generation and mesh generation for inviscid as well as RANS flow models.     

飞机总体优化设计的新进展

回顾飞机总体优化设计的传统方法 ,介绍多学科优化方法在飞机设计中的应用状况和最新发展。重点讨论为解决设计变量过多和计算耗费太大问题提出的试验设计和响应面近似法以及带不确定性多学科优化的鲁棒设计方法。提出飞机总体优化设计的一些关键研究领域 :气动—结构、气动—隐身、结构—主动控制等 ,最后展望多学科优化在飞机总体设计中的应用前景     

开放式飞机总体设计环境的原型研究

 为综合集成飞机总体设计过程中所使用的各种设计分析工具以更大程度地发掘软件资源的技术价值、提高设计质量和设计效率,提出了采用开放式系统进行资源整合的方法。分析了飞机总体设计中软件应用所存在的问题及典型集成系统发展现状,定义了飞机总体设计中的模块、组件、子系统等功能实体单元及开放式系统架构的概念,并以此为基础设计了包含资源层、中间层、应用层和协同层4个层次的系统软件架构以及构建于网络之上的系统硬件架构体系。规划了系统集成与数据传输逻辑,提出了采用智能体进行飞机总体设计分析工具集成的途径,完成了包括组件自定义开发、方案设计和任务管理在内的各子系统构建逻辑并实现其正常运转。最后给出了基于系统开放式架构所形成的战斗飞机总体设计环境以说明系统集成的可行性及应用前景。     

基于总体布局参数的飞机静稳定性研究

基于飞机初步设计阶段所得到的总体布局参数,建立飞机气动导数数值模型,对亚声速静稳定性进行估算。最后对所建立的数值模型进行算例分析,并与计算流体动力学(CFD)方法所求的气动导数、实际飞行试验数据进行对比,结果表明,基于总体布局参数计算的气动导数方法快速、合理。     

Transonic aeroelastic simulation for instability searches and uncertainty analysis

In this paper the use of eigenvalue stability analysis of very large dimension aeroelastic numerical models arising from the exploitation of computational fluid dynamics is reviewed. A formulation based on a block reduction of the system Jacobian proves powerful to allow various numerical algorithms to be exploited, including frequency domain solvers, reconstruction of a term describing the fluid-structure interaction from the sparse data which incurs the main computational cost, and sampling to place the expensive samples where they are most needed. The stability formulation also allows non-deterministic analysis to be carried out very efficiently through the use of an approximate Newton solver. Finally, the system eigenvectors are exploited to produce nonlinear and parameterised reduced order models for computing limit cycle responses. The performance of the methods is illustrated with results from a number of academic and large dimension aircraft test cases.     

基于降阶模型的气动弹性主动控制律设计

流体/结构耦合数值模拟是目前解决复杂气动弹性问题精度最高的方法。但由于计算效率比较低,模型阶数过高,不能直接用于气动弹性系统的主动控制律设计。为了对主动控制系统设计提供高效高精度状态空间模型,研究了气动弹性系统的时域正则正交分解(POD)/降阶模型(ROM)方法,并引入平衡截断(BT)技术进一步降低时域POD/ROM的阶数,从而有效克服了时域POD/ROM阶数过高的缺点。在此基础上建立了基于POD-BT/ROM的气动伺服弹性降阶方程。以AGARD445.6机翼为例,说明了时域POD/ROM建模的各个细节,并将其用于气动弹性主动控制律的设计。计算结果表明,POD/ROM具有接近计算流体力学(CFD)/计算结构动力学(CSD)耦合计算的精度,同时又大大提高了计算效率约1～2个量级,是一种高精度高效率的气动弹性主动控制系统设计工具。     

Static aeroelastic analysis including geometric nonlinearities based on reduced order model

This paper describes a method proposed for modeling large deflection of aircraft in non-linear aeroelastic analysis by developing reduced order model (ROM). The method is applied for solving the static aeroelastic and static aeroelastic trim problems of flexible aircraft containing geo-metric nonlinearities; meanwhile, the non-planar effects of aerodynamics and follower force effect have been considered. ROMs are computational inexpensive mathematical representations com-pared to traditional nonlinear finite element method (FEM) especially in aeroelastic solutions. The approach for structure modeling presented here is on the basis of combined modal/finite ele-ment (MFE) method that characterizes the stiffness nonlinearities and we apply that structure mod-eling method as ROM to aeroelastic analysis. Moreover, the non-planar aerodynamic force is computed by the non-planar vortex lattice method (VLM). Structure and aerodynamics can be cou-pled with the surface spline method. The results show that both of the static aeroelastic analysis and trim analysis of aircraft based on structure ROM can achieve a good agreement compared to anal-ysis based on the FEM and experimental result.     

