临近空间串联气球系统设计与特性分析

目前,零压气球和超压气球固有的不足限制了高空气球的飞行能力。提出了 1种无需消耗压舱物和浮升气体即可实现昼夜高度自稳定且能够长时间迂回飞行的临近空间串联气球系统。结合了 2种气球的优点,避开了现阶段高空气球发展遇到的困难。建立了昼夜飞行高度一定的串联气球系统的数学模型,设计了能够利用准零风层风场条件实现迂回飞行的串联气球系统,通过与单一零压气球系统对比,验证了该系统的优势。数值仿真分析了零压气球形状、系统设计高度对超压气球尺寸、最大超压量等关键参数的影响,为设计飞行性能更好的系统提供了重要参考依据。     

超压气球飞行过程热特性数值研究

在分析超压气球几何外形、内外热环境和受力等情况的基础上,建立了超压气球几何、热力学和运动学模型。基于该模型,对超压气球上升-驻空过程进行了仿真模拟,得到超压气球飞行高度、内部氦气温度、氦气内外超压、气球体积以及气球飞行速度随时间的变化规律。结果表明:气球在上升过程中,氦气存在严重的"超冷"现象,而在驻空过程中,出现严重的"超热"现象。升速度曲线呈"W"型变化;中午过后,随着太阳辐射的减弱,氦气温度开始下降,但驻空高度维持不变。研究结果为超压气球的设计和研究提供了重要的依据,更好地保证气球在飞行期间的运行安全。     

天基光学平台下弹头与气球诱饵中段观测运动差异分析

为了解决弹道导弹在中段释放气球诱饵伴飞,以干扰天基光学防御系统对导弹目标进行精确跟踪识别的问题,基于弹头和气球诱饵质阻比的差异,利用美国NRLMSISE-00(Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar Exosphere,海军研究实验室质谱仪和非相干散射雷达大气经验性模型)对气球诱饵进行相应动力学分析,得出气球诱饵在弹道中段的大气阻力模型.然后给出了J2摄动下,气球诱饵经过阻力修正后较精确的中段运动模型,并将结论引入到天基光学平台中,进行观测仿真实验.结果表明,在200 km以上的高空,大气阻力对于弹头和气球诱饵的影响微弱,可忽略不计,在观测像平面中表现为一块难以区分的亮斑;而在100～200 km高度范围内,气球诱饵受大气阻力影响剧烈,在观测像平面内的运动与弹头存在较大差别,具有较强的可区分性.     

基于机翼-帆尾的高纬度跨年驻留太阳能飞机总体参数设计方法

拓展太阳能飞机在较高纬度地区的跨年驻留性能有助于促成太阳能飞机的广泛实用化。建立了适用于任意高度、任意纬度、任意指向的光伏组件面功率模型,并考虑了光伏组件的温度效应,通过能量仿真得出：在方位角跟踪方式下,滚偏角为90°的主动式光伏组件的日均面功率最优。然后在布局与能源综合设计思想指导下,建立了一套基于机翼-帆尾的太阳能飞机总体参数设计方法,其组成模块包括各部件质量方程、气动效率方程、用于构建气动布局参数与全机光伏组件面功率特性之间映射关系的Kriging代理模型,以及参与总体参数匹配优化设计的量子粒子群优化（QPSO）算法及其多目标评价函数。面向高纬度与跨年驻留的设计指标,开展了机翼-帆尾太阳能飞机的方案实例设计,其中驻留纬度与高度指标分别为45°N和18 km。详细分析了此方案在23.5°N~55°N纬度域内的可持续高度包线。研究结果表明：与传统布局形式相比,机翼-帆尾布局形式大幅提升了高纬度地区冬季附近的光伏组件面功率,有效地减小了翼展尺度、机翼面积并提升了巡航速度,具有良好的应用优势。方案设计实例也验证了基于机翼-帆尾的太阳能飞机总体参数设计方法的可行性。     

火星超压气球温度分布研究

 针对火星气球的温度特性开展研究,首先分析了火星大气的特殊热环境;归纳了影响火星气球温度特性的主要环境因素;设计了两种不同蒙皮辐射特性的原型超压气球;建立了计算火星气球稳态温度分布的模型,并做了合理的简化;选择了热、冷、任意时刻及特殊工况进行气球的蒙皮和内部气体温度计算.结果表明,通过改进蒙皮辐射特性的设计,可以满足火星气球在特定工况下飞行的温度要求.     

