超临界二氧化碳射流火星采样技术研究

火星钻探取样是火星探测的重要任务环节,火星硬岩地层的有效钻进是目前火星探测取样面临的主要难题。文章在分析比较目前主要航天国家深空探测采样技术特点与局限的基础上,论述了火星大气丰富的二氧化碳资源转化利用的可行性,提出了超临界二氧化碳射流火星采样技术,分析了超临界二氧化碳射流火星硬岩辅助钻进的机理、优势、应用前景和关键科学问题,为火星探测装置的改进和火星采样技术的创新提供参考。     

火星液氧/甲烷推进剂原位制备技术研究进展

火星是人类深空探测的重要目标之一。利用火星上的大气、水等资源原位制备液氧、甲烷等推进剂,不仅为火星探测器返回地球、开展长周期火星探测等提供能源,也为人类建立火星生命保障系统提供必要的物质基础。分析了火星推进剂原位制备的重要性,对推进剂原位制备的资源、技术方案进行了对比分析,并重点叙述了CO_2捕集、水资源获取等方面的研究进展,以期为该领域相关研究提供参考。     

粉末发动机技术研究现状及展望

对目前在研究的Al/AP、金属粉末/空气、金属粉末/CO_2、金属粉末/H_2O等推进剂体系的多种粉末发动机发展现状进行了综述,表明粉末发动机可分为粉末火箭发动机、粉末冲压发动机、粉末爆震发动机三大类,不同推进剂体系的粉末发动机应用方向差异较大:Al/AP推进剂火箭发动机是最典型的粉末发动机,应用领域和常规火箭发动机的相同,其技术成熟度相对较高;金属粉末/空气冲压发动机主要用于超音速导弹或高超音速导弹推进领域;金属粉末/CO_2推进剂体系主要应用于火星开发;金属粉末/H_2O推进剂体系可用于水下推进、空间推进、金属制氢等领域,应用前景广阔,是目前的研究热点。各种粉末发动机都涉及三项关键技术,即粉末推进剂配方技术、粉末推进剂输送及流量调节技术、粉末燃料燃烧组织技术,文中提出了这些技术的基本要求,同时认为粉末推进剂输送及流量调节技术是粉末发动机的技术瓶颈。     

基于萤火一号技术的自主火星探测器方案

提出了基于萤火一号（YH-1）火星探测器技术的自主火星探测器方案,可携带多种有效载荷在准太阳同步圆轨道上对火星进行科学探测。该方案具有可实现性强、成本低、研制周期短等特点,并能满足火星探测后续工程中的环绕器设计要求,利于我国火星探测的长远发展。利用长征三号乙运载火箭,在西昌卫星发射中心就可实现2013/2016年的我国自主火星探测。     

稳压CO2气体氛围火星环境模拟试验系统设计

火星表面低压和低温的大气条件意味着传统的热真空试验设备不能满足火星探测任务型号的地面模拟试验需求。为此,设计研制了以CO_2为气体氛围的火星环境模拟系统。采用气氮调温解决了罐体结露的问题,并采用移动压力控制系统保持在试验温度范围内CO_2气体状态和压力稳定。该系统已成功用于多个火星探测器型号部件产品的地面模拟试验,为火星探测任务开展提供了支持。     

俄罗斯火星载人探测技术现状

火星探测是人类探索太空的重要组成部分。俄罗斯在火星探测方面具有丰富的经验和大量技术储备。文章扼要介绍了俄罗斯火星载人探测技术的发展过程,重点阐述了俄罗斯现阶段火星探测方案和关键部件的研制现状和技术能力,对该方案的可行性进行了分析,并对火星探测技术可能的国际合作方式提出建议。     

火星载人探测中辐射防护综述

火星探测是人类太空探索的重要组成部分,火星载人探测中航天员的辐射安全问题是人们最为关心的问题。文章扼要介绍了美国/俄罗斯火星载人探测技术的发展过程,重点阐述了探测中的辐射环境、辐射效应以及国外探测结果;在此基础上,对火星探测中的辐射剂量进行了预示,提出了辐射防护建议。     

