灰铸铁凸轮轴局部表面合金化工艺

在汽车发动机凸轮轴工作部位涂Ｃｒ－Ｍｎ－Ｍｏ合金涂料，并进行原铁水化学成分及烧注温度试验，最终获得了满足要求的白口层深度及工作部位硬度，从而提高耐磨性及使用寿命。     

点火发动机形成的受限喷流流场数值模拟

从曲线坐标下的气体Ｎ－Ｓ方程出发，采用ＥＮＯ差分格式，对点火发动机工作初期，在固体火箭发动机内腔形成的受限冷喷流流场进行数值模拟，在此基础上，分析了喷流的流场结构及特性。     

液体火箭发动机推力室热力参数的数值仿真

用液体火箭发动机推力室工作过程的一组非线性方程，以混合比、燃烧室压力和出口压力三个参数作为正态随机变量，来反映推力室的内外干扰因素的影响，用 Ｍｏｎｔｅｒ－ Ｃａｒｌｏ（ Ｍ － Ｃ）方法对某型号液体火箭发动机推力室干扰因素进行了数值仿真，从而得到了推力室热力和性能参数的经验分布曲线、统计均值及在一定置信度下的置信区间。仿真结果表明，利用 Ｍ － Ｃ 方法对推力室进行数值仿真是完全可行的，所用的非线性模型是足够准确的。     

中国航天用几种固体火箭发动机简介

[编者按]中国早在60年代中期就已开始研制航天用固体火箭发动机，并于1970年首次应用于中国“东方红1号”卫星的发射，迄今已成功研制和应用了多种不同的固体火箭发动机。从本期起，分三期向国内外读音介绍六种由中国航天工业总公司下属单位研制生产的固体火箭发动机．包括，第二期：FG－02“长征1号”运载火箭第三级固体发动机；“东方红2号”卫星远地点发动机，第三期：FG－23A返回式卫星制动发动机；“风云二号”卫星远地点发动机；第四期：EPKM近地点发动机，CZ－2C／FP运载系统变轨发动机（FG-47）。这些固体火箭发动机技术性能…     

固体火箭发动机结构系统可靠性Monte—Carlo数字仿真

使用了一种处理大型复杂系统可靠性的Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟方法，即通过建立系统的故障树（ＦＴ）模型，采用直接模拟法随机模拟来获取系统的工作可靠度参量。特别当底事件（ＢＥ）为Ｎｏｎ－Ｍａｒｋｏｖ型分布时非常有效。最后，对某型号固体火箭发动机结构系统工作可靠性进行了仿真。     

固体火箭发动机的概率设计

固体火箭发动机的性能参数和结构参数一般都服从正态分布，利用应力－强度干涉理论，通过正态分布密度函数的耦合方程进行发动机结构设计，并推导出具有随机变量指数的发动机工作压强和燃烧室壳体弹塑性爆破压的均值和标准偏差表达式，导出传统安全系数与可靠概率的关系。该设计方法较之传统的采用安全系数的设计方法合理。     

固体火箭冲压发动机一体化CAD系统设计

针对固体火箭冲压发动机的特点，研制了固体火箭冲压发动机CAD软件，该软件系统包括了燃气发生器设计、助推补燃室设计、进气道设计、发动机性能计算和飞行弹道的计算。使用该系统可进行固体火箭冲压发动机总体方案论证，预估发动机的主要结构尺寸和发动机的整体性能。本文以一假想的空－空弹用固冲发动机方案设计为例，介绍固冲发动机设计步骤和软件系统的特点。     

旋转条件下固体火箭发动机燃烧室气-固两相湍流流动数值模拟

以不可压Ｎ－Ｓ方程为基础，在旋转相对坐标系中，采用贴体坐标和ＳＩＭＰＬＥ法，对给定结构的旋转固体火箭发动机燃烧室诬蔑一中气－固两相湍流流动进行了数值模拟。不同时刻燃烧情况的计算结果表明：旋转对固体火箭发动机燃烧室燃气流动结构的影响随着燃烧肉厚而退移而显著增强；在发动机药柱的前翼燃烧消失后，前封头开口区域的气－固两相切向涡开始为得热烈，切向涡的分布呈现Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ特点，在发动机前开口区域涡的固synw     

NK－33将用在美K－1运载火箭上

ＮＫ－３３将用在美Ｋ－１运载火箭上ＮＫ－３３发动机在航空喷气发动机公司进行试车美国航空喷气发动机公司将从明年初起开始对１２台俄制ＮＫ－３３火箭发动机进行改装，以便用在美基斯特勒宇航公司新型Ｋ－１运载火箭的第一和第二级上。总共７０台这种发动机中的１２台...     

