Using a pressure controlled vortex design method to control secondary flow losses in a turbine stage

A turbine design method based on pressure controlled vortex design （PCVD） is presented to design a small-size turbine stage. Contrary to the conventional controlled vortex design （CVD） method, the main objective of PCVD is to control the axial velocity and radial pressure in the sta- tor rotor gap. Through controlling axial velocity, the PCVD establishes a direct tie to meridional stream surface. Thus stream surface variation is induced, resulting in a large secondary flow vortex covering the full blade passage in the respective stator and rotor. This secondary flow vortex could be dedicated to control the secondary flow mitigation and migration. Through radial pressure, the PCVD is also associated with the macroscopic driving force of fluid motion. So the better benefit of CVD can be achieved. The core concept behind PCVD is to mainly control the spanwise pressure gradient by altering profile loading at various spanwise locations. Therefore not only the local pro- file lift is affected, but also the resulting throat widths, stage reaction degree, and massflow rate are altered or redistributed respectively. With the PCVD method, the global stage efficiency is increased successfully while the mass flow rate keeps constant. Additionally there is no endwall shape optimization, stacking optimization, or pitch/chord variations, concentrating solely on varying blade profile deflections and stagger.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a flapping rotary wing: Modeling and optimal wing kinematic analysis

The analysis of the passive rotation feature of a micro Flapping Rotary Wing(FRW)applicable for Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) design is presented in this paper. The dynamics of the wing and its influence on aerodynamic performance of FRW is studied at low Reynolds number(~10~3).The FRW is modeled as a simplified system of three rigid bodies: a rotary base with two flapping wings. The multibody dynamic theory is employed to derive the motion equations for FRW. A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is utilized for the calculation of the aerodynamic forces and moments. The dynamic motion process and the effects of the kinematics of wings on the dynamic rotational equilibrium of FWR and the aerodynamic performances are studied. The results show that the passive rotation motion of the wings is a continuous dynamic process which converges into an equilibrium rotary velocity due to the interaction between aerodynamic thrust, drag force and wing inertia. This causes a unique dynamic time-lag phenomena of lift generation for FRW, unlike the normal flapping wing flight vehicle driven by its own motor to actively rotate its wings. The analysis also shows that in order to acquire a high positive lift generation with high power efficiency and small dynamic time-lag, a relative high mid-up stroke angle within 7–15° and low mid-down stroke angle within -40° to -35° are necessary. The results provide a quantified guidance for design option of FRW together with the optimal kinematics of motion according to flight performance requirement.     

Modeling of reliability and performance assessment of a dissimilar redundancy actuation system with failure monitoring

Actuation system is a vital system in an aircraft, providing the force necessary to move flight control surfaces. The system has a significant influence on the overall aircraft performance and its safety. In order to further increase already high reliability and safety, Airbus has imple-mented a dissimilar redundancy actuation system (DRAS) in its aircraft. The DRAS consists of a hydraulic actuation system (HAS) and an electro-hydrostatic actuation system (EHAS), in which the HAS utilizes a hydraulic source (HS) to move the control surface and the EHAS utilizes an elec-trical supply (ES) to provide the motion force. This paper focuses on the performance degradation processes and fault monitoring strategies of the DRAS, establishes its reliability model based on the generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPN), and carries out a reliability assessment considering the fault monitoring coverage rate and the false alarm rate. The results indicate that the proposed reli-ability model of the DRAS, considering the fault monitoring, can express its fault logical relation and redundancy degradation process and identify potential safety hazards.     

A fully automated framework for helicopter rotor blades design and analysis including aerodynamics,structure, and manufacturing

