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1.
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), which was successfully launched March 17, 2002, has the potential to
create a new paradigm in satellite oceanography with an impact perhaps as large as was observed with the arrival of precision
satellite altimetry via TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) in 1992. The simulations presented here suggest that GRACE will be able to monitor
non-secular changes in ocean mass on a global basis with a spatial resolution of ≈500 km and an accuracy of ≈3 mm water equivalent.
It should be possible to recover global mean ocean mass variations to an accuracy of ≈1 mm, possibly much better if the atmospheric
pressure modeling errors can be reduced. We have not considered the possibly significant errors that may arise due to temporal
aliasing and secular gravity variations. Secular signals from glacial isostatic adjustment and the melting of polar ice mass
are expected to be quite large, and will complicate the recovery of secular ocean mass variations. Nevertheless, GRACE will
provide unprecedented insight into the mass components of sea level change, especially when combined with coincident satellite
altimeter measurements. Progress on these issues would provide new insight into the response of sea level to climate change.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Wei Fengsi Feng Xueshang Guo Jian-shan Fan Quanlin Wu Jian 《Space Science Reviews》2003,107(1-2):327-334
Recent progress in space weather research are briefly presented here from three aspects: establishment or improvement in observation
systems, such as extra-soft X-ray detector and γ-ray detector onboard the spacecraft ‘Shen Zhou 2’, new solar radio broad-band
spectrometer, magnetometer-chain, ionosonde and digisonde–chain, laser-lidar system and VHF radar; partial topic progresses
included in CMEs, multi-streamer structures, evolution of interplanetary magnetic field B
z component, regional properties of traveling ionospheric disturbances, a fully-nonlinear global dynamical model for the middle
and upper atmosphere, and a combined prediction method for geomagnetic disturbances; and space weather activity, such as ‘Meridian
Project’ — a national major scientific project, ‘International Space Weather Meridian Circle Program’ — a suggestion of internationalization
of ‘Meridian Project’, ‘Space Weather Research Plan’ — a major research plan from National Natural Science Foundation of China
(NNSFC) and other space weather activities.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
H. Noda T. Terasawa Y. Saito H. Hayakawa A. Matsuoka T. Mukai 《Space Science Reviews》2001,97(1-4):423-426
‘The Japanese Mars probe, NOZOMI, is staying in the interplanetary space (1–1.5 AU) until its Mars’ orbit insertion scheduled
in early 2004. Every 16 months on this interplanetary orbit the spacecraft crosses around 1 AU the ‘gravitational focusing
cone’ of the interstellar helium, which are penetrating into the inner heliosphere under the solar gravity. During the first
crossing of the cone in the season of March–May 2000, we observed these helium particles after the solar wind pickup process
with an E/q type ion detector aboard NOZOMI. We have estimated the original temperature of the interstellar helium as 11 000 K.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Historical data of the geomagnetic activity records in St. Petersburg since 1841 do not show any ‘doubling’ of the total magnetic
field at the Sun as claimed recently by Lockwood et al. (1999). However, recurrent patterns of the geomagnetic activity variations display ‘secular’ trend of the solar wind near
ecliptic plane resulting from gradual change of the topological structure of the solar corona (Ponyavin, 1997). By comparing
geomagnetic and eclipse observations we found ‘typical’ coronal shapes, which correspond better to periods of extremely low
and high geomagnetic activity level rather than standard sunspot activity referencing as ‘Corona at Solar Maximum or Minimum’.
