考虑油滴变形和二次油滴效应的轴承腔壁面油膜流动分析

航空发动机轴承腔油气两相流动状态下的壁面油膜分布和流动速度直接影响其润滑和换热特性.考虑油滴变形和二次油滴沉积效应作用,通过油滴变形和运动、油滴/腔壁碰撞过程质量和动量转移以及二次油滴运动和沉积分析,获得油滴沉积过程的质量和动量转移;在此基础上利用根据力平衡原理和质量守恒原理建立的壁面油膜分布和流动的力学模型获得壁面油膜的厚度和速度分布.分析和探讨了油滴变形对油滴速度和运行轨迹的影响,变形和二次沉积效应对油滴质量和动量转移以及壁面油膜厚度和速度分布的影响.计算结果表明:考虑变形后油滴所受阻力增加,其运动速度减小,运行轨迹更加弯曲,一次质量转移增加,一次动量转移减小;二次油滴的数量很大,其沉积质量和动量转移是轴承腔中油滴质量和动量转移的主要部分;油滴变形和二次沉积效应作用下壁面油膜的厚度和流动速度都明显增大,润滑油加速排出.     

未来刀具

随着新型加工技术的发展和尖端产品的日益精密化和集成化,研发高精度、高效率、高可靠性和专用化的现代高效刀具,获得更好的加工性能和经济性已成为行业的共识。     

射弹高速打击下油箱空腔动力学研究

为了确定高速射弹击穿飞机油箱后干舱起火的时间和燃油的泄漏流速,需要对射弹穿入燃油引起的空腔形成和崩塌过程进行分析,确定空腔的崩塌完成时间和空腔内的压力。建立了用于模拟高速射弹侵入燃油后空腔形成和崩塌的解析模型和数值模型,分析了射弹速度衰减引起的动能损失和空腔形成所需的能量之间的转换过程,定量计算了空腔内压力以及空腔崩塌完成时间和位置。研究结果表明:对于给定形状和尺寸的射弹,在空腔形成和崩塌期间,空腔内的压力和空腔崩塌完成时间变化较小,与射弹速度无关近似为常数;空腔初始崩塌的位置与撞击速度之间存在弱相关性。     

民用航空产品研发和审定活动中的需求分析与管理问题研究

研究了民用航空产品研发和审定过程中有关需求分析与管理的若干问题。总结了开展需求分析和管理过程的步骤和关键要素。阐明需求分析与管理在民机研发和审定过程中的重要作用。分析了当前我国在民用航空产品研发和审定过程中存在的问题。提出解决我国民用航空产品研发和审定过程需求分析和管理突出矛盾的方案。     

关注人才储备不足的危机与挑战

洛克希德·马丁公司也和其他航空航天和防务企业一样，清楚地看到了美国航空航天和防务工业界目前面l陆的人才储备不足的危机和挑战，并认为因为科学和数学学科教育的滑坡，美国科学和工程领域正面临着后继乏人的问题．并认为这个问题已经成为国家面临的危机和挑战．     

系统工程及其应用

为理解和实施系统工程管理，介绍了系统和系统工程的基本原理和方法，以及工程系统工程的组成和传统工程的关系，并以机载导弹系统为对象介绍了系统工程项目系统工程管理框架。     

大气数据自动测控系统设计

阐述了大气数据自动测控系统的硬件和软件设计方法,介绍了该系统的硬件和软件结构及关键技术,分析了系统的特点和功能的实现。可对各种飞行器、导弹全／静压系统以及各种大气参数仪表、显示器和传感器进行测试和校验。该系统测试精度和智能化程度高,具有较高的军事和经济效益。     

弹性变形及滑动摩擦对精密渐开线齿轮强迫振动的影响

齿轮轴和轴承的弹性变形以及齿间和轴承间的滑动摩擦均会导致精密渐开线齿轮产生强迫振动,采用减小齿轮轴有效跨度,或/和增大齿轮轴直径,或/和降低齿间和轴承间滑动摩擦系数,或/和减小轴承间隙,或/和增加齿轮模数,或/和保持齿数比不变条件下增加齿数等措施可有效地抑制齿轮的强迫振动。     