某型系留气球空中逃逸仿真分析

系留气球现已应用到许多领域,针对可能出现的主要问题,有些无法用实验手段进行验证,因而采取计算机仿真加以研究。介绍了系留气球的工作状况,描述了空中逃逸的飞行过程,通过建立动力学模型的数学方程式,仿真了升空高度和升降速度与时间的关系。对同型系留气球的设计方法提供参考,为浮空器使用安全提供帮助。     

剩余浮力对系留气球静平衡特性的影响分析

在进行系留气球总体方案设计时,剩余浮力的选择直接影响到系留气球气囊和副气囊体积等参数的设计,剩余浮力选择不当将造成研制成本的增加或静平衡特性指标无法实现。因此,对同一系留气球不同剩余浮力,及两种不同体积的系留气球在相同剩余浮力时的静平衡特性进行计算与对比分析。结果表明:对同一体积的系留气球,剩余浮力对系留气球俯仰角、高度损失和水平漂移量影响较大,且剩余浮力越大,其俯仰角、高度损失和水平漂移量越小;随着系留气球体积的增大,剩余浮力对系留气球高度损失和水平漂移量的影响将逐渐减小。     

空空导弹固体火箭冲压发动机设计参数优化

为使空空导弹在较宽的空域范围内获得优化的综合性能,提出了以导弹综合特性为目标函数来优化固体火箭冲压发动机设计参数的思路,以空空导弹在飞行高度分别为5,10km和15km的飞行距离和飞行速度的综合性能参数为目标函数,建立了固体火箭冲压发动机设计参数优化模型,利用遗传算法进行了固体火箭冲压发动机设计参数的优化.优化的结果表明:当参数选择适当时,采用非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机的空空导弹在较宽的工作包线内也能够具有优秀的飞行性能,在高度为5,10km和15km时,空空导弹的飞行距离分别达到了62.9,89.2km和133.1km,空空导弹的平均飞行速度也得到了提高.      

基于风场环境利用的平流层浮空器区域驻留关键问题研究进展

基于风场环境利用的平流层浮空器继承高空气球结构简单、技术成熟、快速响应、使用效费比高等特点，通过引入控制设计，克服轨迹控制和高度控制等方面的局限，具备一定的飞行轨迹规划和区域驻留能力，是当前临近空间飞行器发展的重要方向。本文基于对典型项目的调研分析，梳理了基于风场环境利用的平流层浮空器在区域驻留应用中的关键技术，重点讨论了风场感知与建模、风场利用方法、轨迹规划与决策等核心问题的研究现状，对现有方案进行深入分析，从实际应用的角度探讨了相关技术难题的可行解决方案。     

净升力对临近空间浮空器上升航迹的影响分析

基于临近空间浮空器动力学与热力学耦合关系,研究分析上升过程飞行航迹与内部气体热性能。建立临近空间浮空器初始充气量模型、热模型和上升过程动力学模型,通过飞行试验验证了数学模型的准确性。仿真计算了某高空科学气球的上升航迹,得到了气球净升力对爆破高度、速度等飞行航迹性能参数的影响,分析了参数变化规律与变化原因。研究结果表明,随着净升力的增加,爆破高度迅速降低,而气球上升速度逐渐上升,且上升速度的增大比爆破高度的减小相对于净升力的变化更加敏感,表明气球的净升力对航迹性能参数存在重要影响。研究结果可为临近空间浮空器设计、试验和应用提供理论参考。     

New design simulation for a high-altitude dual-balloon system to extend lifetime and improve floating performance

This paper presents a comprehensive simulation for a high-altitude dual-balloon system which consists of zero- and super-pressure balloons. Preliminary calculations were established to describe the basic concept of the new integrated system. A mathematical model was investigated to simulate the ascending and floating processes which considered the atmospheric conditions and thermodynamic variations. Based on the simulation, results showed that the floating altitude stability between daytime and nighttime was improved. This integrated system supports higher floating altitude levels than those of ordinary balloons and extends the lifetime of floating balloon systems. Moreover, results demonstrated that the integrated system was lighter than ordinary balloons, saving useful weight for effective payload. Furthermore, exploiting the advantages of both kinds of balloons while avoiding the difficulties was a significant goal in the current design to promote the floating performance of high-altitude balloons technology.     