Using geomagnetic records as proxies it has been suggested that the maximum of the sunspot activity was in July 2000.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents a review of geoid error characteristics of three satellite gravity missions in view of the general problem
of separating scientifically interesting signals from various noise sources. The problem is reviewed from the point of view
of two proposed applications of gravity missions, one is the observation of the mean oceanic circulation whereby an improved
geoid model is used as a reference surface against the long term mean sea level observed by altimetry. In this case we consider
the presence of mesoscale variability during assimilation of derived surface currents in inverse models. The other experiment
deals with temporal changes in the gravity field observed by GRACE in which case a proposed experiment is to monitor changes
in the geoid in order to detect geophysical interesting signals such as variations in the continental hydrology and non-steric
ocean processes. For this experiment we will address the problem of geophysical signal contamination and the way it potentially
affects monthly geoid solutions of GRACE.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Nicholas W. Watkins Daniel Credgington Bogdan Hnat Sandra C. Chapman Mervyn P. Freeman John Greenhough 《Space Science Reviews》2005,121(1-4):271-284
Mandelbrot introduced the concept of fractals to describe the non-Euclidean shape of many aspects of the natural world. In
the time series context, he proposed the use of fractional Brownian motion (fBm) to model non-negligible temporal persistence,
the ‘Joseph Effect’; and Lévy flights to quantify large discontinuities, the ‘Noah Effect’. In space physics, both effects
are manifested in the intermittency and long-range correlation which are by now well-established features of geomagnetic indices
and their solar wind drivers. In order to capture and quantify the Noah and Joseph effects in one compact model, we propose
the application of the ‘bridging’ fractional Lévy motion (fLm) to space physics. We perform an initial evaluation of some
previous scaling results in this paradigm, and show how fLm can model the previously observed exponents. We suggest some new
directions for the future. 相似文献
7.
A discussion of lightning induced optical emissions in the ionosphere is presented. Emphasis is placed on accounting for the
puzzling observation of the spatial structure in the optical emissions and the Sprite ‘seeding’ before the development of
the ‘tendrils’ (or streamers). In this context we discuss the generation of spatial brightness variations, within the required
lightning parameter thresholds, due to spatio-temporal electric fields and spatial neutral density perturbations.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
The ‘scintillations’ observed on signals received in the equatorial region from GPS satellites are due to plasma instabilities
in the F region of the ionosphere, also detected as spread F. These instabilities give rise to depletions of ionisation or
‘bubbles’. The occurrence of these events and their relation to the equatorial electrojet are reviewed. Possibilities of short-term
forecasting are examined with particular attention to problems encountered in modelling the equatorial electrojet.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
One long-standing difficulty in estimating the large-scale ocean circulation is the inability to observe absolute current
velocities. Both conventional hydrographic measurements and altimetric measurements provide observations of currents relative
to an unknown velocity at a reference depth in the case of hydrographic data, and relative to mean currents calculated over
some averaging period in the case of altimetric data. Space gravity missions together with altimetric observations have the
potential to overcome this difficulty by providing absolute estimates of the velocity of surface oceanic currents. The absolute
surface velocity estimates will in turn provide the reference level velocities that are necessary to compute absolute velocities
at any depth level from hydrographic data.
Several studies have been carried out to quantify the improvements expected from ongoing and future space gravity missions.
The results of these studies in terms of volume flux estimates (transport of water masses) and heat flux estimates (transport
of heat by the ocean) are reviewed in this paper. The studies are based on ocean inverse modeling techniques that derive impact
estimates solely from the geoid error budgets of forthcoming space gravity missions. Despite some differences in the assumptions
made, the inverse modeling calculations all point to significant improvements in estimates of oceanic fluxes. These improvements,
measured in terms of reductions of uncertainties, are expected to be as large as a factor of 2.
New developments in autonomous ocean observing systems will complement the developments expected from space gravity missions.
The synergies of in situ and satellite observing systems are considered in the conclusion of this paper.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Present-Day Sea Level Change: Observations and Causes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Cazenave A. Cabanes C. Dominh K. Gennero M.C. Le Provost C. 《Space Science Reviews》2003,108(1-2):131-144
We investigate climate-related processes causing variations of the global mean sea level on interannual to decadal time scale.
