电子载荷与成像载荷协同高效应用思考

未来战场环境瞬息万变，唯有进行快速、准确、高效的战场信息获取、决策与分发，方能求得先机。传统的单星单载荷模式，由于信息获取方式的局限，应对突发事件能力有限。多体制载荷信息融合与协同应用的需求应运而生。首先以多体制载荷协同高效应用为出发点，将此需求分解为多体制载荷的信息高效获取和多体制载荷信息的高效应用两方面，并加以阐述。然后介绍了以多手段协同高效信息获取为出发点设计的综合运用型卫星的主要技术特点，该星以电子载荷引导光学成像任务为主体。最后，针对多体制载荷协同高效的需求，梳理了电子与成像协同体制下的发展建议。     

嫦娥五号轻量化高精度上升器结构设计

针对嫦娥五号上升器结构面临的轻量化设计要求严苛、有效载荷接口精度要求极高和有效载荷指向变化预示精度要求很高的难题,提出至顶向下的结构轻量化设计方法,使得上升器结构自重降低到整器重量的6.2%(47.758 kg);建立压紧和精度保持功能分离、双坐标系分级实现高精度的结构设计方法,实现相关有效载荷的结构安装接口精度达到400 mm×400 mm区域平面度小于或者等于0.05 mm;探索出综合了有效载荷自身和安装结构耦合效应的有效载荷在轨指向变化预示方法,实现准确、高效、快速地对有效载荷指向变化进行角秒级高精度评估。这些方法支持完成中国月面无人自动采样返回任务,并最终促进中国航天器结构技术的发展。     

Overview of scientific payloads onboard the KSR-III rocket

The Korea Sounding Rocket-III (KSR-III) was successfully launched on November 28, 2002 from the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. The science payload onboard the KSR-III included an ozone detector and two magnetometers along with other various sensors installed to measure physical characteristics such as temperature, pressure, strain, and acceleration. The main objective of KSR-III was to evaluate the liquid propulsion engine system which has been newly adopted in the KSR series. In addition to this main objective, the science payload conducted atmospheric soundings. The payload data were transmitted to the ground station in real time by an onboard telemetry system. The UV radiometer measured the direct solar UV radiation and during the ascending phase the vertical ozone density profile was obtained. This result was compared with coincident measurements taken by other satellites, a ground station, and an ozonesonde. A fluxgate-type magnetometer was onboard the KSR-III to observe the Earth's DC magnetic field and for AC field measurements, a search-coil magnetometer was installed. This was the first Korean mission to use magnetometers on a rocket-borne platform to measure the Earth's magnetic field. Using the telemetry magnetometer data, a study on the rocket attitude was carried out. This paper will give an overview of the design, calibration, and test results of the science payload onboard the KSR-III.     

中国空间站光学遥感载荷的发展研究

光学遥感载荷的空间站平台相比卫星平台具有很大的优势,吸引了包括俄罗斯、美国和欧空局在内的国际空间站成员国争相进行空间站光学遥感载荷的新技术实验验证和对地观测研究。文章介绍了国际空间站光学遥感载荷的观测方式和特点,结合国际空间站光学遥感载荷的应用情况,从新技术实验验证和对地观测两个方面分析了中国空间站光学遥感载荷发展应该注意的问题,为中国空间站光学遥感载荷的发展提出了几点建议。     

降落伞缩距软着陆技术的研究及其进展

降落伞缩距软着陆技术是过去十多年中,美国在研的一种先进的缓冲减速技术。该技术通过在货物即将触地之前强力收缩货物吊带,产生较高拉力,使货物(回收物,空投物)和降落伞间距缩短,随之使货物减速,实现软着陆。经过近十多年研究,出现了几种典型的缩距器设计,包括活塞-滑轮缩距器,马达-绞盘缩距器,以及气动肌缩距器。目前的研究集中在空投应用方面,空投质量从验证概念时的几十千克,逐步发展到9100kg,并实现了快速装卸。作为气动减速的一种先进技术,降落伞缩距软着陆技术对于航天器回收与着陆系统的研究有着借鉴和参考价值,并具有潜在的应用可能。文章对降落伞缩距软着陆技术的研究发展概况以及几种典型设计进行了介绍。     

