UltraFlex太阳翼有序展开动力学建模与分析

针对刚柔耦合的圆形薄膜UltraFlex太阳翼结构动力学建模与分析困难、微重力下薄膜运动复杂和展开精度要求高的问题，搭建了UltraFlex展开动力学数值分析模型，分析了扭簧和绳索驱动下UltraFlex的有序展开动力学特性。基于绝对坐标方法建立包含柔性附件和柔性薄膜的UltraFlex动力学模型，采用两步检测算法处理薄膜间的复杂接触碰撞问题，利用扭簧逐步释放扭矩的方法驱动结构有序展开，通过控制绳索释放速率的方法完成移动箱板的转动规划和限位跟踪，提高展开位置精度。将该展开驱动策略运用到NASA实际样机尺寸的UltraFlex分析模型中，仿真结果表明该展开策略能够使得UltraFlex结构高精度、有序、稳定地展开；绳索始终处于张紧状态，最大拉力为62.5N；薄膜展开过程复杂，重复出现张紧、回弹的现象，最终趋于稳定。     

环柱式天线展开过程耦合动力学分析

针对环柱式天线展开过程中斜拉绳索释放运动与桁架展开运动之间耦合动力学分析困难的问题,采用非线性欧拉梁单元对斜拉绳索建模,基于几何精确梁理论对环形桁架建模,提出了环柱式天线多体系统模型,实现了结构展开过程中绳索释放与桁架展开耦合动力学的精准仿真,揭示了绳索柔性等因素对桁架伸展起阻碍作用的机理。仿真结果表明,在环柱式天线展开过程中,减小绳索模量,降低绳索直径,采用单绳索分布设计,有利于提高桁架的展开稳定性。另外,绳索柔性对桁架展开中间阶段影响最为显著。该分析结果为环柱式天线在轨展开动力学预示和优化设计提供了指导作用。     

空间绳网系统发射动力学问题研究

空间绳网系统是在系绳技术基础上发展起来的一种应用系统,通过展开形成一张具有稳定构型的网,可用于空间目标的柔性容错捕获,在空间废弃卫星或碎片处理方面具有潜在应用价值。空间绳网系统动力学问题较为复杂,融合了刚体动力学、柔性绳索动力学和碰撞与摩擦动力学等方法和模型。通过建立空间绳网系统刚柔耦合动力学模型,研究了其发射展开的动力学问题,重点讨论了绳网牵引质量块发射角度和柔性绳索等效阻尼的影响,仿真结果表明在一定的系统配置下这两个参数存在最优值。
     

空间大型末端执行器捕获动力学与实验研究

以绳索式末端执行器为研究对象,基于离散化方法,采用六维弹簧柔性连接方式建立了绳索动力学模型,并引入绳索与目标间的非线性接触碰撞力和摩擦力模型,获得末端执行器捕获动力学模型,并设计了末端捕获冲击实验,验证了模型的正确性。所建模型可充分考虑绳索的空间运动状态以及捕获过程中绳索与目标间的接触碰撞过程,基于此模型可预示并预防捕获过程中瞬时的较大冲击。对于机构设计和控制器调试具有一定意义,并可作为物理试验的有效补充,解决我国未来空间大型目标捕获任务地面试验验证困难的问题。     

用于介电常数测量的微波振荡环

本文设计并分析了一种微波振荡环路，这种振荡环路由一个装有不介质腔体若干个放大器和传输线路构成，用于室温和高温下采样的介电常数测量。采用Ｓ参数法推导了一个任意环路的振荡条件，按照这一振荡条件，证明环路相位的常用振荡和增益条件只有在Ｓ１１＝Ｓ２１＝０或Ｓ２２＝Ｓ１２＝０两种特殊情况下才成立，根据Ｓ参数振荡条件，设计了一种原理模型，并证明此电路模型理论上计算出的频率和实际测量的振荡频率间误差小于０．０４     

对接动力学试验台的建模与仿真研究

对接动力学试验台采用半物理仿真的方法实时模拟空间两个飞行器在设定对接初始条 件下的对接动力学过程。本文应用EASY5和ADAMS建立了包括机构动力学模型、飞行器对接动 力学解算、轨迹规划解算及运动模拟器位姿反解与液压伺服油缸等组成的对接动力学试验台 系统联合仿真模型。进行组合初始姿态偏差对接仿真,通过仿真结果对比,验证了试验台数 学模型的正确性。进行试验台精度考核仿真,再现了影响试验台精度的主要因素。该模型为 试验台研制与调试提供了重要的依据。
     

绳系卫星系统复杂模型研究

对绳系卫星系统提出一种仿真度更高的动力学模型，着重研究状态保持阶段的子星的振荡与姿态运动。主星设为质点，与系统质心相合，作圆轨道运动；子星取为三维刚体，系绳采用株式模型。除绳系统动能、引力位能及系绳弹性势能外，还考虑了系绳的结构阻尼，以及由系绳外皮包引起的弯曲力矩与扭转力矩。计算机辅助推导参与模拟计算程序设计。     