We focus on thermal expansion of the oceans and continental water mass balance. We show that during the 1990s where global
mean sea level change has been measured by Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry, thermal expansion is the dominant contribution
to the observed 2.5 mm/yr sea level rise. For the past decades, exchange of water between continental reservoirs and oceans
had a small, but not totally negligible contribution (about 0.2 mm/yr) to sea level rise. For the last four decades, thermal
contribution is estimated to about 0.5 mm/yr, with a possible accelerated rate of thermosteric rise during the 1990s. Topex/Poseidon
shows an increase in mean sea level of 2.5 mm/yr over the last decade, a value about two times larger than reported by historical
tide gauges. This would suggest that there has been significant acceleration of sea level rise in the recent past, possibly
related to ocean warming.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Chang Tom Tam Sunny W.Y. Wu Cheng-Chin Consolini Giuseppe 《Space Science Reviews》2003,107(1-2):425-445
The first definitive observation that provided convincing evidence indicating certain turbulent space plasma processes are
in states of ‘complexity’ was the discovery of the apparent power-law probability distribution of solar flare intensities.
Recent statistical studies of complexity in space plasmas came from the AE index, UVI auroral imagery, and in-situ measurements
related to the dynamics of the plasma sheet in the Earth's magnetotail and the auroral zone.
In this review, we describe a theory of dynamical ‘complexity’ for space plasma systems far from equilibrium. We demonstrate
that the sporadic and localized interactions of magnetic coherent structures are the origin of ‘complexity’ in space plasmas.
Such interactions generate the anomalous diffusion, transport, acceleration, and evolution of the macroscopic states of the
overall dynamical systems.
Several illustrative examples are considered. These include: the dynamical multi- and cross-scale interactions of the macro-and
kinetic coherent structures in a sheared magnetic field geometry, the preferential acceleration of the bursty bulk flows in
the plasma sheet, and the onset of ‘fluctuation induced nonlinear instabilities’ that can lead to magnetic reconfigurations.
The technique of dynamical renormalization group is introduced and applied to the study of two-dimensional intermittent MHD
fluctuations and an analogous modified forest-fire model exhibiting forced and/or self-organized criticality [FSOC] and other
types of topological phase transitions.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
C. Ferrari F. Govoni S. Schindler A. M. Bykov Y. Rephaeli 《Space Science Reviews》2008,134(1-4):93-118
We review observations of extended regions of radio emission in clusters; these include diffuse emission in ‘relics’, and
the large central regions commonly referred to as ‘halos’. The spectral observations, as well as Faraday rotation measurements
of background and cluster radio sources, provide the main evidence for large-scale intracluster magnetic fields and significant
densities of relativistic electrons. Implications from these observations on acceleration mechanisms of these electrons are
reviewed, including turbulent and shock acceleration, and also the origin of some of the electrons in collisions of relativistic
protons by ambient protons in the (thermal) gas. Improved knowledge of non-thermal phenomena in clusters requires more extensive
and detailed radio measurements; we briefly review prospects for future observations. 相似文献
13.
Resolution Needed for an Adequate Determination of the Mean Ocean Circulation from Altimetry and an Improved Geoid 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The sea surface topography observed by satellite altimetry is a combination of the geoid and of the ocean dynamic topography.
