J2项摄动条件下线性化的编队卫星动力学方程

考虑J2项摄动力对参考卫星轨道的绝对影响和对伴随卫星轨道的相对影响,应用拉格朗日方法,在笛卡尔坐标系下,给出了一组考虑J2项摄动的线性化的编队卫星相对动力学方程。该方程考虑了J2项摄动力带来的相对运动平面内外的耦合和短周期项的影响,有效地提高了相对动力学模型的精度。仿真结果表明,该方程组可有效地描述J2项摄动条件下编队卫星的相对运动,其误差只有二体非线性模型的10%,利用其设计的水平圆编队半径的相对误差不超过1%,并且由于是线性化的微分方程描述,可方便地应用到编队卫星导航、制导与控制系统的设计中。     

航天器相对运动建模及周期性相对运动求解

面向航天器编队飞行的需求,对椭圆参考轨道航天器非线性周期相对运动条件进行研究,提出了确定椭圆参考轨道编队航天器非线性周期性相对运动条件的新方法。首先,考虑非线性、椭圆轨道等因素,通过哈密尔顿-雅可比(HJ)方程和正则摄动理论,推导了在任意非线性摄动下相对运动的模型和获得不需消耗任何燃料的周期性相对运动轨道的条件;然后,采用时域配点法,结合改进的列文伯格-马夸尔特(LM)法对周期性相对运动的初值进行求解;最后,设计数值仿真算例,利用上述条件,得到不消耗任何燃料的周期性绕飞轨道,由此验证了本文所提模型和方法的正确性。     

卫星编队飞行星间相对运动

为分析编队卫星不同模型间的差异，分别根据动力学和运动学推导了星间相对运动的非线性、线性和相对轨道根数三种模型。以非线性相对运动模型为参考，在相同初始条件下比较各模型的位置误差。仿真结果表明：中心星在圆轨道或近圆轨道上运动时，三个模型结果相差较大。增大中心星轨道偏心率，可减小其位置误差。     

大气阻力摄动对卫星编队飞行队形的影响分析

为了分析大气阻力摄动对卫星编队队形的影响,利用相对轨道根数法推导了包含大气阻力摄动的卫星编队相对运动的状态转移方程。仿真结果表明当几何形状和质量不同的两颗卫星在低轨道做编队飞行时,大气阻力摄动对编队队形的影响很大而不能忽略;当主卫星的半长轴相等时,主卫星轨道的偏心率越大编队飞行受大气阻力摄动的影响也越大;大气阻力摄动主要影响编队飞行迹向相对距离。     

编队飞行卫星群的轨道动力学特性与构形设计

编队飞行卫星群由一些相对距离近的小卫星组成,在严格的条件下,若干颗伴随卫星环绕一颗中心卫星作相对运动,相对轨道为特别性质的椭圆,本文研究了编队飞行卫星群的轨道动力学特性,提出了编队飞行的轨道构形设计的原则和方法。     

编队卫星相对运动描述方法综述

对于近地轨道卫星编队飞行的相对运动理论研究,可以采用的方法包括直角坐标法和 轨道要素法。利用直角坐标法得到的相对运动动力学方程可以用于编队队形控制研究,轨道 要素法能够给出相对运动的运动学描述,便于定量研究摄动影响和进行编队队形设计。分析 了直角坐标法在描述卫星长期编队飞行方面的局限性,综述了利用轨道要素描述编队卫星相 对运动的各种研究方法,包括轨道要素差法、相对轨道要素法和参照轨道要素法等。     

近赤道卫星绕飞编队的运动学分析及轨道设计研究

首先对一般运动学方法在进行近赤道卫星编队相对运动分析和轨道设计时存在的问题进行了分析 ;其次介绍了一种基于零倾角轨道变换的运动学新方法 ,用其对近赤道卫星编队中参考卫星轨道倾角对环绕卫星轨道根数的影响进行了研究 ;最后对零倾角卫星编队相对运动方程的线性化误差进行了理论分析 ,并利用数值仿真对两种运动学方法的相对运动方程线性化误差进行了比较分析。数值仿真的结果表明 :由基于零倾角轨道变换运动学方法得到的相对运动方程的线性化误差不随参考卫星轨道倾角改变 ,而由一般运动学得到的相对运动方程的线性化误差随着卫星编队接近赤道而呈非线性增大。     

基于Lawden改进型方程的编队Unscented Kalman Filter滤波估计

通过改进卫星编队的Lawden方程得到非线性相对运动方程,称为Lawden改进型方程,使其更加近似于编队运行环境.通过该非线性方程,在编队相对导航研究中,以EKF滤波方法为参考分析,采用适合非线性系统的UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)滤波方法对编队的状态进行滤波估计.通过仿真实验,结果表明采用UKF滤波方法的编队状态估计精度明显优于采用EKF滤波方 法得到的估计精度,其中相对距离估计精度可以提高70％左右,相对速率估计精度可以提高25％左右,在工程应用中具有一定的参考利用价值.     