美国的信息与网络安全建设

本文从政府层面和技术层面分析了近年来美国政府和军方提出建立全球信息网格（GIG）、确保国家关键信息系统安全和扩大国家信息安全竞争优势的一系列举措，希望能对我国网络安全战略的研究和制定提供参考和借鉴。     

提高航空运输的质量与品位之十一——民航服务文化（下）

服务文化视角下的民航服务质量维度服务质量取决于服务的人员,以及时间、地点和方式。服务的可变性使得一种好的服务理念很难同因人而异的顾客利益完全对应。但是,服务是可以感知的。顾客从服务的技术或产出(顾客接受的事物)、职能和过程(顾客接受的方式)两个方面来感知服务质量。大量的实证和理论研究表明,可感知的优质服务标准,主要表现在规范化和技能化、态度和行为、可亲近性和灵活性、可靠性和忠诚感、自我修复、名誉和可信性等六个方面。在这些标准中,规范化和技能化与技术或产出质量有关;态度和行为、可亲近性和灵活性、可靠性和忠诚…     

V: SEA LEVEL: Benefits of GRACE and GOCE to sea level studies

The recently published Third Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have underlined the scientific interest in, and practical importance of past and potential future sea level changes. Space gravity missions will provide major benefits to the understanding of the past, and, thereby, in the prediction of future, sea level changes in many ways. The proposal for the GOCE mission described well the improvements to be expected from improved gravity field and geoid models in oceanography (for example, in the measurement of the time-averaged, or ‘steady state’, ocean surface circulation and better estimation of ocean transports), in geophysics (in the improvement of geodynamic models for vertical land movements), in geodesy (in positioning of tide gauge data into the same reference frame as altimeter data, and in improvement of altimeter satellite orbits), and possibly in glaciology (in improved knowledge of bedrock topography and ice sheet mass fluxes). GRACE will make many important steps towards these ‘steady state’ aims. However, its main purpose is the provision of oceanographic (and hydrological and meteorological) temporally-varying gravity information, and should in effect function as a global ‘bottom pressure recorder’, providing further insight into the 3-D temporal variation of the ocean circulation, and of the global water budget in general. This paper summaries several of these issues, pointing the way towards improved accuracy of prediction of future sea level change. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Magnetic Turbulence in the Geospace Environment

Magnetic turbulence is found in most space plasmas, including the Earth’s magnetosphere, and the interaction region between the magnetosphere and the solar wind. Recent spacecraft observations of magnetic turbulence in the ion foreshock, in the magnetosheath, in the polar cusp regions, in the magnetotail, and in the high latitude ionosphere are reviewed. It is found that: 1. A large share of magnetic turbulence in the geospace environment is generated locally, as due for instance to the reflected ion beams in the ion foreshock, to temperature anisotropy in the magnetosheath and the polar cusp regions, to velocity shear in the magnetosheath and magnetotail, and to magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail. 2. Spectral indices close to the Kolmogorov value can be recovered for low frequency turbulence when long enough intervals at relatively constant flow speed are analyzed in the magnetotail, or when fluctuations in the magnetosheath are considered far downstream from the bow shock. 3. For high frequency turbulence, a spectral index α?2.3 or larger is observed in most geospace regions, in agreement with what is observed in the solar wind. 4. More studies are needed to gain an understanding of turbulence dissipation in the geospace environment, also keeping in mind that the strong temperature anisotropies which are observed show that wave particle interactions can be a source of wave emission rather than of turbulence dissipation. 5. Several spacecraft observations show the existence of vortices in the magnetosheath, on the magnetopause, in the magnetotail, and in the ionosphere, so that they may have a primary role in the turbulent injection and evolution. The influence of such a turbulence on the plasma transport, dynamics, and energization will be described, also using the results of numerical simulations.     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