大型反射面的充气展开动力学研究

为了掌握大型反射面从收拢状态到完全展开状态的动力学特性，采用气囊模型和控制体积(CV)法对反射面的充气展开过程进行研究。建立了包含中心轮毂、肋板、支撑杆、薄膜圆环和张拉绳的反射面有限元模型，提出逆解法获得折叠收拢状态下反射面的节点坐标，给出了充气展开动力学分析流程，获得了恒定充气速率下展开过程中圆环充气体积、环内压力等参数与展开时间的变化规律。结果表明，采用充气技术可进行大型反射面有序可控展开，反射面的充气展开过程分初始收拢状态、解锁释放、肋板展开、保压稳定四个阶段，地面充气展开试验结果验证了仿真分析的准确性。     

行星着陆探测中的动力学与控制研究进展

着陆探测是获取行星特性和科学数据最直接、最有效的途径,也是目前技术难度最大、最为复杂的探测方式。在行星着陆探测过程中,动力学与控制是影响任务成败的关键因素之一。文章首先分析了行星着陆探测动力学与控制研究所面临的挑战与难题;然后,针对火星和小行星的着陆探测,重点分析了火星着陆进入段和下降段所涉及的动力学与控制,小行星附着探测动力学建模与制导控制的研究现状与关键问题;最后,提出了我国在行星着陆探测动力学与控制领域的未来重点发展方向。     

基于Kriging代理模型的环形网状天线展开过程规划

针对环形网状天线小冲击、低能耗展开的应用需求，提出了一种基于动力学分析的环形网状天线展开过程规划方法。建立了综合考虑铰链摩擦、索网张力及驱动绳索柔性的环形网状天线展开动力学模型，并针对动力学分析模型的计算耗时问题，基于Kriging模型构建了环形网状天线展开过程动力学分析的代理模型。基于此，提出了环形网状天线展开过程规划的非自适应和自适应两种优化策略，通过合理设计驱动绳索的索长收纳函数实现天线展开角加速度峰值和驱动功率峰值最小化。优化结果表明，与运动学规划方法相比，基于动力学分析的环形网状天线展开过程规划能够显著降低展开角加速度峰值和驱动功率峰值；与非自适应策略相比，自适应优化策略能够在保证代理模型精度的条件下大幅度提高优化效率。该研究结果可为环形网状天线实现小冲击、低能耗展开提供一定的实际指导作用。     

Geostationary station keeping control of a space elevator during initial cable deployment

This paper presents a basic concept to derive an orbital control strategy to achieve the full deployment and the geostationary station keeping of a space elevator during its initial cable deployment. The space elevator model is composed of a main spacecraft, a sinker mass and a massive cable connecting them. The cable elasticity, flexibility and taper of the cross-sectional area are omitted for simplification. A reference trajectory is designed so that the space elevator and its center of mass ascend vertically along the geostationary position with keeping the geostationary orbital rate. From the reference trajectory analyses, an orbital control that leads the space elevator orbit to the reference one is derived. However it is found that the reference trajectory is unstable throughout the deployment and a linear feedback control is introduced for stabilization. It is also clarified that the libration destabilizes the orbital control because the orbital acceleration caused by the libration always acts in the opposite direction to the orbital control. Therefore, a libration control is also introduced to stabilize the coupled orbital and librational motions. Numerical simulation result clearly shows that these controls facilitate the full deployment and the geostationary station keeping of the space elevator within the feasible thrust force and amount of propellant.     

Between a celestial body and a spacecraft: Making the space elevator a success

The space elevator will operate in near-Earth space, under the attraction of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun. It will have to avoid collisions with active satellites, with space debris and with meteoroids, not counting other minor adverse phenomena. The exceedingly long cable cannot be a passive and limp body. It must be an active part of the elevator, withstanding lunisolar and other perturbations threatening its stability. The cable must have sensors and thrusters at appropriate locations along the cable. Sensors would serve for detection of objects on a collision course and thrusters for station-keeping and for initiating evasive manoeuvres. Adaptive control must be used for that purpose. Extensive series of numerical simulations will have to be performed to ascertain that the elevator is stable and that possible oscillations do not interfere with the main function of the elevator.     