This study describes an integrated framework in which basic aerospace engineering aspects (performance, aerodynamics, and structure) and practical aspects (configuration visualiza-tion and manufacturing) are coupled and considered in one fully automated design optimization of rotor blades. A number of codes are developed to robustly perform estimation of helicopter config-uration from sizing, performance analysis, trim analysis, to rotor blades configuration representa-tion. These codes are then integrated with a two-dimensional airfoil analysis tool to fully design rotor blades configuration including rotor planform and airfoil shape for optimal aerodynamics in both hover and forward flights. A modular structure design methodology is developed for real-istic composite rotor blades with a sophisticated cross-sectional geometry. A D-spar cross-sectional structure is chosen as a baseline. The framework is able to analyze all realistic inner configurations including thicknesses of D-spar, skin, web, number and ply angles of layers of each composite part, and materials. A number of codes and commercial software (ANSYS, Gridgen, VABS, PreVABS, etc.) are implemented to automate the structural analysis from aerodynamic data processing to sec-tional properties and stress analysis. An integrated model for manufacturing cost estimation of composite rotor blades developed at the Aerodynamic Analysis and Design Laboratory (AADL), Aerospace Information Engineering Department, Konkuk University is integrated into the framework to provide a rapid and dynamic feedback to configuration design. The integration of three modules has constructed a framework where the size of a helicopter, aerodynamic performance analysis, structure analysis, and manufacturing cost estimation could be quickly investigated. All aspects of a rotor blade including planform, airfoil shape, and inner structure are considered in a multidisciplinary design optimization without an exception of critical configuration.     

Optimum blade loading for a powered rotor in descent

The optimum loading for rotors has previously been found for hover, climb and wind turbine conditions;but, up to now, no one has determined the optimum rotor loading in descent. This could be an important design consideration for rotary-wing parachutes and low-speed des-cents. In this paper, the optimal loading for a powered rotor in descent is found from momentum theory based on a variational principle. This loading is compared with the optimal loading for a rotor in hover or climb and with the Betz rotor loading (which is optimum for a lightly-loaded rotor). Wake contraction for each of the various loadings is also presented.     

Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Flow Around Forward Flight Helicopter with Coaxial Rotors

Three-dimensional unsteady Euler equations are numerically solved to simulate the unsteady flows around forward flight helicopter with coaxial rotors based on unstructured dynamic overset grids. The performances of the two coaxial rotors both become worse because of the aerodynamic interaction between them, and the influence of the top rotor on the bottom rotor is greater than that of the bottom rotor on the top rotor. The downwash velocity at the bottom rotor plane is much larger than that at the top rotor plane, and the downwash velocity at the top rotor plane is a little larger than that at an individual rotor plane. The downwash velocity and thrust coefficient both become larger when the collective angle of blades is added. When the spacing between the two coaxial rotors increases, the thrust coefficient of the top rotor increases, but the total thrust coefficient reduces a little, because the decrease of the bottom rotor thrust coefficient is larger than the increase of the top rotor thrust coefficient.     

Numerical simulation on a film-cooled rotating model with 30° injection holes

The flow and heat transfer characteristics were numerically investigated on a film cooling model under different rotating operating conditions.The computational model was originated from the mid-span section of a typical turbine rotor with two rows of 14 staggered injection holes angled 30° both on the suction surface and pressure surface,and the flow through the coolant plenum and all the hole-pipes were resolved as a part of the computational domain by specifying the coolant mass flux in the plenum.The computations primarily focus on under-standing the rotational effect on film cooling performance in mechanism research approach.In the present study,the Reynolds number(Re) based on mainstream velocity and injection hole diameter varied from 1835.5 to 5507.4,and the averaged blowing ratio(M) ranges of 0.5 to 1.5.Results show that the coolant will move on to the high-radius locations near the suction and pressure surfaces due to the strong centrifugal effect,which leads to the decrease in adiabatic effectiveness accordingly.The discharge coefficients(Cd),on the pressure surface,are much higher than that on the suction surface under a given operating condition.In addition,the critical values of angular speed which represent the equilibrium of centrifugal force and Coriolis force near the pressure surface are also presented.      

Effects of blade aspect ratio and taper ratio on hovering performance of cycloidal rotor with large blade pitching amplitude

In recent years, a lot of research work has been carried out on the cycloidal rotors. However, it lacks thorough understanding about the effects of the blade platform shape on the hover efficiency of the cycloidal rotor, and the knowledge of how to design the platform shape of the blades. This paper presents a numerical simulation model based on Unsteady ReynoldsAveraged Navier–Stokes equations(URANSs), which is further validated by the experimental results. The effects of blade aspect ratio and taper ratio are analyzed, which shows that the cycloidal rotors with the same chord length have quite similar performance even though the blade aspect ratio varies from a very small value to a large one. By comparing the cycloidal rotors with different taper ratios, it is found that the rotors with large blade taper ratio outperform those with small taper ratio. This is due to the fact that the blade with larger taper ratio has longer chord and hence better efficiency. The analysis results show that the unsteady aerodynamic effects due to blade pitching motion play a more important role in the efficiency than the blade platform shape. Therefore we should pay more attention to the blade airfoil and pitching motion than the blade platform shape.The main contributions of this paper include: the analysis of the effects of aspect ratio and taper ratio on the hover efficiency of cycloidal rotor based on both the experimental and numerical simulation results; the finding of the main influencing factors on the hover efficiency; the qualitative guidance on how to design the blade platform shape for cycloidal rotors.     

