国外航天器推进剂在轨吹除技术跟踪研究

受大气阻力的影响,空间站长期在轨的轨道维持需要消耗大量的推进剂,因此有必要进行推进剂补给。而补给结束后的管路内残留推进剂在轨吹除,是保障空间站任务安全的必要条件。文章对国外航天器液体真空排放的研究现状进行了跟踪,重点就液体温度、压力、饱和蒸气压、液体中气体含量以及喷口尺寸外形等因素对液体排放特性的影响进行了分析和评价。在国外跟踪调研的基础上,对我国开展空间站推进剂在轨吹除的研究提出了启示。     

氢氧末级长时间滑行贮箱压力控制及关键技术分析

为通过弹道优化设计提升火箭发射圆轨道卫星的运载能力，同时提高火箭对不同发射任务的适应性，需要火箭末级具备长时间在轨滑行能力。对氢氧末级火箭而言，延长在轨滑行时间需要解决的一个重要问题是液氢贮箱压力、推进剂温度的预示和控制。结合微重力下贮箱内低温推进剂力热耦合运动特征，给出了低温火箭在轨滑行过程中贮箱压力控制的设计流程和计算方法，并通过计算分析获得了整个滑行阶段液氢蒸发量、补压气瓶需求量等关键设计参数，为工程研制提供参考。     

嫦娥一号月球探测卫星轨道设计

嫦娥一号卫星航天使命的主要科学目标是对月球及月地空间进行多种遥感探测,航天使命设计的主要和基本的部分是卫星飞行轨道的设计,其中包括在飞行过程中的轨道控制策略的设计。嫦娥一号的这条飞行轨道由三大部分组成:第一部分是绕地飞行的调相轨道,它们由周期为16h、24h、48h的三段轨道组成;第二部分是关键的地月转移轨道;第三部分是200km高度绕月飞行的使命轨道。文章给出了整个飞行轨道的设计思想。     

Some useful coordinate systems to discuss the apogee motor firing optimization

This paper introduces five useful coordinate systems to optimize the apogee motor firing of a geostationary satellite. This optimization minimizes the propellant consumption for station acquisition manoeuvres. The coordinate systems used for this purpose must depict the optimization parameters together with the propellant consumption. In order to get the propellant consumption, some relations between parameters are derived and the equipropellant lines (planes) are drawn in the coordinate systems. These coordinate systems are used not only for the optimization of the apogee motor firing but also for the optimization of the station acquisition strategy, the transfer orbit setting and the apogee motor sizing.     

空间多目标拦截交会平台停泊轨道设计优化

针对空间多目标交会(拦截)平台停泊轨道设计问题,定义有效交会(拦截)区作为衡量平台交会(拦截)目标能力的指标,提出并建立了该类空间平台停泊轨道设计优化和分析模型,采用多岛遗传算法(MGA),以有效交会(拦截)区的最大化作为优化目标,以可交会(拦截)目标的数目和子飞行器轨道转移所需要的脉冲速度增量等为约束条件,对该类平台停泊轨道要素和子飞行器变轨时机进行综合设计优化。将上述模型和算法用于两空间平台设计中,一个是针对低轨2目标的交会平台,另一个是针对中轨3目标的拦截平台,得到合理的结果,表明所提出的设计优化模型以及选择的寻优算法是有效的。     

一种基于推进剂消耗优化的卫星小推力器布局设计

针对小推力器安装角度对卫星南北位置保持、东西位置保持和姿态控制效率的影响,从而决定推进剂需求量,提出一种推进剂消耗过程耦合建模与求解方法,并建立了小推力器安装角度优化模型。该方法采用定点迭代对转移轨道阶段推进剂消耗量和静止轨道阶段推进剂消耗量与贮箱尺寸之间耦合过程进行解耦,并建立了不同阶段推进剂消耗量估算模型。以卫星寿命期推进剂需求量最少为优化目标,建立了小推力器布局优化模型。通过实际的小推力器布局设计实例,分别采用遗传算法和序列径向基函数代理模型（SRBF）优化策略进行优化。优化结果表明相比于基于经验设计,SRBF可以有效地降低推进剂需求量,而且对比遗传算法,优化效率得到了显著提高。     