On a lunar space elevator

We consider a space elevator system for lunar surface access that consists of a space station in circumlunar orbit, a cable reaching down to some meters above the surface and a magnetically levitated vehicle driven by a linear motor. It accelerates the load to be lifted to the speed of the cable end. Loads to be delivered are either put on the vehicle and slowed down by it or they are slowed down by a sand braking technique in a mare terrain. It is technically possible to operate this transport system nearly without fuel supply from Earth. We calculate various steel cable dimensions for a static stress maximum of $\text{1}\text{5}\text{th}$ of the tensile strength. The process of takeover is considered in detail. Five ways of eliminating the adverse large cable elongation due to the load are described. The touchdown process and behaviour of the cable after disconnection are analysed. The positive difference between the speed of the load at takeover and cable end can excite a large inplane swing motion. We propose to damp it by a dissipative pulley that hangs in a loop of wire leading to the ends of two beams mounted on the space station tangentially to the orbit, the pulley's core being connected with the load. Roll librations are damped by energy losses in the elastic beams; damping can be reinforced by viscous beam elements and/or controlled out-of-plane motions of the beams. We argue in favour of the possibility of fast deployment. The problems of vehicle vibrations and agglutination at sand braking blades are underlined and their combined experimental investigation is suggested.     

带射频电缆的可展开天线阵在轨展开动力学

空间存在射频电缆穿越可展开部件工作区域的情形,这会对部件的展开特性造成较大的影响(特别是无源可展开机构),甚至会影响整个航天器任务。文章以某卫星带有半刚性射频电缆的无源可展开天线阵为例,提出了其动力学建模仿真流程,并建立在轨展开动力学模型;采用该模型开展了在轨展开动力学特性的仿真研究,同时与在轨实测数据进行了比对。结果表明,仿真数据与在轨实测数据基本一致,准确地评估了射频电缆对可展开天线阵在轨展开特性的影响,仿真评估方法有效。该建模仿真流程同样适用于卫星其他类型可展开部件的展开特性研究。     

Dynamics of the orbiter based construction of structural components for space platforms

A relatively general formulation for studying liberational dynamics of a large class of spacecraft during deployment of arbitrarily oriented beam and plate type flexible members has been developed by the authors. The formulation is applicable to a variety of missions ranging from deployment of antennas, booms and solar panels to manufacturing of trusses for space platforms using the Space Shuttle. The governing nonlinear, nonautonomous and coupled equations of motion are extremely difficult to solve even with the help of a computer, not to mention the cost involved. To get some appreciation as to the complex interaction between flexibility, deployment and attitude dynamics as well as to help pursue stability and control analyses, the procedure is applied to the Space Shuttle based deployment of plate-like members. Results suggest substantial influence of the flexural rigidity of the appendages, deployment velocity, initial conditions, and appendage orientation on the system response. Deployment maneuvers in conjunction with a typical controlled time history of permissible liberational rates suggest flexible plate members to be stable. In general, the instability is triggered through roll excitation leading to unbounded yaw due to coupling. The results should prove useful in planning of the Orbiter based experiments aimed at studying dynamics and control of flexible, deployable structural components needed in construction of space platforms.     

空间绳系编队的动力学及稳定展开控制研究

以三角构型的空间绳系编队系统为对象开展了动力学特性分析和稳定展开控制研究。首先，针对以往编队动力学建模的精度问题，采用Lagrange法建立了系统动力学模型，建模时充分考虑了系绳的弹性，可在不增加计算量的同时保留系统的弹性特性。其次，根据所建立的动力学模型，定量分析了编队自旋稳定时自转角速度的范围，为之后的稳定展开控制提供理论依据。由于受制于执行机构精度和控制输入的限制，空间绳系编队系统是一个典型的欠驱动系统，采用分层滑模实现编队的稳定展开控制，仿真结果验证了该控制方法的有效性。     

The space elevator in the context of current space exploration policy

The space elevator is an advanced space transportation system that someday could replace chemical rockets as humanity's primary means of reaching Earth's orbit. However, before this can occur, a number of enabling technologies will need to be developed, and a variety of economic and policy questions must be addressed. The goal of this paper is to examine the feasibility of the space elevator in the context of current space exploration policy. The paper reviews the space elevator's critical enabling technologies and presents their wide variety of applications. The challenges of funding the space elevator and of building support for the program are discussed. The potential for international cooperation is considered, and the role of the space elevator in the Vision for Space Exploration is examined. The paper argues that each of the space elevator's component technologies ought to be developed independently to meet separate nearer-term objectives. The space elevator should be just one of many applications considered in making decisions to pursue research and development related to each component technology. The enabling technologies, once mature, might eventually be integrated in the construction of a full-scale space elevator from the Earth's surface to geosynchronous orbit and beyond.     

IKAROS太阳帆的关键技术分析与启示

分析了国外太阳帆的发展现状,重点论述了世界上首次成功飞行的太阳帆——太阳辐射驱动星际风筝航天器（IKAROS）的总体设计、材料设计、空间展开和姿态控制等关键技术,以及中国开展太阳帆和空间大型展开结构的总体设计、空间展开、姿态控制、空间环境适应性等关键技术,提出了系统开展以太阳帆为代表的大型轻质展开结构研制与应用的建议。