火星土壤水分光热采集方法可行性分析

展望火星采样返回、载人火星探测和火星基地建设等未来任务,目前开展火星原位资源利用技术研究已具有较为实际的意义和需求。已实施的火星探测表明,火星的水资源存在于火星北极与南极的冰盖以及火星的土壤和大气中。文章针对火星表面含有水冰的土壤,提出一种利用太阳光辐射使水冰受热升华再凝华成霜来实现水分采集的方法,给出原理性装置设计,并采用有限差分法计算了一定厚度土壤内的冰完全升华所需的时间,据此分析论证了所提出方法的可行性。     

随“MAVEN”一起呼吸火星大气

美国“火星大气与挥发演化”（MAVEN）探测器于2014年9月22日进入火星轨道,开始了其为期1年的科学探测任务。MAVEN的主要使命是调查火星大气失踪之谜,并寻找火星上早期拥有的水源及二氧化碳消失的原因。为完成使命,MAVEN的研制者在充分继承之前火星探测器的研制经验基础上,为其精心打造了各项独具功能的探测设备。     

载人火星探测任务构架及其航天运输系统研究

正随着人类社会和深空探测技术的不断发展,火星探测变得越来越有吸引力。从1960年苏联发射世界上第一个无人火星探测器至今,人类已发射无人火星探测器47次,对火星进行了详细的考察。载人火星探测在探索地外生命、星际移民、推动科技发展、提升国家地位和促进人类社会进步等方面具有重要意义。航天运输系统技术是载人火星探测任务实施的基础技术,其技术水平对载人火星探测任务的风险、复杂度和成本具有重要影响,有必要开展载人火星探测航天运输系统技术研究。     

一种共轴双旋翼式火星飞行器设计及其试验验证

针对火星飞行器探测需求,提出了一种共轴双旋翼式火星飞行器,基于计算流体力学方法优选了桨叶翼型、平面形状和扭转角等结构参数,基于叶素动量理论建立了旋翼气动力学模型,利用数值模拟方法选择了旋翼转速、旋翼间距和桨叶安装角等飞行参数,设计了原理样机"火星飞鸟-I"的结构与控制系统。构建了火星大气环境模拟器和重力补偿与运动约束装置,开展了模拟火星环境下旋翼式飞行器地面飞行试验,验证了共轴双旋翼式火星飞行器的推进性能,展望了旋翼式火星飞行器技术的发展方向。研究成果对我国开展的火星探测工程具有重要借鉴价值。     

月/火探测软着陆制导技术发展综述

面向未来复杂区域精确软着陆需求，对月/火探测任务软着陆制导技术进行了综述。首先回顾了目前已开展的月/火探测任务，分析了探测任务的发展趋势；其次就软着陆技术的发展进行了归纳整理，给出了发展趋势分析及难点浅析；最后对月/火探测任务进行了总结及展望。通过本文的研究，以期为软着陆制导技术方向发展提供一定参考。     

核反应堆空间应用研究

对美国、俄罗斯等国家的核反应堆空间应用进行了研究。其中包括:美国最早研究的SNAP-8系列,可提供多种组合输出的SP-100布雷顿能量系统,应用于火星表面的核反应堆MSR系统等;俄罗斯和日本在月球表面或火星表面应用的核反应堆。重点对空间核反应堆的堆型、堆芯冷却方式、热电转换方式、废热排放方式、辐射屏蔽模式等进行比对分析。结合月球基地能源系统的应用背景,对实现核反应堆空间应用需要解决的关键技术进行了分析,如发射安全技术、无人自主管理技术、空间低重力环境适应性及辐射防护技术等,可为我国未来空间探测任务的能源系统研究提供借鉴和参考。     

Mg粉/CO2粉末火箭发动机点火试验研究

初步设计了粉末火箭发动机,并以Mg粉作为燃料、CO2作为氧化剂进行了点火试验.研究结果表明,在一定的压强和温度下,利用空气与Mg粉的燃烧放热可成功引燃Mg粉/CO2,且在关闭空气后达到自持燃烧；燃烧室壁面沉积较多,主要以MgO为主,还有一部分未燃烧的Mg；通过该试验验证了Mg粉/CO2粉末火箭发动机方案的可行性.     