Satellite altimetry has thus the potential to supply quasi-global maps of mean sea surface heights from which the mean geostrophic
surface ocean currents can be derived, provided that the geoid is known with a sufficient absolute accuracy. At present, however,
given the limited accuracy of the best available geoid, altimetric mean sea surface topographies have been derived only up
to degree 15 or so, i.e. for wavelengths of approximately 2000 km and larger. CHAMP, GRACE, and the future GOCE missions are
dedicated to the improvement of the Earth's gravity field from space. Several studies have recently investigated the impact
of these improvements for oceanography, concluding to reductions of uncertainties on the oceanic flux estimates as large as
a factor of 2 in the regions of intense an narrow currents. The aim of this paper is to focus on what are the typical horizontal
scales of the mean dynamic topography of the ocean, and to compare their characteristics to the error estimates expected from
altimetry and these future geoids. It gives also an illustration of the oceanic features that will be resolved by the combination
of altimetry and the GRACE and GOCE geoids. It further reassesses the very demanding requirements in term of accuracy and
resolution agreed in the design of these new gravity missions for ocean science applications. The present study relies on
recent very high-resolution numerical Ocean General Circulation Model simulations.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Haines K. Hipkin R. Beggan C. Bingley R. Hernandez F. Holt J. Baker T. Bingham R.J. 《Space Science Reviews》2003,108(1-2):205-216
Accurate local geoids derived from in situ gravity data will be valuable in the validation of GOCE results. In addition it will be a challenge to use GOCE data in an
optimal way, in combination with in situ gravity, to produce better local geoid solutions. This paper discusses the derivation of a new geoid over the NW European
shelf, and its comparison with both tide gauge and altimetric sea level data, and with data from ocean models. It is hoped
that over the next few years local geoid methods such as these can be extended to cover larger areas and to incorporate both
in situ and satellite measured gravity data.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Lyle Winton 《Space Science Reviews》2003,107(1-2):523-540
The University of Melbourne, Experimental Particle Physics group recognises that the future of computing is an important issue
for the scientific community. It is in the nature of research for the questions posed to become more complex, requiring larger
computing resources for each generation of experiment. As institutes and universities around the world increasingly pool their
resources and work together to solve these questions, the need arises for more sophisticated computing techniques. One such
technique, grid computing, is under investigation by many institutes across many disciplines and is the focus of much development
in the computing community. ‘The Grid’, as it is commonly named, is heralded as the future of computing for research, education,
and industry alike. This paper will introduce the basic concepts of grid technologies including the Globus toolkit and data
grids as of July 2002. It will highlight the challenges faced in developing appropriate resource brokers and schedulers, and
will look at the future of grids within high energy physics.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Parts of geodesy and physical oceanography are about to mature into a single modeling problem involving the simultaneous estimation
of the marine geoid and the general circulation. Both fields will benefit. To this end, we present an ocean state estimation
(data assimilation) framework which is designed to obtain a dynamically consistent picture of the changing ocean circulation
by combining global ocean data sets of arbitrary type with a general circulation model (GCM). The impact of geoid measurements
on such estimates of the ocean circulation are numerous. For the mean circulation, a precise geoid describes the reference
frame for dynamical signals in altimetric sea surface height observations. For the time-varying ocean signal, changing geoid
information might be a valuable new information about correcting the changing flow field on time scales from a few month to
a year, but the quantitative utility of such information has not yet been demonstrated. For a consistent estimate, some knowledge
of the prior error covariances of all data fields is required. The final result must be consistent with prior error estimates
for the data. State estimation is thus one of the few quantitative consistency checks for new geoid measurements anticipated
from forthcoming space missions. Practical quantitative methods will yield a best possible estimate of the dynamical sea surface
which, when combined with satellite altimetric surfaces, will produce a best-estimate marine geoid. The anticipated accuracy
and precision of such estimates raises some novel modeling error issues which have not conventionally been of concern (the
Boussinesq approximation, self-attraction and loading). Model skill at very high frequencies is a major concern because of
the need to de-alias the data obtained by the inevitable oceanic temporal undersampling dictated by realistic satellite orbit
configurations.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Rapid ice mass variations within the large polar ice sheets lead to distinct and highly non-uniform sea-level changes that
have come to be known as ‘sea-level fingerprints’. We explore in detail the physics of these fingerprints by decomposing the
total sea-level change into contributions from radial perturbations in the two bounding surfaces: the geoid (or sea surface)
and the solid surface. In the case of a melting event, the sea-level fingerprint is characterized by a sea-level fall in the
near-field of the ice complex and a gradually increasing sea-level rise (from 0.0 to 1.3 times the eustatic value) as one
considers sites at progressively greater distances (up to ≈ 90° or so) from the ice sheet. The far-field redistribution is
largely driven by the relaxation of the sea-surface as the gravitational pull of the ablating ice sheet weakens. The near-field
sea-level fall is a consequence of both this relaxation and ocean-plus-ice unloading of the solid surface. We argue that the
fingerprints provide a natural explanation for geographic variations in sea-level (e.g., tide gauge, satellite) observations.