Investigation on Mechanism of Altitude Characteristic for Air-breathing Pulsed Laser Thruster

Altitude characteristic is of great importance for studying when an air-breathing pulsed laser thruster works in the dense atmosphere condition of 0-30 km altitude. The experimental findings all over the world show that the similar relationship between impulse coupling coefficient and altitude. According to strong explosion theory and an ideal gas model, a dimensionless factor indicating energy law of similitude is introduced, and formula of impulse coupling coefficient is deducted. Then theoretical study of altitude characteristic is carried out and mechanism of altitude characteristic is further explained. The results indicate that there is a maximum value of impulse coupling coefficient if the dimensionless factor equals to 0. 41 in theory, and whether the phenomena of maximum appear or not depends on the range of the dimensionless factor related to altitude. As to a conical nozzle with the fixed length of 120 mm, the relationship between the sonic velocity and the dimensionless factor causes the maximum phenomenon at the altitude of about 12. 5 km, and maximum theoretical impulse coupling coefficient is also found in the experimental investigations. The mechanism of altitude characteristic for air-breathing pulsed laser thruster is discovered in this article, which will provide reference for further research on altitude characteristic.     

The IMF pile-up regions near the Earth and Venus: lessons for the solar wind - Mars interaction

The Mars Global Surveyor mission has revealed that localized crustal paleomagnetic anomalies are a common feature of the Southern Hemisphere of Mars. The magnetometer measured small-scale magnetic fields associated with many individual magnetic anomalies have magnitudes ranging from hundreds to thousands nT at altitude above 120 km. That makes Mars globally different from both Venus and Earth. The data collected by Lunar Prospector near the Moon were interpreted as evidence that above regions of inferred strong surface magnetic fields on the Moon the SW flow is deflected, and a small-scale mini-magnetosphere exists under some circumstances. With a factor of 100 stronger magnetic fields at Mars and a lower SW dynamic pressure, those conditions offer the opportunity for a larger size of small `magnetospheres' which can be formed by the crustal magnetic fields. Outside the regions of the magnetic anomalies, the SW/Mars interaction is Venus-like. Thus, at Mars the distinguishing feature of the magnetic field pile-up boundary most likely varies from Venus-like to Earth-like above the crustal magnetic field regions. The observational data regarding the IMF pile-up regions near Venus and the Earth are initially reviewed. As long as the SW/Mars interaction remains like that at Venus, the IMF penetrates deep into the Martian ionosphere under the `overpressure' conditions. Results of numerical simulations and theoretical expectations regarding the temporal evolution of the IMF inside the Venus ionosphere and appearance of superthermal electrons are also reviewed and assessed.     

The Galaxy Cluster Mass Scale and Its Impact on Cosmological Constraints from the Cluster Population

Space Science Reviews - The QB50 mission is a satellite constellation designed to carry out measurements at between 200–380 km altitude in the ionosphere. The multi-needle Langmuir probe...     

飞艇运动建模与仿真验证

在研究临近空间浮空器的过程中,设计了一种低空实验飞艇.为了评价该飞艇的稳定性和操纵性,建立了飞艇的六自由度运动方程数学模型,使用Matlab/Simulink软件完成了飞艇飞行仿真软件设计.另外采用Flightgear作为飞行仿真视景软件,设计飞行仿真软件驱动视景软件的网络接口程序.利用飞行仿真软件,进行了该低空飞艇运动的仿真验证.仿真结果表明,软件达到了预定的设计目标,该实验飞艇方案可行,安定面和推进动力配置基本合理.     