基于虚拟样机的飞机总体设计环境的体系研究

提出了综合集成飞机总体设计过程中所使用的不同学科专业的各种设计分析工具、创建基于分布式技术的网络化飞机总体设计工作环境、利用虚拟样机进行飞机总体设计的概念。定义了应用于飞机总体设计过程中的虚拟样机的概念,并分析了它与数字样机、CIMS等概念之间的区别和联系。以此为基础确立了飞机总体虚拟样机设计环境的分布式系统体系,设计了系统的逻辑结构和框架,规划了设计环境中的工作流与数据流,完成了各种相关技术在系统开发中所处层次地位的分解,提出了利用智能体/代理进行飞机设计工具集成的途径,分析了基于虚拟样机的飞机总体设计模式。最终构建了设计环境的原型系统,实现其正常运转。     

Static aeroelastic analysis of very flexible wings based on non-planar vortex lattice method

A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herein is used to compute the non-planar aerodynamics of flexible wings with large deformation. The finite element method is introduced for structural nonlinear statics analysis. The surface spline method is used for structure/aerodynamics coupling. The static aeroelastic characteristics of the wind tunnel model of a flexible wing are studied by the nonlinear method presented, and the nonlinear method is also evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from two other methods and the wind tunnel test. The results indicate that the traditional linear method of static aeroelastic analysis is not applicable for cases with large deformation because it produces results that are not realistic. However, the nonlinear methodology, which involves combining the structure finite element method with the non-planar vortex lattice method, could be used to solve the aeroelastic deformation with considerable accuracy, which is in fair agreement with the test results. Moreover, the nonlinear finite element method could consider complex structures. The non-planar vortex lattice method has advantages in both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, the nonlinear method presented is suitable for the rapid and efficient analysis requirements of engineering practice. It could be used in the preliminary stage and also in the detailed stage of aircraft design.     

高经济性静音中航程民机设计方法讨论

 人们已愈来愈重视工业产品对环境的影响。人们直接感受民机对环境的影响首先是机场周边的噪声。静音飞机预案的研究目标是设计一种飞机,在机场周边听不见其响声,且油耗和排污指标优于现有的和正在设计的其他飞机。通过介绍SAX（Silent Aircraft eXperiment）三代概念机的研究进程,讨论了静音飞机设计的方法和使用的关键技术,包括具有一定准确度的快速翼身融合体准三维设计方法;具有最佳中央体外形的融合体气动外形设计;可平滑下弯的外翼前缘和后缘刷;分布、埋入式多风扇可吞吸边界层的发动机组;喷口截面可变的推力矢量喷管;先进的隔音衬管;整流的起落架等。最终的概念机SAX-40实现了在机场周边的最大噪声计算值为61 dBA,接近于稠密居民区的背景噪声,且使机场周边的人们不易感觉到飞机的起飞/进场。其油耗经济性亦达到了124座 哩/加仑的优异指标。     

Stability analysis using SDSA tool

The SDSA (Simulation and Dynamic Stability Analysis) application is presented as a tool for analysing the dynamic characteristics of the aircraft just in the conceptual design stage. SDSA is part of the CEASIOM (Computerized Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimization Methods) software environment which was developed within the SimSAC (Simulating Aircraft Stability And Control Characteristics for Use in Conceptual Design) project, funded by the European Commission 6th Framework Program. SDSA can also be used as stand alone software, and integrated with other design and optimisation systems using software wrappers. This paper focuses on the main functionalities of SDSA and presents both computational and free flight experimental results to compare and validate the presented software. Two aircraft are considered, the EADS Ranger 2000 and the Warsaw University designed PW-6 glider. For the two cases considered here the SDSA software is shown to be an excellent tool for predicting dynamic characteristics of an aircraft.