Numerical Simulation of Rotor-aerodynamic Surface Interaction in Hover Using Moving Chimera Grid

Three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved to simulate the aerodynamic interaction of rotor, canard and horizontal tail in hover based on moving chimera grid. The variations of unsteady aerodynamic forces and moments of the canard and horizontal tail with respect to the rotor azimuth are analyzed with the deflection angle set at 0° and 50°, respectively. The pressure map of aerodynamic surfaces and velocity vector distribution of flow field are investigated to get better understanding of the unsteady aerodynamic interaction. The result shows that the canard and horizontal tail present different characteristics under the downwash of the rotor. The canard produces much vertical force loss with low amplitude fluctuation. Contrarily, the horizontal tail, which is within the flow field induced by the down wash of the rotor, produces only less vertical force loss, but the amplitudes of the lift and pitching moment are larger, implying that a potential deflection angle scheme in hover is 50° for the canard and 0° for the horizontal tail.     

突加不平衡激励碰摩转子反向涡动分析

建立了考虑叶片-机匣碰摩、挤压油膜阻尼的模型,推导了转子发生失稳的判别条件。从复非线性模态角度分析了突加不平衡激励下转子的动力特性,揭示转子反向涡动响应的形成过程及存在条件。通过参数分析获得转子发生反向涡动的敏感参数及其影响规律,并根据突加不平衡激励下转子反向涡动的响应特征分析某航空发动机叶片飞失故障。计算结果表明：转子能够发生反向涡动需要满足两个条件,其一,转子本身存在反进动模态失稳区;其二,冲击载荷使叶盘幅值达到反进动模态阻尼失稳点并进入反进动模态失稳区。实际航空发动机转子中具有因突加不平衡而发生反向涡动的风险,会造成支承结构破坏,严重威胁航空发动机的安全。增加转子阻尼、降低叶尖-机匣摩擦因数、降低静子叶片刚度、采用挤压油膜阻尼结构均有利于降低该风险。     

油膜惯性力对双盘转子—SFD系统突加不平衡和加速响应特性的影响

本文分析了雷诺数和系统参数对于转子—挤压油膜阻尼器(SFD)系统突加不平衡响应和加速响应特性的影响。研究结果表明:油膜惯性力对系统的动态特性有影响;对于考虑油膜惯性力的系统,系统参数的变化对突加不平衡响应也有影响;对于加速通过双稳态响应区的突加不平衡响应,突加不平衡发生在不同的转速比区,响应走的路径也不相同。      

含浮环式挤压油膜阻尼器转子系统的突加不平衡响应分析

为了研究含浮环式挤压油膜阻尼器对转子系统突加不平衡响应的抑制作用,建立了浮环式挤压油膜阻尼器-转子系统的动力学模型,在模型中,充分考虑了转子与浮环式挤压油膜阻尼器的耦合作用.运用数值积分获取系统的动力学响应.研究表明,与传统挤压油膜阻尼器相比,浮环式挤压油膜阻尼器能更好地抑制转子系统的突加不平衡响应;在靠近临界转速时,浮环式挤压油膜阻尼器能抑制瞬态过程;较大的浮环质量和滑油黏度能更好地抑制转子系统突加不平衡响应.      

突加不平衡作用下转子系统的主动降载实验

为了实现突加不平衡作用下的转子安全性设计，分析了突加不平衡作用下的锥壁降载结构机理，设计了支承刚度可控的主动降载实验系统并进行了实验验证。结果表明:锥壁熔断降载的本质是减小转子支承刚度，从而降低临界转速并在减速停车时降低转子支承载荷与相应振幅。设计的主动降载机构利用可控支承，自适应地改变支承刚度，有效的模拟锥壁熔断降载作用，并能够低成本、重复性的实验验证熔断降载机理，为突加不平衡的安全性设计提供实验条件与数据支撑。      

