超声ELID 复合磨削磨削力模型研究

以ELID 电解原理为基础,结合超声振动辅助磨削过程中单颗磨粒的运动学分析,建立了超声 ELID 复合磨削条件下的磨削力数学解析模型,并对模型进行了分析和仿真。对模型的分析表明:超声振动改 变了磨粒的运动轨迹,使同等条件下的未变形切屑厚度减小,砂轮的在线电解修整使磨粒始终处于锋锐状态, 而且影响砂轮的实际切削深度,进而对磨削力产生影响。磨削力随着超声振动频率、振幅、电解电压、脉冲比、 电解液电阻率的增大而减小;随着切削深度、工件速度的增大而增大。     

颗粒增强钛基复材缓进深切磨削加工研究

颗粒增强钛基复合材料(PTMCs)属于典型的难加工材料,在航空航天领域具有广阔应用前景.本文开展了PTMCs材料的缓进深切磨削研究,揭示了磨削用量和磨削方式(顺磨与逆磨)对磨削力与磨削温度的影响规律,同时利用有限元法分析了磨削温度场特征和材料去除机理.研究发现,缓进深切磨削PTMCs时,磨削力随工件进给速度和切深增加而增加,顺磨时的磨削力比逆磨大10％～20％,而顺磨的磨削温度要比逆磨约低10％.由于逆磨和顺磨工件的温度分布不同,当切深大于0.6mm、工件进给速度大于400mm/min时,顺磨比逆磨更易发生烧伤.在此基础上,提出了顺磨与逆磨条件下磨削温度场仿真计算的不同热源模型与边界条件,分别获得了两种磨削方式的温度分布特征,有限元仿真结果与试验结果相符.颗粒增强钛基复材磨削表面典型加工缺陷是表面涂覆和硬脆增强相破碎和拔出导致的孔洞,单颗磨粒切厚对硬脆增强相的去除行为有显著的影响.     

Al2O3陶瓷蠕动进给超声磨削加工表面质量的试验研究

为探索利用简单形状砂轮对陶瓷材料进行数控展成型面超声磨削,通过对Al2O3陶瓷进行蠕动进给超声磨削和机械磨削对比试验研究,探索各加工参数对磨削表面质量的影响规律.结果表明:超声振动方向与蠕动进给方向平行时可降低表面粗糙度值,而超声振动方向与蠕动进给方向垂直时则不利于改善加工表面质量;在超声磨削条件下,为了提高加工表面质量,应采取较小的磨削深度、较低的进给速度和适当高的磨削速度以及复合进给磨削方式.结合试验结果理论分析了蠕动进给超声磨削和蠕动进给机械磨削加工机理,并根据试验结果选择磨削参数进行了陶瓷叶片型面超声磨削的可行性试验.     

二维超声磨削纳米陶瓷的磨削温度特性研究

采用人工热电偶法,通过普通磨削和二维超声振动磨削对比实验,对纳米ZrO2陶瓷材料平面磨削温度进行了实验研究,并对磨削参数与磨削温度的关系,进行了理论分析及实验验证。     

DD5镍基单晶高温合金缓进磨削力和温度实验研究

涡轮叶片榫齿缓进磨削过程热力载荷效应对成型表面质量具有重要影响。基于实验研究磨削参数对DD5 单晶高温合金磨削力和温度的影响规律,分析缓进磨削力和温度形成机理,构建 DD5 缓进磨削力、温度与磨削工艺参数的映射模型并进行验证。结果表明：DD5 缓进磨削深度对磨削力和磨削温度的影响最为显著,砂轮线速度次之,工件进给速度对其影响最小;随着砂轮线速度的增大,磨削力降低、磨削温度升高;随着工件进给速度和磨削深度的增大,磨削力和磨削温度均呈升高趋势;满足材料去除速率的前提下提高工件进给速度并降低磨削深度,可以避免 DD5 磨削表面出现较大的磨削热力耦合影响层。     

不同材料超声振动磨削的磨削温度实验研究

本文采用人工热电偶测温方式,对纳米Al2O3陶瓷和普通45#钢进行了普通和超声振动下平面磨削磨削温度的测量.比较了相同磨削参数下超声和普通磨削温度的实验数据.实验结果显示:超声辅助磨削纳米氧化铝陶瓷时陶瓷表面磨削温度比普通磨削时低.但超声辅助磨削45#钢时其磨削温度与普通磨削情况下差别不大.     