7715D高温钛合金及其与推进剂的相容性试验

介绍了Ｔｉ－Ｓｎ－Ｚｒ－Ｎｂ－Ｍｏ－Ｓｉ－Ｃｅ系合金７７１５Ｄ高温钛合金的研制过程。７７１５Ｄ分别在Ｎ２Ｏ４及甲基肼液体中进行的浸蚀２２３２ｈ的相容性试验。结果在Ｎ２Ｏ４及甲基肼中的腐蚀速率分别为４×１０－４ｍｍ／ａ及１×１０－４ｍｍ／ａ，均优于航天工业总公司的一级相容性标准。由７７１５Ｄ高温钛合金制作的ＤＦＨ－３大型广播通信卫星的远地点发动机已通过多台次的地面试车和长程高空模拟试牢，其中两台长程高空模拟试车均超过１８０００ｓ，发动机设计研制单位结论为７７１５Ｄ钛合金能满足该发动机地面试车及长程高空模拟试车的要求     

Heating and acceleration of charged particles during magnetic dipolarizations

In this paper, we analyzed the thermal and energy characteristics of the plasma components observed during the magnetic dipolarizations in the near tail by the Cluster satellites. It was previously found that the first dipolarization the ratio of proton and electron temperatures (T _p/T _e) was ~6–7. At the time of the observation of the first dipolarization front T _p/T _e decreases by up to ~3–4. The minimum value T _p/T _e (~2.0) is observed behind the front during the turbulent dipolarization phase. Decreases in T _p/T _e observed at this time are associated with an increase in T _e, whereas the proton temperature either decreases or remains unchanged. Decreases of the value T _p/T _e during the magnetic dipolarizations coincide with increase in wave activity in the wide frequency band up to electron gyrofrequency f _ce. High-frequency modes can resonantly interact with electrons causing their heating. The acceleration of ions with different masses up to energies of several hundred kiloelectron-volts is also observed during dipolarizations. In this case, the index of the energy spectrum decreases (a fraction of energetic ions increases) during the enhancement of low-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations at frequencies that correspond to the gyrofrequency of this ion component. Thus, we can conclude that the processes of the interaction between waves and particles play an important role in increasing the energy of plasma particles during magnetic dipolarizations.     

Electrophotometrical studies of equatorial and tropical arcs on board the Salyut-6 orbital station

The results from the electrophotometric investigation of the equatorial and tropical ionospheric arcs on board the orbital station “Salyut-6”, carried out with Bulgarian photometer “Duga”, intended for measurements of the self-radiation of the Earth's upper atmosphere in the lines λ = 6300 Å, λ = 5577 Å, λ = 4278 Å and λ = 6563 Å, are analyzed. From the obtained results of the intensity of the measured emissions is established by calculation that the cause of these arcs is the plasma drift downwards, which leads to intensification of the dissociative recombination of the ions O₂⁺ and of the radiative recombination of O⁺.     

Design of Interplanetary Transfers with Passive Gravity Assists and Deep Space Maneuvers

In the paper, the problem of designing interplanetary trajectories with several swing-bys and deep-space maneuvers is solved using the method of virtual trajectories developed by the authors. The algorithms for the calculation of both heliocentric and planetocentric trajectory arcs are presented, including the case of resonant trajectories. The results of applying the method of virtual trajectories to the problem of designing an interplanetary transfer to Jupiter are given and compared with the baseline trajectories for the Juno, Europa Clipper, and Laplace missions.     

Computation and Elicitation of Valleyness

Abstract

Existing methods for land surface form characterisation often focus on relatively simple landform element classifications and do not evaluate results with large scale participant experiments. This piece of research takes a semantics-grounded approach to characterising the landform valley. Based on definitions three algorithms to characterise valleys in a fuzzy way are introduced. Comparison of the results to assessments regarding the degree of being in a valley gained from over 800 participants in a questionnaire survey yields significant amounts of explained variance (R ² = 0.35–0.37). Furthermore, accounting for very ambiguously perceived stimuli showing vast low places leads to markedly improved regressions (R ² = 0.45–0.49), weighting of the data with a measure of uncertainty in judgment even more so (R ² = 0.50–0.55).     

Geochronology and monitoring of cosmic rays for accumulating cosmogenic isotopes <Superscript>53</Superscript>Mn and <Superscript>10</Superscript>Be in terrestrial rocks

The paper is devoted to discussing the method of measuring the accumulation of radioactive isotopes ⁵³Mn (with a half-life T = 3.7 million years) and ¹⁰Be (T = 2.5 million years) in iron-bearing rocks. Knowledge of the dynamics of the accumulation of these isotopes would allow us to estimate the variations in the intensity of cosmic rays, periods of glaciations and geological changes, as well as climatic processes on the Earth in retrospect of 0.1–10 million years. For an operative study of a large number of samples, it has been proposed to use a low-cost neutron activation method with the implementation of the ⁵³Mn(n, γ)⁵⁴Mn reaction in a slow neutron reactor. As has been shown, using the 10Be isotope together with ⁵³Mn makes it possible to simultaneously determine both the cosmic-ray fluxes and the shielding time of the corresponding region from cosmic radiation. To obtain the reliable data on cosmic rays, it has been proposed to study rock samples from the lunar surface.     