考虑地球扁率的大椭圆轨道编队飞行优化设计

大椭圆轨道上卫星编队的相对运动特性及其所受摄动力的影响给编队轨道设计者提出了新的挑战.本文总结了大椭圆轨道卫星编队的五种基本形式,利用数值积分法计算了主星轨道倾角、近地点角和平近点角初值对地球扁率作用下基本编队形式相对位置极值点漂移量的影响规律.结合零J2项摄动条件,提出基于主星平近点角初值的J2项编队相对轨道优化设计方法,进而获得瞬时根数描述的编队初始条件.仿真算例表明：优化设计结果可以明显降低大椭圆轨道编队卫星的相对漂移量,与平根数描述的编队初始条件的设计结果相比,相对距离极大值点的漂移量降低约81.8681%,验证了基于主星平近点角初值的大椭圆轨道编队优化设计方法的可行性.     

利用时域配点法的卫星相对运动周期轨道求解研究

为更精确而有效地求解卫星相对运动周期性轨道,提出了一种新的数值求解方法,该法是基于时域配点(TDC)方法研究存在J2项的非线性相对运动模型的周期解。在TDC方法中,预先将期望得到的周期解假定为傅里叶级数展开,再将傅里叶级数展开形成的近似解代入原非线性方程中,得到剩余误差函数并令其等于0,其本质是一种平衡剩余误差的方法。可通过此方法用C-W方程或T-H方程的相对运动轨道的初始条件生成边界轨道。TDC方法较一般的数值方法更精确。数值仿真表明:应用TDC方法后,能获得闭合的相对运动轨迹。研究对解决相对运动轨道维持中节省燃料和编队飞行动力学有重要的意义。     

追踪星跟踪空间非合作目标的相对轨道设计

对空间非合作目标跟踪飞行可以执行观测或监视等任务。首先从一般性出发对追踪星与非合作目标之间的椭圆轨道相对运动方程进行分析,给出具有任意初始条件的相对运动方程解析表达式。其次,对追踪星沿航向跟踪目标并考虑约束条件时的相对轨道设计进行分析后,给出设计追踪星轨道的方法,该方法使得追踪星在保持对地定向的同时也满足测量敏感器的约束条件。最后通过数学仿真进行了验证。     

Optimal control of a spinning double-pyramid Earth-pointing tethered formation

The dynamics and control of a tethered satellite formation for Earth-pointing observation missions is considered. For most practical applications in Earth orbit, a tether formation must be spinning in order to maintain tension in the tethers. It is possible to obtain periodic spinning solutions for a triangular formation whose initial conditions are close to the orbit normal. However, these solutions contain significant deviations of the satellites on a sphere relative to the desired Earth-pointing configuration. To maintain a plane of satellites spinning normal to the orbit plane, it is necessary to utilize “anchors”. Such a configuration resembles a double-pyramid. In this paper, control of a double-pyramid tethered formation is studied. The equations of motion are derived in a floating orbital coordinate system for the general case of an elliptic reference orbit. The motion of the satellites is derived assuming inelastic tethers that can vary in length in a controlled manner. Cartesian coordinates in a rotating reference frame attached to the desired spin frame provide a simple means of expressing the equations of motion, together with a set of constraint equations for the tether tensions. Periodic optimal control theory is applied to the system to determine sets of controlled periodic trajectories by varying the lengths of all interconnecting tethers (nine in total), as well as retrieval and simple reconfiguration trajectories. A modal analysis of the system is also performed using a lumped mass representation of the tethers.     

Symmetric periodic solutions of the Hill’s problem. II

An algorithm for studying the families of symmetric periodic orbits using their generating solutions, whose structure was presented in the first part of this paper [1], is described. The algorithm is essentially based on symmetry of the generating solution and on its initial approximation. More than 20 new families of symmetric periodic solutions of the Hill’s problem have been found and investigated with the use of this algorithm. The families including trajectories for orbital injection into the vicinity of collinear libration points L _1,2 are described.     