基于不同磨粒的氮化硅陶瓷磨削特性研究

采用多颗磨粒磨削仿真和实验相结合的方式研究磨削过程的磨削力、磨削温度和已加表面形貌。对比分析了多颗磨粒和传统单颗磨粒磨削模型在磨削特性上的差异性,并对多颗磨粒磨削仿真模型进行了验证。结果表明：当磨削速度减小、磨削深度增大时,多颗/单颗磨粒仿真与实验的磨削力均增大;当磨削速度和磨削深度增大,多颗/单颗磨粒仿真与实验的磨削温度均增大;当进给速度增大时,单颗磨粒仿真的磨削力减小、磨削温度先减小后增大,多颗磨粒仿真和实验的磨削力增大、磨削温度减小;多颗磨粒磨削时的磨削力和磨削温度大于单颗磨粒磨削时的力和温度;多颗磨粒仿真后工件表面形貌与实际加工后表面形貌相符。基于多颗磨粒磨削工程陶瓷的有限元仿真模型相比于单颗磨粒模型可更好的模拟实际加工情况。     

纳米ZrO2陶瓷二维超声磨削温度影响因素分析

本文采用人工热电偶法,通过普通磨削和二维超声振动磨削的对比实验,回归分析了磨削深度、砂轮速度、工作台速度等磨削参数对纳米ZrO2陶瓷磨削温度的影响.别外对纳米ZrO2陶瓷这种非线性材料的磨削加工进行有限元仿真,比较实验测量数据与仿真结果,确定仿真分析对实际情况的指导作用.     

切向超声辅助氧化锆陶瓷镜面磨削试验研究

氧化锆陶瓷具有高脆性、低断裂韧性等特点,精密加工难度大,一直限制着其应用.针对这一难题,提出了切向超声辅助镜面磨削的精密加工方法,研究了超声振幅对工件表面粗糙度、磨削力和磨削温度的影响,以及有/无超声作用下砂轮的磨损状况等基础加工特性.结果表明,切向超声辅助磨削可以实现氧化锆陶瓷镜面加工,在振幅Ap–p=4.66μm时...     

平面磨削钛合金时磨削力和磨削温度的试验研究

磨削力和磨削温度是磨削过程的两个重要物理量,影响着被加工零件的精度和表面质量.我们按照正交试验法选择砂轮速度、工件速度、磨削深度为试验因素,进行钛合金磨削试验,建立了磨削力和磨削温度经验公式.并且分析了磨削力和磨削温度随磨制过程所表现出来的规律.     

Interference and grinding characteristics in ultra-precision grinding of thin-walled complex structural component using a ball-end grinding wheel

As for ultra-precision grinding of difficult-to-process thin-walled complex components with ball-end grinding wheels, interference is easy to occur. According to screw theory and grinding kinematics, a mathematical model is established to investigate the interference and grinding characteristics of the ball-end wheel. The relationship between grinding wheel inclination angle, C axis rotation angle, grinding position angle and grinding wheel wear are analyzed. As the grinding wheel inclination angle increases, the C axis rotatable range decreases and the grinding position angle increases. The grinding position angle and wheel radius wear show a negative correlation with the C axis rotation angle. Therefore, a trajectory planning criteria for increasing grinding speed as much as possible under the premise of avoiding interference is proposed to design the grinding trajectory. Then grinding point distribution on the ball-end wheel is calculated, and the grinding characteristics, grinding speed and maximum undeformed chip thickness, are investigated. Finally, a complex structural component can be ground without interference, and surface roughness and profile accuracy are improved to 40.2 nm and 0.399 μm, compared with 556 nm and 3.427 μm before ultra-precision grinding. The mathematical model can provide theoretical guidance for the analysis of interference and grinding characteristics in complex components grinding to improve its grinding quality.     