Relationship between ionospheric electric fields and magnetic activity indices

The relations between electric fields in the daytime and nighttime sectors of the polar ionosphere and magnetic activity indices of auroral region (AL) and northern polar cap (PCN) are studied. It is found that the above relations do exist and are described by: a) equations U _pc⁽¹⁾ (kV) = 27.62 + 21.43PCN with a correlation coefficient R = 0.87 and U _pc⁽¹⁾ (kV) = 4.06 + 49.21PCN - 6.24 PCN² between the difference in the electric potentials across the polar cap in the daytime sector U _pc⁽¹⁾ and PCN and b) regression equation U _pc⁽²⁾ (kV) = 23.33 + 0.08|AL| with R = 0.86 between the difference in the electric potentials across the polar cap in the nighttime sector U _pc⁽²⁾ and |AL|. It is shown that: a) it is possible to use the AL and PCN indices for real-time diagnostics of instantaneous values of the electric fields in the daytime and nighttime sectors of the polar ionosphere in the process of a substorm development; b) at the expansion phase of a substorm, due to calibration of PCN values by the values of the solar wind electric field E _sw, the PCN index does not feel the contribution of the western electrojet and, accordingly, the contribution of the nighttime ionospheric electric field U _pc⁽²⁾, governed by the reconnection in the magnetospheric tail.     

用Ce~(3+):YVO_4晶体荧光粉与蓝光LED制造自然白光LED

本文报导了通过结合自行制备的掺铈钒酸钇晶体(Ce3 :YVO4)荧光粉与InGaN／GaN蓝光发光二极管(LED)结合而得的白光发光二极管(W-LED)。在室温、正向电压3.5V、正向电流20mA时W-LED的CIE色坐标为(0．32,0．37),接近纯白色(0．33,0．33)。     

A comparison of polarization jet characteristics at the greatly separated stations Yakutsk and Podkamennaya Tunguska

Characteristics of the polarization jet (PJ) are considered on the basis of measurements made in 1989–1992 at the ionospheric stations Yakutsk (L = 3.0, λ = 129.6°) and Podkamennaya Tunguska (L = 3.0, λ = 90.0°) separated in longitude. Using the data of these stations, the result obtained earlier (that the formation of PJ during disturbances in the near-midnight sector occurs at the expansion phase of a substorm) is confirmed. At isolated magnetic disturbances with AE > 500 nT in the 11:00–16:00 UT interval, the PJ band covers an MLT sector of 3 h between the Yakutsk and Podkamennaya Tunguska stations. The time of the PJ beginning at the Podkamennaya Tunguska station for the majority of events is 45–60 min behind the PJ beginning at the Yakutsk station. This corresponds to the westward motion of a PJ source with a velocity of ～3 MLT h per hour.     

EXPERT: An atmospheric re-entry test-bed

In recognition of the importance of an independent European access to the International Space Station (ISS) and in preparation for the future needs of exploration missions, ESA is conducting parallel activities to generate flight data using atmospheric re-entry test-beds and to identify vehicle design solutions for human and cargo transportation vehicles serving the ISS and beyond. The EXPERT (European eXPErimental Re-entry Test-bed) vehicle represents the major on-going development in the first class of activities. Its results may also benefit in due time scientific missions to planets with an atmosphere and future reusable launcher programmes.

The objective of EXPERT is to provide a test-bed for the validation of aerothermodynamics models, codes and ground test facilities in a representative flight environment, to improve the understanding of issues related to analysis, testing and extrapolation to flight. The vehicle will be launched on a sub-orbital trajectory using a Volna missile. The EXPERT concept is based on a symmetrical re-entry capsule whose shape is composed of simple geometrical elements. The suborbital trajectory will reach 120 km altitude and a re-entry velocity of . The dimensions of the capsule are 1.6 m high and 1.3 m diameter; the overall mass is in the range of , depending upon the mission parameters and the payload/instrumentation complement. A consistent number of scientific experiments are foreseen on-board, from innovative air data system to shock wave/boundary layer interaction, from sharp hot structures characterisation to natural and induced regime transition.

Currently the project is approaching completion of the phase B, with Alenia Spazio leading the industrial team and CIRA coordinating the scientific payload development under ESA contract.     

适用于无人集群的通感一体化测距技术研究

空天地一体化多接入和通感一体化融合将是6G（第六代移动通信系统）的核心关键能力,针对通信辅助感知时基于通信波形的一体化波形发展需求,在无人机集群接入网中提出一种SC-FDE（单载波频域均衡）通感一体化波形的组帧方法,以及采用4倍过采样和2倍过采样时的高精度机间组网测距方法,用于提升集群组网的协同定位能力。通过仿真分析该通信波形的测距性能,结果表明：两种测距方法统计性能可以在信噪比为10 dB时达到根均方误差为0.1 m,且2倍过采样信号测距时比采用4倍过采样计算方法的性能更接近理论门限值。