Comparative assessment of human–Mars-mission technologies and architectures

We compare a variety of mission scenarios to assess the strengths and weaknesses of options for Mars exploration. The mission design space is modeled along two dimensions: trajectory architectures and propulsion system technologies. We examine direct, semi-direct, stop-over, semi-cycler, and cycler architectures, and we include electric propulsion, nuclear thermal rockets, methane and oxygen production on Mars, Mars water excavation, aerocapture, and reusable propulsion systems in our technology assessment. The mission sensitivity to crew size, vehicle masses, and crew travel time is also examined. Many different combinations of technologies and architectures are applied to the same Mars mission to determine which combinations provide the greatest potential reduction in the injected mass to LEO. We approximate the technology readiness level of a mission to rank development risk, but omit development cost and time calculations in our assessment. It is found that Earth–Mars semi-cyclers and cyclers require the least injected mass to LEO of any architecture and that the discovery of accessible water on Mars has the most dramatic effect on the evolution of Mars exploration.     

地外天体着陆巡视探测自主智能技术进展

以月球、火星和小行星等地外天体着陆巡视探测任务为背景，对自主智能技术的发展现状、应用情况与未来趋势进行了分析研究。回顾了目前国内外地外天体着陆巡视探测任务的实施情况；从导航定位与环境感知、轨迹优化与制导控制、自主探测与路径规划、故障诊断与自主处理等四个方面，阐述了该领域自主智能技术的研究现状，并对未来发展态势进行了展望。     

Self-sustaining Mars colonies utilizing the North Polar Cap and the Martian atmosphere

A revolutionary new concept for the early establishment of robust, self-sustaining Martian colonies is described. The colonies would be located on the North Polar Cap of Mars and utilize readily available water ice and the CO2 Martian atmosphere as raw materials to produce all of the propellants, fuel, air, water, plastics, food, and other supplies needed by the colony. The colonists would live in thermally insulated large, comfortable habitats under the ice surface, fully shielded from cosmic rays. The habitats and supplies would be produced by a compact, lightweight (~4 metric tons) nuclear powered robotic unit termed ALPH (Atomic Liberation of Propellant and Habitat), which would land 2 years before the colonists arrived. Using a compact, lightweight 5 MW (th) nuclear reactor/steam turbine (1 MW(e)) power source and small process units (e.g., H2O electrolyzer, H2 and O2 liquefiers, methanator, plastic polymerizer, food producer, etc.) ALPH would stockpile many hundreds of tons of supplies in melt cavities under the ice, plus insulated habitats, to be in place and ready for use when the colonists landed. With the stockpiled supplies, the colonists would construct and operate rovers and flyers to explore the surface of Mars. ALPH greatly reduces the amount of Earth supplied material needed and enables large permanent colonies on Mars. It also greatly reduces human and mission risks and vastly increases the capability not only for exploration of the surrounding Martian surface, but also the ice cap itself. The North Polar Cap is at the center of the vast ancient ocean that covered much of the Martian Northern Hemisphere. Small, nuclear heated robotic probes would travel deep (1 km or more) inside the ice cap, collecting data on its internal structure, the composition and properties of the ancient Martian atmosphere, and possible evidence of ancient life forms (microfossils, traces of DNA, etc.) that were deposited either by wind or as remnants of the ancient ocean. Details of the ALPH system, which is based on existing technology, are presented. ALPH units could be developed and demonstrated on Earth ice sheets within a few years. An Earth-Mars space transport architecture is described, in which Mars produced propellant and supplies for return journeys to Earth would be lifted with relatively low DeltaV to Mars orbit, and from there transported back to Earth orbit, enabling faster and lower cost trips from Earth to Mars. The exploration capability and quality of life in a mature Martian colony of 500 persons located on the North Polar Cap is outlined.     

The physics,biology, and environmental ethics of making mars habitable

The considerable evidence that Mars once had a wetter, more clement, environment motivates the search for past or present life on that planet. This evidence also suggests the possibility of restoring habitable conditions on Mars. While the total amounts of the key molecules--carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen--needed for creating a biosphere on Mars are unknown, estimates suggest that there may be enough in the subsurface. Super greenhouse gases, in particular, perfluorocarbons, are currently the most effective and practical way to warm Mars and thicken its atmosphere so that liquid water is stable on the surface. This process could take approximately 100 years. If enough carbon dioxide is frozen in the South Polar Cap and absorbed in the regolith, the resulting thick and warm carbon dioxide atmosphere could support many types of microorganisms, plants, and invertebrates. If a planet-wide martian biosphere converted carbon dioxide into oxygen with an average efficiency equal to that for Earth's biosphere, it would take > 100,000 years to create Earth-like oxygen levels. Ethical issues associated with bringing life to Mars center on the possibility of indigenous martian life and the relative value of a planet with or without a global biosphere.