采用碟形砂轮的面齿轮磨齿方法理论分析

为了制造出高精度硬齿面面齿轮和获得抛物线传动误差并提高传动稳定性,提出一种采用碟形砂轮加工面齿轮的磨齿方法.分析了碟形砂轮磨削面齿轮的展成原理和碟形砂轮的运动,根据展成原理推导了碟形砂轮的齿面方程,使用渐开线失配的碟形砂轮和改变砂轮的运动,推导出双向修形面齿轮的齿面方程.建立了双向修形面齿轮和常规渐开线小齿轮啮合的齿面接触分析模型,齿面计算和齿面接触分析实例表明,采用碟形砂轮加工双向修形面齿轮的磨齿方法是可行的,获得了面齿轮抛物线传动误差,避免了边缘接触并提高了传动的稳定性.      

基于碟形砂轮磨齿的面齿轮包络残差研究

介绍了采用碟形砂轮磨削面齿轮的原理及过程,研究了齿廓包络和齿宽包络两种包络方式产生包络残差的机理.分别建立了两种加工方式下包络残差的计算模型和方法,并研究了所产生包络残差的特点.通过数值算例分析了包络过程中刀具周向进给角度、齿宽方向进给量以及碟形砂轮外径对齿面包络残差的影响规律.计算结果表明:齿宽包络比齿廓包络具有更高的效率.进行了以齿廓包络方式的面齿轮磨齿加工实验,当刀具周向进给角度分别取为2°,1°,0.5°及0.2°时,齿面表面粗糙度逐渐明显提高,齿面磨削加工印痕的数目和方向与包络仿真计算结果一致.初步证明根据包络残差计算结果选取合适的进给量参数,可以保证面齿轮磨齿加工的表面粗糙度水平并能提高加工效率.      

Specific grinding energy and surface roughness of nanoparticle jet minimum quantity lubrication in grinding

Nanoparticles with the anti-wear and friction reducing features were applied as cooling lubricant in the grinding fluid. Dry grinding, flood grinding, minimal quantity of lubrication（MQL）, and nanoparticle jet MQL were used in the grinding experiments. The specific grinding energy of dry grinding, flood grinding and MQL were 84, 29.8, 45.5 J/mm³, respectively. The specific grinding energy significantly decreased to 32.7 J/mm³ in nanoparticle MQL. Compared with dry grinding, the surface roughness values of flood grinding, MQL, and nanoparticle jet MQL were significantly reduced with the surface topography profile values reduced by 11%, 2.5%, and 10%,respectively, and the ten point height of microcosmic unflatness values reduced by 1.5%, 0.5%,and 1.3%, respectively. These results verified the satisfactory lubrication effects of nanoparticle MQL. MoS₂, carbon nanotube（CNT）, and ZrO₂ nanoparticles were also added in the grinding fluid of nanoparticle jet MQL to analyze their grinding surface lubrication effects. The specific grinding energy of MoS₂ nanoparticle was only 32.7 J/mm³, which was 8.22% and 10.39% lower than those of the other two nanoparticles. Moreover, the surface roughness of workpiece was also smaller with MoS₂ nanoparticle, which indicated its remarkable lubrication effects. Furthermore,the role of MoS₂ particles in the grinding surface lubrication at different nanoparticle volume concentrations was analyzed. MoS₂ volume concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% were used.Experimental results revealed that the specific grinding energy and the workpiece surface roughness initially increased and then decreased as MoS₂ nanoparticle volume concentration increased.Satisfactory grinding surface lubrication effects were obtained with 2% MoS₂ nanoparticle volume concentration.     

Analysis of grinding mechanics and improved grinding force model based on randomized grain geometric characteristics

Too high grinding force will lead to a large increase in specific grinding energy, resulting in high temperature in grinding zone, especially for the aerospace difficult cutting metal materials,seriously affecting the surface quality and accuracy. At present, the theoretical models of grinding force are mostly based on the assumption of uniform or simplified morphological characteristics of grains, which is inconsistent with the actual grains. Especially for non-engineering grinding wheel,most g...     