Effects of Low Energetic Neutral Atoms on Martian and Venusian Dayside Exospheric Temperature Estimations

The heating of the upper atmospheres and the formation of the ionospheres on Venus and Mars are mainly controlled by the solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation (λ = 0.1–102.7 nm and can be characterized by the 10.7 cm solar radio flux). Previous estimations of the average Martian dayside exospheric temperature inferred from topside plasma scale heights, UV airglow and Lyman-α dayglow observations of up to ∼500 K imply a stronger dependence on solar activity than that found on Venus by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) and Magellan spacecraft. However, this dependence appears to be inconsistent with exospheric temperatures (<250 K) inferred from aerobraking maneuvers of recent spacecraft like Mars Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey during different solar activity periods and at different orbital locations of the planet. In a similar way, early Lyman-α dayglow and UV airglow observations by Venera 4, Mariner 5 and 10, and Venera 9–12 at Venus also suggested much higher exospheric temperatures of up to 1000 K as compared with the average dayside exospheric temperature of about 270 K inferred from neutral gas mass spectrometry data obtained by PVO. In order to compare Venus and Mars, we estimated the dayside exobase temperature of Venus by using electron density profiles obtained from the PVO radio science experiment during the solar cycle and found the Venusian temperature to vary between 250–300 K, being in reasonable agreement with the exospheric temperatures inferred from Magellan aerobraking data and PVO mass spectrometer measurements. The same method has been applied to Mars by studying the solar cycle variation of the ionospheric peak plasma density observed by Mars Global Surveyor during both solar minimum and maximum conditions, yielding a temperature range between 190–220 K. This result clearly indicates that the average Martian dayside temperature at the exobase does not exceed a value of about 240 K during high solar activity conditions and that the response of the upper atmosphere temperature on Mars to solar activity near the ionization maximum is essentially the same as on Venus. The reason for this discrepancy between exospheric temperature determinations from topside plasma scale heights and electron distributions near the ionospheric maximum seems to lie in the fact that thermal and photochemical equilibrium applies only at altitudes below 170 km, whereas topside scale heights are derived for much higher altitudes where they are modified by transport processes and where local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions are violated. Moreover, from simulating the energy density distribution of photochemically produced moderately energetic H, C and O atoms, as well as CO molecules, we argue that exospheric temperatures inferred from Lyman-α dayglow and UV airglow observations result in too high values, because these particles, as well as energetic neutral atoms, transformed from solar wind protons into hydrogen atoms via charge exchange, may contribute to the observed planetary hot neutral gas coronae. Because the low exospheric temperatures inferred from neutral gas mass spectrometer and aerobraking data, as well as from CO⁺ ₂ UV doublet emissions near 180–260 nm obtained from the Mars Express SPICAM UV spectrograph suggest rather low heating efficiencies, some hitherto unidentified additional IR-cooling mechanism in the thermospheres of both Venus and Mars is likely to exist. An erratum to this article can be found at     

行星齿轮传动的功率分流动态均衡优化设计

本文研究了浮动件支承刚度对行星齿轮功率分流动态均衡性的影响,引入功率分流动态不均衡系数K_c和动载系数 K_d,定量地描述了不同支承刚度下功率在各行星齿轮间分配不均衡程度和啮合动载荷波动程度。以浮动件支承刚度为设计变量,使 K_c和 K_d 达到极小为目标函数,采用遗传算法对 2 K -H行星齿轮传动进行了动态优化设计。研究表明:优化后的行星齿轮传动不仅固有频率有所降低,而且在工作转速附近,功率分流不均衡及动载荷皆有较大改善。      

航空发动机在高空台上的H0/Ma0试验分析

分析了发动机高空台H0/Ma0试验时,高空舱压力与标准大气压力不一致的产生原因,以及由于发动机排气引射作用与高空舱内冷却流动造成的环境压力低于标准大气海平面静止空气压力对发动机H0/Ma0试验结果的影响机理。在此基础上,提出了环境压力差异对发动机H0/Ma0试验结果影响的研究方案,并用两型发动机在不同试车台上进行了H0/Ma0试验与研究性试验。结果表明,70 kPa压力环境、0.99~1.02冲压比的高空台H0/Ma0试验的换算结果,与标准大气海平面静止条件下的试验结果基本一致。     

Experimental investigation of a gliding discharge plasma jet igniter

Relight of jet engines at high altitude is difficult due to the relatively low pressure and temperature of inlet air. The penetration of initial flame kernel affects the ignition probability in the turbine engine combustor greatly. In order to achieve successful ignition at high altitude, a deeper penetration of initial flame kernel should be generated. In this study, a Gliding Arc Plasma Jet Igniter(GAPJI) is designed to induce initial flame kernel with deeper penetration to achieve successful ...