Apogee manoeuvre with a restartable liquid bipropellant motor

Unified Propulsion Systems present perceptible advantages for geostationary spacecrafts design: mass savings, as the ergols tanks are the same for the apogee motor and for the Attitude and Orbit Control System, higher performance, as specific impulse of bi-ergols motors is higher than the one of solid propellant motors and higher operational flexibility as the fuel amount can be adapted to the real flight conditions and as biliquid motors are restartable. On the other hand, the use of these propulsion systems for geostationary spacecrafts sets quite new mission analysis problems: the “predictability” of each delivered Delta-V is rather coarse (the corresponding uncertainty is about 4% for the existing motors). Also, only midlevel thrusters (about 400N) are available and so the finite burn losses associated with long burns arcs have to be minimized. This paper surveys the problems resulting from these new operational constraints and deals successively with the following items: optimal splitting up of the apogee manoeuvre, taking into account the possible dispersions on each Delta-V and the on-station longitude acquisition; minimization of the finite burn losses; adaptation of the apogee manoeuvre to the initial orbit parameters corresponding to the first North-South station-keeping cycle. The operation procedures derived from this survey will be used for the future launch of the ARABSAT spacecraft and for the following spacecrafts of the SPACEBUS family.     

Geostationary station acquisition maneuvers for the “CS” spin-stabilized communication satellite

Attitude reorientation maneuvers were conducted three times on the transfer orbit to obtain the apogee kick motor firing attitude of the Medium Capacity Geostationary Communication Satellite for Experimental Purposes (CS) on the third apogee. After two attitude and five orbit maneuvers on the drift orbit, the CS attained geostationary orbit with station keeping accuracy of ±0.1° seven days after launch.     

一种基于推进剂消耗优化的卫星小推力器布局设计

针对小推力器安装角度对卫星南北位置保持、东西位置保持和姿态控制效率的影响,从而决定推进剂需求量,提出一种推进剂消耗过程耦合建模与求解方法,并建立了小推力器安装角度优化模型。该方法采用定点迭代对转移轨道阶段推进剂消耗量和静止轨道阶段推进剂消耗量与贮箱尺寸之间耦合过程进行解耦,并建立了不同阶段推进剂消耗量估算模型。以卫星寿命期推进剂需求量最少为优化目标,建立了小推力器布局优化模型。通过实际的小推力器布局设计实例,分别采用遗传算法和序列径向基函数代理模型（SRBF）优化策略进行优化。优化结果表明相比于基于经验设计,SRBF可以有效地降低推进剂需求量,而且对比遗传算法,优化效率得到了显著提高。     

微铝含量推进剂配方与刮涂成型装药工艺

为满足瞬间变换内弹道和燃烧产物而能量不变的特殊发动机装药要求，设计了微铝含量复合推进剂配方。经地面热试车考核，发动机性能满足设计要求，为今后高装填密度，高质量比的发动机装药开拓出一条新途径。     

旋转条件下固体火箭发动机燃烧室气-固两相湍流流动数值模拟

以不可压Ｎ－Ｓ方程为基础，在旋转相对坐标系中，采用贴体坐标和ＳＩＭＰＬＥ法，对给定结构的旋转固体火箭发动机燃烧室诬蔑一中气－固两相湍流流动进行了数值模拟。不同时刻燃烧情况的计算结果表明：旋转对固体火箭发动机燃烧室燃气流动结构的影响随着燃烧肉厚而退移而显著增强；在发动机药柱的前翼燃烧消失后，前封头开口区域的气－固两相切向涡开始为得热烈，切向涡的分布呈现Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ特点，在发动机前开口区域涡的固synw     

液体远地点发动机工作期间卫星姿态的自适应控制

本文将全系数自适应控制方法用于带有液体晃动和挠性太阳帆板的三轴稳定地球同步轨道卫星在远地点发动机工作期间的姿态自适应控制。仿真结果表明,用全系数自适应控制方法设计的控制器,其动态性能好,对参数变化的适应性强,抗干扰能力强,鲁棒性好,性能指标完全满足设计要求。     