Development of a new high-shear and low-pressure grinding wheel and its grinding characteristics for Inconel718 alloy

Nickel-based alloy has been widely used due to its outstanding mechanical properties. However, Nickel-based alloy is a typical difficult-to-machine material, which is a great constrain for its application in the manufacturing field. To improve the surface quality of the ground workpiece, a new high-shear and low-pressure grinding wheel, with high ratio of tangential grinding force to normal grinding force, was fabricated for the grinding of selective laser melting (SLM) manufactured Inconel718 alloy. The principle of high-shear and low-pressure grinding process was introduced in detail, which was quite different from the conventional grinding process. The fabrication process of the new grinding wheel was illustrated. A serial of experiments with different processing parameters were carried out to investigate the grinding performance of the developed grinding wheel via analyzing surface roughness and surface morphology of the ground workpiece. The optimal processing parameters of high-shear and low-pressure grinding were obtained. The surface roughness of ground workpiece was reduced to 0.232 μm from the initial value of 0.490 μm under the optimal grinding conditions. It was found that the initial scratches on the ground workpiece were almost completely removed after the observations with the metalloscopy and the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The capability of the newly developed high-shear and low-pressure grinding wheel was validated.     

Prediction on grinding force during grinding powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 with electroplated CBN abrasive wheel

In this article, a grinding force model, which is on the basis of cutting process of single abrasive grains combined with the method of theoretical derivation and empirical formula by analyzing the formation mechanism of grinding force, was established. Three key factors have been taken into accounts in this model, such as the contact friction force between abrasive grains and materials, the plastic deformation of material in the process of abrasive plowing, and the shear strain effect of material during the process of cutting chips formation. The model was finally validated by the orthogonal grinding experiment of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 by using the electroplated CBN abrasive wheel. Grinding force values of prediction and experiment were in good consistency. The errors of tangential grinding force and normal grinding force were 9.8% and 13.6%, respectively. The contributions of sliding force, plowing force and chip formation force were also analyzed. In addition, the tangential forces of sliding, plowing and chip formation are 14%, 19% and 11% of the normal forces on average, respectively. The pro-posed grinding force model is not only in favor of optimizing the grinding parameters and improving grinding efficiency, but also contributes to study some other grinding subjects (e.g. abrasive wheel wear, grinding heat, residual stress).     

Modelling of grinding mechanics: A review

Grinding is one of the most widely used material removal methods at the end of many process chains. Grinding force is related to almost all grinding parameters, which has a great influence on material removal rate, dimensional and shape accuracy, surface and subsurface integrity, thermodynamics, dynamics, wheel durability, and machining system deformation. Considering that grinding force is related to almost all grinding parameters, grinding force can be used to detect grinding wheel wear, energy calculation, chatter suppression, force control and grinding process simulation. Accurate prediction of grinding forces is important for optimizing grinding parameters and the structure of grinding machines and fixtures. Although there are substantial research papers on grinding mechanics, a comprehensive review on the modeling of grinding mechanics is still absent from the literature. To fill this gap, this work reviews and introduces theoretical methods and applications of mechanics in grinding from the aspects of modeling principles, limitations and possible future trendencies.     

磨削力的实时采集和数据处理

磨削一般是零件加工的最后一道工序。磨削过程较为复杂，磨削力的大小不仅影响工件的表面质量，而且还影响零件的精度。在磨削机理研究及生产实际中常常需对磨削力进行测试，通过调整磨削用量，修整砂轮，实现在允许的磨削力范围内进行加工。提出了在磨床上安装测力系统，并采用单片机对磨削力信号进行实时采集处理，建立磨削力的经验公式，同时显示并打印结果。     

复杂叶片机器人磨抛加工工艺技术研究进展

针对航空、航天、能源等国家战略领域复杂叶片高效高品质加工重大需求,对近年来以工业机器人为装备执行体的机器人磨抛加工技术的研究进展进行了综述。具体围绕叶片机器人磨抛中涉及的加工系统精确标定、测量点云高效匹配、加工轨迹自适应规划,以及柔顺力精密控制等关键工艺技术,系统而全面地分析了国内外已公开发表的相关文献,并以典型的汽轮机叶片和发动机叶片为例,阐述了叶片机器人磨抛工程应用效果。最后从叶片特殊部位一体化加工、磨抛加工颤振抑制、磨抛表面完整性控制、叶片增减材混合加工等方面对该领域未来研究方向进行了展望。