Trends in the Neutral and Ionized Upper Atmosphere

This article reviews our knowledge of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. These changes are part of complex and comprehensive pattern of long-term trends in the Earth’s atmosphere. They also have practical impact. For example, decreasing thermospheric density causes the lifetime of orbiting space debris to increase, which is becoming a significant threat to important satellite technologies. Since the first paper on upper atmosphere trends was published in 1989, our knowledge has progressed considerably. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases affect the whole atmosphere, not only the troposphere. They cause warming in the troposphere but cooling in the upper atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are not the only driver of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Anthropogenic changes of stratospheric ozone, long-term changes of geomagnetic and solar activity, and other drivers play a role as well, although greenhouse gases appear to be the main driver of long-term trends. This makes the pattern of trends more complex and variable. A?consistent, although incomplete, scenario of trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere is presented. Trends in F2-region ionosphere parameters, in mesosphere-lower thermosphere dynamics, and in noctilucent or polar mesospheric clouds, are discussed in more detail. Advances in observational and theoretical analysis have explained some previous discrepancies in this global trend scenario. An important role in trend investigations is played by model simulations, which facilitate understanding of the mechanisms behind the observed trends.     

宽体客机座舱COVID-19传播特性研究

针对新冠疫情下座舱内乘客因气流组织分布而产生交叉感染问题，以宽体客机座舱为对象，研究了座舱内COVID-19病毒的传播特性，并提出了人体微环境控制方法来抑制病毒在座舱内的传播。采用拉格朗日方法模拟了座舱旅客呼出带病毒飞沫，揭示了座舱内病毒传播轨迹和分布特性，分析了不同送风方式、送风速度以及人体微环境控制技术对座舱内病毒颗粒传播特性的影响。提出了相对暴露值量化不同位置乘客被病毒飞沫污染程度。结果表明：送风速度对座舱内病毒飞沫传播的影响相对较小，顶/侧送风的组合送风方式可有效降低病毒飞沫的扩散范围；在座舱上方增加气幕带送风式的人体微环境控制方法，有效降低了舱内病毒飞沫浓度，减小了人员交叉感染风险，相邻位置乘客感染的相对暴露值降低了65%，其他位置乘客相对暴露值降低约90%。     

一种适用于中小型无人机的新型螺旋桨设计

目前,中小型活塞动力无人机所配备的螺旋桨主要是两叶定距螺旋桨,其桨叶布局特征主要体现桨尖和桨根较窄,桨叶中部较宽,但在实际使用中发现,此类螺旋桨匹配无人机后飞行性能表现不佳。针对低速中小型活塞动力无人机,设计一种矩形薄型直桨叶二叶螺旋桨方案。将该螺旋桨方案与其他七种方案进行风洞试验,分别对各方案在零风速和巡航速度下的性能特性进行系统研究。结果表明:与其他方案相比,采用矩形桨叶设计的螺旋桨在静推力、功率、效率、拉力系数、功率系数等关键性指标上均表现出优异特性,尤其是在同样功率输入下,具有最低转速的特性,因此该方案螺旋桨具有优良的装机匹配特性。     

低速风洞飞行器模型编队飞行绳系并联支撑机构

设计了一种用于飞行器双机编队飞行的风洞试验模型绳系并联支撑机构，模拟在周边有障碍物的有限空间通道中的飞行运动。以直升机为例，根据工况参数设计了双绳牵引并联机构作为飞行器模型的支撑，建立了基于可移动的滑轮铰点与直升机模型编队协同飞行的运动学模型，对系统的静刚度进行了分析，并通过试验验证了旋翼转动对该绳系支撑系统动刚度的影响，给出了在有限空间通道中模拟双机编队飞行与着陆过程中绳与绳之间、绳与模型之间的干涉算法，并对该支撑机构的绳系结构进行了干涉分析。结果表明，所设计的支撑机构能有效解决模拟飞行器模型双机编队在有限空间中飞行运动时的支撑干涉问题，而且系统刚度达到低速风洞试验的稳定性要求，是低速风洞中支撑飞行器模型进行编队飞行试验的有效解决方案。     