关于地球静止卫星远地点变轨策略的札记

在采用小推力远地点发动机的情况下,地球静止卫星在远地点变轨的策略宜按整星功能实现和优化的原则确定。当推重比大于0.02时,多次变轨比1次变轨节省的推进剂并不明显。     

固体火箭发动机预固化技术及其应用

依据HTPB复合推进剂界面特性 ,提出改变固化反应温度与时间来调节交联程度 ,使系统的官能团逐步进行化学反应 ,形成化学键和氢键 ,改善了生成物的力学性能。论述了预固化技术和粘接模型。将其应用于固体发动机推进剂 衬层界面粘接、发动机装药成型和推进剂药柱修补技术 ,经地面热试车和飞行考核 ,以及试件的十年储存试验考核 ,性能可靠 ,满足设计要求     

复杂星孔球形药柱燃面近似解析计算方法

球形星孔药柱是固体火箭发动机广泛采用的一种药型,多呈现复杂的三维特性。为进行设计参数的快速选择与优化,以一种具有复杂星孔的球形药柱为基础,给出了药柱燃面变化规律的近似解析计算方法,依据该方法能够在设计初期快速计算药柱燃面的变化规律,并能依此进行发动机工作性能预估,进而对设计参数进行调整和初步优化;近似解析方法与三维CAD方法所得到的燃面变化规律基本吻合,燃烧面积最大偏差小于4%。     

Tethered propellant resupply technique for space stations

Interim results of a study on use of the tethered propellant resupply technique on the space station are summarized. The acceleration produced by a gravity-gradient-stabilized tether can predictably settle propellants and thereby simplify propellant resupply of vehicles when compared to zero-g techniques. Separation of the gas and liquid phases by settling enables performance of liquid acquisition and gas venting without special hardware in the propellant tanks and without special procedures. The primary requirement for propellant transfer is control of liquid sloshing to maintain liquid over the supply tank outlet and gas over the receiver tank vent. Ultimately, the decision to use this technique on the space station may depend upon the capability to adjust depot logistic operations to a tether.     

Space station orbit design using dynamic programming

A space station orbit design mission is characterized by a long-duration and multi-step decision process. First, the long-duration design process is divided into multiple planning periods, each of which consists of five basic flight segments. Second, each planning period is modeled as a multi-step decision process, and the orbital altitude strategies of different flight segments have interaction effects on each other. Third, a dynamic programming method is used to optimize the total propellant consumption of a planning period while considering interaction effects. The step cost of each decision segment is the propellant for orbital-decay maintenance or lifting altitude, and is calculated by approximate analytical equations and combining a shooting iteration method. The proposed approach is demonstrated for a typical orbit design problem of a space station. The results show that the proposed approach can effectively optimize the design of altitude strategies, and can save considerable propellant consumption for the space station than previous public studies.     

低温推进剂重定位推力幅值及时序优化

为了减少重定位时间及推进剂消耗量，提升低温末级的机动性及运载能力，采用流体体积函数（VOF）方法开展重定位推力幅值及时序优化研究，分析重定位过程推进剂质心高度、平均动能、卷气率以及平均气泡直径的变化规律，以获得不同推力幅值及推力时序下的重定位时间和推进剂消耗量。结果表明：小推力重定位时间长，推进剂消耗量少；而大推力重定位时间短，推进剂消耗量多。通过合理优化推力时序可以有效减少重定位时间及推进剂消耗量。     

Optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment

This paper deals with the determination of optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE). The intent of this experiment is to simulate a GEO-to-LEO transfer, where GEO denotes a geosynchronous Earth orbit and LEO denotes a low Earth orbit. Specifically, the AFE spacecraft is released from the Space Shuttle and is accelerated by means of a solid rocket motor toward Earth, so as to achieve atmospheric entry conditions identical with those of a spacecraft returning from GEO. During the atmospheric pass, the angle of attack is kept constant, and the angle of bank is controlled in such a way that the following conditions are satisfied: (a) the atmospheric velocity depletion is such that, after exiting, the AFE spacecraft first ascends to a specified apogee and then descends to a specified perigee; and (b) the exit orbital plane is identical with the entry orbital plane. The final maneuver, not analyzed here, includes the rendezvous with and the capture by the Space Shuttle. In this paper, the trajectories of an AFE spacecraft are analyzed in a 3D space, employing the full system of 6 ODEs describing the atmospheric pass. The atmospheric entry conditions are given, and the atmospheric exit conditions are adjusted in such a way that requirements (a) and (b) are met, while simultaneously minimizing the total characteristic velocity, hence the propellant consumption required for orbital transfer. Two possible transfers are considered: indirect ascent (IA) to a 178 NM perigee via a 197 NM apogee; and direct ascent (DA) to a 178 NM apogee. For both transfers, two cases are investigated: (i) the bank angle is continuously variable; and (ii) the trajectory is divided into segments along which the bank angle is constant. For case (ii), the following subcases are studied; 2, 3, 4 and 5 segments; because the time duration of each segment is optimized, the above subcases involve 4, 6, 8 and 10 parameters, respectively. It is shown that the optimal trajectories of cases (i) and (ii) coalesce into a single trajectory: a two-subarc trajectory, with the bank angle constant in each subarc (bang-bang control). Specifically, the bank angle is near 180° in the atmospheric entry phase (positive lift projection phase) and is near 0° in the atmospheric exit phase (negative lift projection phase). It is also shown that, during the atmospheric pass, the peak values of the changes of the orbital inclination and the longitude of the ascending node are nearly zero; hence, the peak value of the wedge angle (angle between the instantaneous orbital plane and the initial orbital plane) is nearly zero. This means that the motion of the spacecraft is nearly planar in an inertial space.     

三轴稳定通信卫星在地球搜索模式下的陀螺标定

本文介绍三轴稳定通信卫星在转移轨道远地点点火前，在地球搜索模式下的陀螺标定方法和计算公式。此种陀螺标定需进行两次姿态机动，利用太阳敏感器和速率积分陀螺遥测数据标定陀螺的常值漂移。     

液体远地点发动机工作期间卫星的姿态控制问题

本文建立了在转移轨道远地点机动期间,包括液体晃动和太阳帆板挠性在内的三轴稳定卫星姿态动力学方程,进行了姿态控制系统的设计和仿真,分别用根轨迹方法和描述函数方法对系统的稳定性进行了分析,得出了初步结论。     

高燃速推进剂燃速控制研究

研究了影响高燃速推进剂燃速的主要因素,分析了配方调试与装药生产之间的相关性,试验了新的发动机点火方法。通过工艺试验,制定和实施了细粒度AP预粉碎及在线粒度监测工艺,确定了推进剂配方预示与生产之间的间隔。新的发动机点火方法成功地应用于某助推器的装药,燃速批次合格率达到100%。顺利保障了地面抽检、高低温地面试验以及独立回路弹和闭合回路弹飞行试验。     

雷达测量数据转换方法

介绍了利用高精度测量雷达检验其它探测器的数据处理方法.首先根据雷达站点的位置和测量参数计算出目标的坐标,然后用GPS测量探测器的坐标,再计算出探测器到目标的真值参数,最后通过简单的误差分析证明该方法可行.     

“东方红2号”卫星远地点发动机

ＤＦＨ２－１固体火箭发动机是中国“东方红２号”卫星的远地点发动机,由中国航天工业总公司第四研究院于１９７５年开始研制,１９８４年正式用于“东方红２号”实验同步通信卫星的发射。文章简要介绍了该发动机的主要性能和基本结构。     

固体火箭冲压发动机一体化CAD系统设计

针对固体火箭冲压发动机的特点，研制了固体火箭冲压发动机CAD软件，该软件系统包括了燃气发生器设计、助推补燃室设计、进气道设计、发动机性能计算和飞行弹道的计算。使用该系统可进行固体火箭冲压发动机总体方案论证，预估发动机的主要结构尺寸和发动机的整体性能。本文以一假想的空－空弹用固冲发动机方案设计为例，介绍固冲发动机设计步骤和软件系统的特点。     

高性能卫星用490N轨控发动机研究进展

阐述了卫星用第三代高性能490N轨控发动机的研究进展，主要介绍了发动机的设计概况、试验验证情况以及关键技术攻关情况。对后续研制工作提出了初步设想。