降落伞缩距软着陆技术的研究及其进展

降落伞缩距软着陆技术是过去十多年中，美国在研的一种先进的缓冲减速技术。该技术通过在货物即将触地之前强力收缩货物吊带，产生较高拉力，使货物（回收物，空投物）和降落伞间距缩短，随之使货物减速，实现软着陆。经过近十多年研究，出现了几种典型的缩距器设计，包括活塞一滑轮缩距器，马达一绞盘缩距器，以及气动肌缩距器。目前的研究集中在空投应用方面，空投质量从验证概念时的几十千克，逐步发展到9100kg，并实现了快速装卸。作为气动减速的一种先进技术，降落伞缩距软着陆技术对于航天器回收与着陆系统的研究有着借鉴和参考价值，并具有潜在的应用可能。文章对降落伞缩距软着陆技术的研完发展概况以及几种典型设计进行了介绍。     

载荷—火箭分离导向机构参数设计及动力学分析

针对载荷—火箭分离中易碰撞以及载荷部姿态的问题,以多体系统动力学理论为基础,在ADAMS中建立了针对一种新型分离导向机构的载荷—火箭分离虚拟样机模型,分别就分离导向机构支柱刚度、高度、滚轮与载荷部之间预载对分离结果的影响进行了计算分析。结果表明：刚度与高度的取值越大,分离过程中的分离最小间隙就越大,越有利于火箭与载荷部的成功分离;预载主要影响载荷部的姿态。基于此结果,设计了一套分离导向机构的匹配参数,并结合姿态控制律,利用ADAMS与Simulink软件包进行联合仿真,校验了这套设计参数可以保证火箭与载荷部的正常分离,姿控系统可以纠正载荷部的姿态偏差。本文采用的研究方法以及所获得的结论对采用该形式分离导向装置的载荷—火箭分离问题具有普适性。     

多格式载荷数据处理与管理平台的设计和实现

为了解决现有航天器载荷数据处理软件灵活度差、处理效率低的问题,设计了一种基于多级解包预处理策略以及并行处理调度算法的多格式载荷数据处理与管理平台。通过在某卫星的载荷试验数据处理与存储管理任务中的应用,验证了该平台设计的可行性和有效性。研究结果可为航天器多种格式的载荷数据并行处理与统一管理提供参考。     

Design feasibility via ascent optimality for next-generation spacecraft

This paper deals with the optimization of the ascent trajectories for single-stage-sub-orbit (SSSO), single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO), and two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) rocket-powered spacecraft. The maximum payload weight problem is studied for different values of the engine specific impulse and spacecraft structural factor.The main conclusions are that: feasibility of SSSO spacecraft is guaranteed for all the parameter combinations considered; feasibility of SSTO spacecraft depends strongly on the parameter combination chosen; not only feasibility of TSTO spacecraft is guaranteed for all the parameter combinations considered, but the TSTO payload is several times the SSTO payload.Improvements in engine specific impulse and spacecraft structural factor are desirable and crucial for SSTO feasibility; indeed, aerodynamic improvements do not yield significant improvements in payload.For SSSO, SSTO, and TSTO spacecraft, simple engineering approximations are developed connecting the maximum payload weight to the engine specific impulse and spacecraft structural factor. With reference to the specific impulse/structural factor domain, these engineering approximations lead to the construction of zero-payload lines separating the feasibility region (positive payload) from the unfeasibility region (negative payload).     

航天器最优再入轨迹的选择分析

本文研究的目的是想获得具有最大有效载荷的航天器最优再入轨迹。返回段航天器的最大有效载荷等价于航天器离轨点所耗燃料质量与热防护系统（ＴＰＳ）质量之和达极小。文中把最大有效载荷的再入轨迹分三种情况作了分析：航天器ＴＰＳ质量不确定时，通过返回轨迹优化来获得航天器的最大有效载荷，并选择确定相应ＴＰＳ的质量；ＴＰＳ质量已确定时，通过再入轨迹优化来获得航天器的最大有效载荷；ＴＰＳ质量足够大时，通过多次穿越大气层来获得航天器的最大有效载荷。本文的结论可为航天器再入轨迹与ＴＰＳ的一体化选择提供思路。     

ERDSAT,a satellite concept for Earth observations with combined optical and microwave payload

The concept of a European remote sensing satellite (ERDSAT) launched by ARIANE is characterized by a model payload, consisting of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and an optical multispectral scanner with 9 channels, for land applications or coastal zone missions. The mission goal of ERDSAT is based on European user requrements where a strong need for optical and microwave sensor operation on board the same satellite in a simultaneous or sequential mode is expressed. A data collection system is included. The proposed spacecraft is three-axes-stabilized and has a Sun-synchronous, near polar circular orbit with 750 km altitude. The selected configuration separates payload module and bus module. A thermostable carbon fibre grating structure is the central framework of the satellite. Each major subsystem is housed in a separate compartment and can be integrated and tested individually. First mass estimates resulted in 450 kg for the payload and 880 kg for the bus. The maximum power needed is 1750 W (for 6 min three times a day), which will be provided by a 1330 W solar array and two batteries. A “low cost” model philosophy is defined; the time schedule envisages a program start in late 1980 and a launch possibility end of 1985.     