基于分布式IMA平台的系统健康管理的设计与实现

随着分布式综合模块化航电（分布式IMA）系统的深入应用,需要针对分布式IMA平台的健康监控、故障管理、系统容错重构、系统运行日志等健康管理能力进行进一步研究。本文深入研究了 VxWorks653操作系统中的健康监控机制和ASAAC标准中的系统管理技术,以此为基础设计并实现了分布式IMA平台级和系统级的健康管理方案。在本文的方案中,对 VxWorks653操作系统的健康监控机制进行改进,使其能够满足自定义的故障处理需求,将ASAAC标准中的系统管理技术和IMA系统内故障信息的收集相结合,实现了对IMA系统内各进程、各分区、各模块乃至整个IMA系统进行健康管理。     

定位于材料基因组计划的镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定

寻找新一代镍基单晶高温合金中Re的替代元素以实现少Re甚至无Re化是当前高温合金领域的研究热点。从扩散系数角度出发寻找具有与Re相当或者更低扩散系数的元素是有效的研究策略之一。在多元合金中,互扩散系数矩阵可全面表征任一合金元素的扩散能力。因此,精确测定不同合金元素在镍基高温合金γ和γ'相中随成分和温度变化的互扩散系数矩阵是当务之急。首先,概述当前镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵测定的现状,以及用于多元合金互扩散系数测定的传统Matano-Kirkaldy方法和新型数值回归方法。由于传统Matano-Kirkaldy方法效率低,文献中鲜有镍基高温合金三元及更高组元体系互扩散系数矩阵的报道。本研究小组最近基于Fick第二定律和原子移动性概念发展起来的新型数值回归方法,可用于任意组元合金精准互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定。随后以Ni-Al-Ta三元合金γ相为例详细阐述新型数值回归法用于合金互扩散系数矩阵高通量测定以及测定结果的可靠性验证过程。之后,简述本研究小组关于镍基高温合金γ和γ'相互扩散系数矩阵测定的最新进展。目前已经完成了核心三元合金体系Ni-Al-X(X=Rh,Ta,W,Re,Os和Ir)γ及γ'相互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定,并对结果可靠性进行了细致的验证。通过对比不同元素在镍基高温合金中的互扩散系数,初步提出新一代镍基高温合金中Re的可能替代元素及合金成分设计的关键。最后,指出镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵测定的下一步工作和互扩散系数矩阵高通量测定的发展方向。     

Interstellar and Inner Source Pickup Ions Observed with Swics on Ulysses

Many species of pickup ions, both of interstellar origin and from an inner, distributed source have been discovered using data from the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on Ulysses. Velocity distribution functions of these ions were measured for the first time over heliocentric distances between 1.35 and 5.4 AU, both at high and low latitudes, and in the disturbed slow solar wind as well as the steady fast wind of the polar coronal holes. This has given us the first glance at plasma properties of suprathermal ions in various solar wind flows, and is enabling us to study the chemical and, in the case of He, the isotopic composition of the local interstellar cloud. Among the new findings are (a) the surprisingly weak pitch-angle scattering of low rigidity, suprathermal ions leading to strongly anisotropic velocity distributions in radial magnetic fields, (b) the efficient injection and consequent acceleration of pickup ions, especially He+ and H+, in the turbulent solar wind, and (c) the discovery of a new extended source releasing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and possibly other atoms and molecules in the inner solar system. Pickup ion measurements are now used to study the characteristics of the local interstellar cloud (LIC) and, in particular, to determine accurately the abundance of atomic H, He, N, O, and Ne, the isotopes of He and Ne, as well as the ionization fractions of H and He in the LIC. Pickup ion observations allow us to infer the location of the termination shock and, in combination with measurements of anomalous cosmic rays, to investigate termination shock acceleration mechanisms. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.