圆型限制性三体问题相对运动解析研究

针对圆型限制性三体问题共线平动点附近周期/拟周期轨道下的相对运动问题，提出一种新的、通用的解析研究方法。在周期/拟周期轨道近似解析解的基础上，结合微分修正方法，获得了精确的周期/拟周期轨道。对周期/拟周期轨道的单值矩阵进行分析，同时借鉴Floquet理论核心思想，建立了六个相对运动模态，并将相对运动表示为六个相对运动模态的线性组合，获得了相对运动的近似解析解。最后在地-月系统圆型限制性三体问题下，以L1点作为研究对象，分别以Halo轨道、Lissajous轨道和Lyapunov轨道为参考轨道，对相对运动模态和相对运动进行仿真分析，说明了相对运动模态的正确性以及相对运动近似解析解的有效性。     

Fourth-order theories for orbit predictions for low- and high-eccentricity orbits in an oblate atmosphere with scale height dependent on altitude

Two new fourth-order non-singular analytical theories for the motion of near-Earth satellite orbits with air drag are developed for low- and high-eccentricity orbits in an oblate atmosphere with variation of density scale height with altitude. Uniformly regular Kustaanheimo–Stiefel (KS) canonical elements are utilized for low-eccentricity orbits and KS element equations are employed for high-eccentricity orbits. Only two of the nine equations are solved analytically to compute the state vector and change in energy at the end of each revolution, due to symmetry in the equations of motion. The analytical solutions are compared with the numerically integrated values up to 100 revolutions, and found to be quite accurate over a wide range of eccentricity, perigee height and inclination.     

利用升交点经度进行轨道设计的方法

以升交点经度的范围来描述所有能覆盖到目标的轨道。利用球面三角方法详细讨论了在考虑地球形状Ｊ２项的摄动影响时，各种情况下能覆盖目标点的轨道的升交点经度范围，并将其推广到对区域目标的覆盖，给出了完整的解析表达式。结合实例给出了利用该表达式进行有连续覆盖、覆盖次数及过顶时间要求时的轨道设计方法。该方法的优点是无需进行轨道读物计算，仅用解析表达式即可快速地设计出满足覆盖要求的轨道。     

访问多个特定相对位置的航天器轨道设计

在航天器轨道设计问题中,将惯性空间中经典的吉布斯三矢量定轨方法拓展到相对运动空间中,给出了一种相对运动条件下的三矢量定轨方法。针对已知轨道的目标航天器,以及二个或三个给定的空间相对位置,基于相对运动方程,提出了设计跟随航天器飞行轨道的数值方法。以轨道面共面或异面,以及目标航天器轨道形状为椭圆或圆,将问题分为四种情况进行约束条件和自由变量个数的分析讨论。对于自由变量个数多于约束方程的情况,额外给定周期重访约束,将各种情况下的特定相对位置访问问题转化为一至二维的非线性方程(组)求解问题。对一维方程求解采用分段黄金分割+割线法进行快速求解;对二维方程组通过网格法搜索迭代初值并通过牛顿迭代快速求解。进一步基于线性模型的解,采用微分修正方法求解了各情况下J2摄动模型下的结果。数值算例验证了提出方法的正确性及有效性。     

Analytic expansions of luni-solar gravity perturbations along rotating axes for trajectory optimization—Part 2: The multipliers system and simulations

An efficient self-contained trajectory optimization software is generated by making use of de Pontécoulant's analytic lunar theory removing the need for an outside third body ephemeris program to compute the lunar and solar position vectors at each integration step. The accelerations being further resolved along the rotating Euler–Hill frame after expansion to third order in the spacecraft radial distance, the adjoint differential equations are derived in a direct manner complementing the generation of the dynamic system of equations for full compatibility. Because the variation of parameters equations are cast in terms of the nonsingular equinoctial elements with the perturbation accelerations resolved in their analytic form along the rotating axes, the adjoint equations are also derived in the same manner providing a highly efficient and accurate system of equations for rapid computations in conjunction with Aerospace Corporation's NLP2 nonlinear programming codes to search for the initial values of the multipliers that steer the spacecraft towards its target orbit in minimum time. Numerical simulations show that the solutions obtained by the analysis developed in this paper are essentially identical to the more indirect approach based on the use of inertial accelerations obtained from a separate ephemeris generator and subsequent conversions to the thrust frame and equinoctial system.     

Revisiting the general periodic relative motion in elliptic reference orbits

A general periodicity condition is presented by analyzing the relative motion between two spacecraft performing formation flight in Keplerian elliptic orbits. The Tschauner–Hempel equation is used to describe the relative motion, and the general periodicity condition is derived through a state transition matrix with a true anomaly as a free variable. The general periodicity condition is also derived by using the energy matching condition, and the resulting periodic conditions by two approaches are compared to each other. Moreover, the zero offset condition is presented to locate the leader spacecraft at the center of the formation geometry. Then, the periodic relative motion in the elliptic reference orbit is expressed using the periodicity condition and the zero offset condition. Numerical simulations demonstrate the periodic relative motion in the elliptic reference orbit, and the results show that the general periodicity condition guarantees the bounded periodic relative motion in arbitrary elliptic orbits, and the zero offset condition makes the formation center coincide with the leader spacecraft.