LANDSAT-7卫星的有效载荷ETM

LANDSAT-7卫星的主要有效载荷——改进型主题测绘仪(Enhanced Thematic Map-per Plus)ETM 是在landsat-4和Landsat-5卫星的主要有效载荷主题测绘仪(Thematic Map-per)的基础上改进的。ETM 相对TM的主要不同之处在于它增加了1个金色谱段和2个增益区域,增加了太阳定标器,并提高了红外谱段的分辨率,文章简要介绍ETM 的性能和主要组件。     

A preliminary study of pulse-laser powered orbital launcher

An air-breathing pulse-laser powered orbital launcher has been proposed as an alternative to conventional chemical launch systems. The aim of the present study is to assess its feasibility through the estimation of its achievable payload mass per unit beam power and launch cost. A transfer trajectory from the ground to a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) is proposed, and the launch trajectory to its geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) is computed using the realistic performance modeled in the pulsejet, ramjet, and rocket flight modes of the launcher. Results show that the launcher can transfer 0.084 kg of payload per 1 MW beam power to a geosynchronous earth orbit. The cost becomes a quarter of existing systems if one can divide a single launch into 24,000 multiple launches.     

The dynamics of the space shuttle orbiter with a flexible payload

The Space Shuttle Orbiter will be used as an orbital base for near-term space operations. Its payloads will range from compact satellites to large, flexible antennas. This paper addresses the problem of the dynamics and control of the Orbiter with a flexible payload. Two different cases are presented as examples. The first is a long, slender beam which might be used as an element in a large orbiting structure. The second is a compact satellite mounted on a spin table in the Orbiter payload bay. The closed loop limit cycles are determined for the first payload and the open loop eigenvalues are calculated for the second. Models of both payloads are mechanized in a simulation with the Shuttle on-orbit autopilot. The vehicle is put through a series of representative maneuvers and its behavior analyzed. The degree of interaction for each payload is determined and strategies are discussed for its reduction.     

双体卫星对日定向姿态机动控制

研究了双体卫星(DFP)对日定向姿态机动控制问题。首先分析双体卫星工作机理，建立载荷舱与平台舱姿态模型，推导磁浮机构线圈和磁钢相对距离的数学表达式。提出基于PD控制的载荷舱对日姿态机动、平台舱姿态跟踪以及两舱避碰等控制策略。在此基础上，为提高平台舱姿态跟踪速度，设计反步控制器对平台舱飞轮的动态特性进行补偿。进一步，为提高两舱协同控制性能，对传统PD控制进行改进，提出基于变增益PD控制的载荷舱姿态机动控制律，将两舱相对姿态信息包含在载荷舱对日姿态机动控制律中，有效降低了两舱碰撞风险，提高了两舱姿态机动速度。仿真结果表明，本文控制算法能有效实现双体卫星对日定向，且能避免两舱碰撞。     

基于LabWindows动态链接库技术的航天器有效载荷通用测试系统的开发研究

航天器有效载荷产品的生产研制具有种类多、批次多、批量小等特点。为了提升有效载荷产品自动测试系统的软件灵活性,以应对测试项目复杂性增加所带来的挑战,提出了一种基于动态链接库技术的测试系统软件架构。该架构具备线程管理、仪器资源管理和测试序列编辑的功能,通过三层动态链接库的关联结构设计实现了自动测试系统中用户管理、业务逻辑和仪器控制的软件功能,同时给出了系统架构中各个模块的详细设计方案,最后通过产品测试验证了系统功能。提出的基于动态链接库技术组成的系统架构具有更小的程序粒度和良好的扩展性。通过三层动态链接库模块之间的灵活配置与重构,使得测试系统软件整体功能得到不断升级,极大地满足了当前航天有效载荷产品生产研制对于集成测试系统的需求,从而为航天器测试系统架构设计提供了的一种新思路。     

同步串行总线在通信卫星转发器中的应用

提出了一种适用于通信卫星转发器分系统测控数据传输的5线制同步串行总线,支持30个终端同时接入,改变了通信卫星平台传统的点对点式的遥测遥控信息传输方式,大大减少了通信舱内电缆数量;并在某通信卫星载荷舱上进行了应用,使卫星载荷舱质量减少几十千克,提升了卫星平台的有效载荷能力。文章设计的串行总线提供标准的接口电路,有利于有效载荷设备的扩容,可以推广至更多的有效载荷设备,构成其之间的测控信息网络。     