Therefore, they furnish a methodology for extending traditional analyses of these observations to estimate not only the globally
averaged sea-level rate but also the individual contributions to this rate (i.e., the sources).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Joseph W. Siry 《Space Science Reviews》1973,14(2):314-341
The forthcoming 10 cm range tracking accuracy capability holds much promise in connection with a number of Earth and ocean
dynamics investigations. These include a set of earthquake-related studies of fault motions and the Earth's tidal, polar and
rotational motions, as well as studies of the gravity field and the sea surface topography which should furnish basic information
about mass and heat flow in the oceans.
The state of the orbit analysis art is presently at about the 10 m level, or about two orders of magnitude away from the 10
cm range accuracy capability expected in the next couple of years or so. The realization of a 10 cm orbit analysis capability
awaits the solution of four kinds of problems, namely, those involving orbit determination and the lack of sufficient knowledge
of tracking system biases, the gravity field, and tracking station locations.
The Geopause satellite system concept offers promising approaches in connection with all of these areas. A typical Geopause
satellite orbit has a 14 hour period, a mean height of about 4.6 Earth radii, and is nearly circular, polar, and normal to
the ecliptic. At this height only a relatively few gravity terms have uncertainties corresponding to orbital perturbations
above the decimeter level. The orbit s, in this sense, at the geopotential boundary, i.e., the geopause. The few remaining
environmental quantities which may be significant can be determined by means of orbit analyses and accelerometers. The Geopause
satellite system also provides the tracking geometery and coverage needed for determining the orbit, the tracking system biases
and the station locations. Studies indicate that the Geopause satellite, tracked with a 2 cm ranging system from nine NASA
affiliated sites, can yield decimeter station location accuracies. Five or more fundamental stations well distributed in longitude
can view Geopause over the North Pole. This means not only that redundant data are available for determining tracking system
biases, but also that both components of the polar motion can be observed frequently. When tracking Geopause, the NASA sites
become a two-hemisphere configuration which is ideal for a number of Earth physics applications such as the observation of
the polar motion with a time resolution of a fraction of a day.
Geopause also provides the basic capability for satellite-to-satellite tracking of drag-free satellites for mapping the gravity
field and altimeter satellites for surveying the sea surface topography. Geopause tracking a coplanar, drag-free satellite
for two months to 0.03 mm per second accuracy can yield the geoid over the entire Earth to decimeter accuracy with 2.5° spatial
resolution. Two Geopause satellites tracking a coplanar altimeter satellite can then yield ocean surface heights above the
geoid with 7° spatial resolution every two weeks. These data will furnish basic boundary condition information about mass
and heat flows in the oceans which are important in shaping weather and climate. 相似文献
19.
In a driven/damped drift-wave system a steady wave induces nonlinear variation of the dispersion of a perturbation wave (PW).
Competition between the nonlinear dispersion with self-nonlinearity of the PW results in rich wave dynamic behaviors. In particular,
a steady wave at the negative tangency slope of a hysteresis becomes unstable due to a saddle instability. It is found that
such saddle steady wave (SSW) plays an important role in the discontinuous transition from a spatially coherent state to spatiotemporal
chaos (STC). The transition is caused by a crisis due to a collision of the PW attactor to an unstable orbit of the SSW. In
the time evolution, it is a ‘pattern resonance’ of the realized wave with the virtual SSW that triggers the crisis. The transition
also displays as a critical phenomenon in parameter space, which is related to the change in the symmetry property of the
motion of master mode (k = 1) of the PW with respect to that of SSW. In the spatially coherent state the former is trapped by the SSW partial wave,
while in the STC it can become free from the latter, its trajectory crosses two unstable orbits of the SSW frequently, causing
very turbulent behavior.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
De Keyser Johan Roth Michel De Sterck Hans Poedts Stefaan 《Space Science Reviews》2001,97(1-4):201-204
We have surveyed solar wind plasma beta and field-aligned Alfvénic Mach number using Ulysses and Wind data. We show the characteristic
timescale and occurrence frequency of ‘magnetically dominated’ solar wind, whose interaction with a planetary magnetosphere
may produce a bow shock with multiple shock fronts. We discuss radial, latitudinal, and solar cycle effects.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献