航空发动机转子挤压油膜阻尼器设计方法

将挤压油膜阻尼器设计与转子动力学设计相结合,建立了航空发动机转子挤压油膜阻尼器设计方法和设计流程.转子参数为转子阻尼、临界转速配置、最大不平衡量、转子振动峰值,以及支承外传力等,挤压油膜阻尼器设计参数为轴颈偏心率、油膜半径间隙、油膜长度和鼠笼刚度.设计目标是控制转子临界峰值和支承外传力.其中转子阻尼与最大不平衡量为挤压油膜阻尼器设计的关键参数.利用一实验器,对该设计方法进行了数值仿真和实验验证,结果表明:转子振动响应临界峰值减振比例可达60%以上,说明所建立的设计方法是正确有效的,可为挤压油膜阻尼器设计提供指导.      

装不同传动轴动力涡轮转子的高速动平衡及重复性考核试验研究

在高速旋转试验器上完成了装实心和空心传动轴动力涡轮转子的高速动平衡及装配引起的不平衡分散度考核共9次试验。结果表明：装机用动力涡轮转子的临界转速设计合理；高速动平衡对减小细长柔性转子的动挠度效果显著；对平衡好的转子进行分解和重新装配将带来附加的不平衡(装配不平衡)，从而引起转子振动幅值发生变化，但只要保证高速动平衡精度和装配质量．就不会对转子原有的平衡造成实质性的破坏。     

高速转子支承阻尼系统动力特性理论研究

在对不平衡响应预测的研究中,用“标准组件”和“形位信息”概念建立了复杂转子不平衡响应的实用计算方法和程序。在挤压油膜阻尼器动力特性的研究中,全面论述了该类阻尼器的稳态特性,瞬态特性和突加不平衡响应特性,并对同心型和非同心型阻尼器方案进行比较,获得非同心型方案比同心型方案有更好的减振效果的结论。依据理论分析和实验经验所提出的挤压油膜阻尼器的设计方法和推荐值,已证明是成功的。     

叶片丢失激励下航空发动机柔性转子系统的动力学响应

为揭示叶片丢失激励下转子系统动力学响应特征,考虑涡扇发动机低压转子刚度/质量分布特征、载荷传递特征、转静件耦合特征等,建立了高速柔性悬臂转子系统动力学模型。对突加不平衡激励及持续碰摩约束下转子系统动力学响应特性进行分析。结果表明:所建立转子动力学模型可以有效反映叶片丢失激励下转子冲击振动和复杂简谐振动响应特征。在突加不平衡激励下转子系统的瞬态振动响应加剧,具有显著冲击响应特征,并伴有转子横向固有振动。持续碰摩所产生的约束作用可使转子临界转速发生变化,虽然响应幅值降低,但频率成分及转子振动趋于复杂。      

叶片飞脱下转子动力学响应实验

为了研究大涵道比涡扇发动机叶片飞脱时动力学响应,更好地进行发动机安全性设计,根据相似理论设计了包含叶片飞脱装置的突加不平衡实验系统并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:设计的突加不平衡实验系统,与某型验证机相似度高,代表性强,能够有效可控地进行突加不平衡实验,重复性好,机理清晰且飞脱不平衡量大,能够真实地模拟发动机叶片飞脱响应。通过实验发现,当大突加不平衡发生时,频谱出现超次谐波并且冲击系数由于挤压油膜阻尼器限幅作用并不呈现线性关系,因而在后续研究中还应注意限幅导致的碰摩问题。      

带有挤压油膜阻尼器的转子系统动力学相似设计

针对航空发动机中常见的带有挤压油膜阻尼器(SFD)转子的动力学相似问题,建立了一种相似建模方法。从带有阻尼的转子的振动微分方程着手,通过方程分析法推导了转子振动过程中的不平衡力相似关系和阻尼力相似关系。以挤压油膜阻尼器的油膜力和油膜方程为基础建立了挤压油膜阻尼器参数与转子相似参数之间的数学关系,并给出了相应的工程设计方法。以某带有挤压油膜阻尼器的单转子系统为例,建立了带有挤压油膜阻尼器的相似转子系统,使用有限元法分析了该转子系统与其相似系统的动力学特性,分析结果显示：在仅考虑转子系统内挤压油膜阻尼器阻尼的情况下相似系统的不平衡响应与原转子系统不平衡响应误差低于1%。