MDO approach for early design of aerobraking orbital transfer vehicles

This paper presents a new multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) methodology for preliminary design of an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle (AOTV) performing a two-way transfer between a low-Earth “parking” orbit and a high-energy orbit. This work has been performed in the frame of Onera's CENTOR [N. Bérend, C. Jolly, F. Jouhaud, D. Lazaro, Y. Mauriot, C. Monjaret, J.M. Moschetta, M. Parlier, J.L. Pastre, Y. Servouze, J.L. Vérant, Project CENTOR: Preparing the design of future orbital transfer vehicles; IAC-07-D.2.3.07, in: 58th International Astronautical Congress, 24–28/09/2007, Hyderabad, India] project whose objective is to prepare tools and methodology for studying and designing future space transportation systems for new kinds of missions such as on-orbit servicing (OOS), payload ferrying, or in-situ observation of space-debris. Using simplified models and an appropriate low-dimension formulation for the optimization problem the method makes possible to obtain rapidly and easily a global view of the trade-off between the payload mass and the total mass. It also makes possible to discuss the feasibility of the vehicle with regard to different multidisciplinary constraints and technology hypotheses for the heat shield. This approach is illustrated by eight different AOTV design studies, considering two different missions (LEO–MEO and LEO–GEO), two different propulsion technologies (LOX-LH2 and LOX-CH4) and two different thermal protection system (TPS) characteristics. In each case, we discuss the feasibility and characteristics of the lightest vehicle carrying a prescribed 100 kg payload, and, conversely, a heavy vehicle with a prescribed 18 ton total mass, carrying the heaviest possible payload.     

Atlas II and IIA analyses and environments validation

General Dynamics has now flown all four versions of the Atlas commercial launch vehicle, which cover a payload weight capability to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) in the range of 5000–8000 lb. The key analyses to set design and environmental test parameters for the vehicle modifications and the ground and flight test data that validated them were prepared in paper IAF-91-170 for the first version, Atlas I.

This paper presents similar data for the next two versions, Atlas II and IIA. The Atlas II has propellant tanks lengthened by 12 ft and is boosted by MA-5A rocket engines uprated to 474,000 lb liftoff thrust. GTO payload capability is 6225 lb with the 11-ft fairing. The Atlas IIA is an Atlas II with uprated RL10A-4 engines on the lengthened Centaur II upper stage. The two 20,800 lb thrust, 449 s specific impulse engines with an optional extendible nozzle increase payload capability to GTO to 6635 lb. The paper describes design parameters and validated test results for many other improvements that have generally provided greater capability at less cost, weight and complexity and better reliability. Those described include: moving the MA-5A start system to the ground, replacing the vernier engines with a simple 50 lb thrust on-off hydrazine roll control system, addition of a POGO suppressor, replacement of Centaur jettisonable insulation panels with fixed foam, a new inertial navigation unit (INU) that combines in one package a ring-laser gyro based strapdown guidance system with two MIL-STD-1750A processors, redundant MIL-STD-1553 data bus interfaces, robust Ada-based software and a new Al-Li payload adapter. Payload environment is shown to be essentially unchanged from previous Atlas vehicles. Validation of load, stability, control and pressurization requirements for the larger vehicle is discussed.

All flights to date (five Atlas II, one Atlas IIA) have been successful in launching satellites for EUTELSAT, the U.S. Air Force and INTELSAT. Significant design parameters validated by these flights are presented. Particularly noteworthy has been the performance of the INU, which has provided average GTO insertion errors of only 10 miles apogee, 0.2 miles perigee and 0.004 degrees inclination. It is concluded that Atlas II/IIA have successfully demonstrated probably the largest number of current state-of-the-art components of any expendable launch vehicle flying today.     

FPGA-based operational concept and payload data processing for the Flying Laptop satellite

Flying Laptop is the first small satellite developed by the Institute of Space Systems at the Universität Stuttgart. It is a test bed for an on-board computer with a reconfigurable, redundant and self-controlling high computational ability based on the field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This Technical Note presents the operational concept and the on-board payload data processing of the satellite. The designed operational concept of Flying Laptop enables the achievement of mission goals such as technical demonstration, scientific Earth observation, and the payload data processing methods. All these capabilities expand its scientific usage and enable new possibilities for real-time applications. Its hierarchical architecture of the operational modes of subsystems and modules are developed in a state-machine diagram and tested by means of MathWorks Simulink-/Stateflow Toolbox. Furthermore, the concept of the on-board payload data processing and its implementation and possible applications are described.