不同月球借力约束下的地月Halo轨道转移轨道设计

针对地月系L2点不同任务需求下的低耗能转移轨道设计问题,基于不变流形理论与混合优化技术,深入研究了不同月球借力约束与不同幅值Halo轨道的入轨点（简称HOI点）对转移轨道飞行时间与燃料消耗的影响,给出了HOI点选择策略。首先结合任务要求并考虑月球引力影响,在月球借力点施加不同约束条件,通过微分修正算法调整Halo轨道的稳定流形,设计月球到Halo轨道的转移轨道。采用遗传算法与微分修正算法相结合的混合优化策略,在同时考虑地球停泊轨道高度、倾角、升交点赤经与航迹角等多约束条件下,对燃料最优的地月转移轨道进行研究。最后,分析月球借力高度、借力方位角和不同HOI点对平动点转移轨道飞行时间与燃耗变化量的影响,对于考虑月球借力的地月平动点转移轨道设计与应用具有重要的参考价值。     

Lessons learned from Mir--a payload perspective

Among the principal objectives of the Phase 1 NASA/Mir program were for the United States to gain experience working with an international partner, to gain working experience in long-duration space flight, and to gain working experience in planning for and executing research on a long-duration space platform. The Phase 1 program was to provide the US early experience prior to the construction and operation of the International Space Station (Phase 2 and 3). While it can be argued that Mir and ISS are different platforms and that programmatically Phase 1 and ISS are organized differently, it is also clear that many aspects of operating a long-duration research program are platform independent. This can be demonstrated by a review of lessons learned from Skylab, a US space station program of the mid-1970s, many of which were again “learned” on Mir and are being “learned” on ISS. Among these are optimum crew training strategies, on-orbit crew operations, ground support, medical operations and crew psychological support, and safety certification processes.     

利用地月间空间站的载人登月飞行模式分析

为提高空间站利用率，降低载人登月任务成本，有效开发地月空间，研究了基于地月空间不同轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式。首先对比直接往返登月飞行模式，对基于空间站的载人登月飞行模式进行任务分析，通过空间站将载人登月任务解耦为载人天地往返任务和登月任务两部分；其次通过轨道设计和稳定性分析提出考虑登月任务需求的地月间空间站可运行轨道和停泊点；最后建立一套飞行模式评价模型，从速度增量需求、飞行时间、空间环境、登月任务窗口、测控条件、交会对接技术难度、后续任务支持性和任务可靠性方面对6种不同位置空间站的登月飞行模式进行分析和定量评价。评价结果表明基于L2点Halo轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式为更优飞行模式。     

长时间在轨上面级动力系统关键技术研究

上面级动力系统提供用于变轨所需要的动力，同时提供姿态控制、推进剂沉底、末速修正功能所需要的动力，将上面级和北斗导航卫星一起送入预定轨道。回顾了从早期的上面级动力系统选型论证到后续的关键技术攻关过程，对比研究了泵压式与挤压式动力系统的技术优势，分析了动力系统研制过程中的主要关键技术，并对关键技术的应用情况进行了总结，最后提出了长时间在轨上面级动力系统的后续发展建议。     

MPT在探月中的应用方案初探

借鉴“东方红3号”卫星的推进系统组成和“SMART-1”探月器的飞行轨道,提出了2种微波等离子体推力器(MPT)应用于月球探测器的推进系统方案(即复合推进方案和统一推进方案),分析计算了MPT用于姿态控制时对推进剂耗量的影响及用于主推进变轨时推进剂耗量和飞行时间的变化,并讨论了MPT的电源系统带来的附加质量。结果表明,在付出一定飞行时间代价的条件下,MPT的引入将大大增加有效载荷质量。     

VentureStar… reaping the benefits of the X-33 program

Major X-33 flight hardware has been delivered, and assembly of the vehicle is well underway in anticipation of its flight test program commencing in the summer of 1999. Attention has now turned to the operational VentureStar^TM, the first single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) reusable launch vehicle. Activities are grouped under two broad categories: (1) vehicle development and (2) market/business planning, each of which is discussed. The mission concept is presented for direct payload delivery to the International Space Station and to low Earth orbit, as well as payload delivery with an upper stage to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and other high energy orbits. System requirements include flight segment and ground segment. Vehicle system sizing and design status is provided including the application of X-33 traceability and lessons learned. Technology applications to the VentureStar^TM are described including the structure, propellant tanks, thermal protection system, aerodynamics, subsystems, payload bay and propulsion. Developing a market driven low cost launch services system for the 21st Century requires traditional and non-traditional ways of being able to forecast the evolution of the potential market. The challenge is balancing both the technical and financial assumptions of the market. This involves the need to provide a capability to meet market segments that in some cases are very speculative, while at the same time providing the financial community with a credible revenue stream. Furthermore, the market derived requirements need to be assessed so as not to impose unnecessary requirements on the vehicle design that add unreasonable cost to the development of the system, yet provides the right capabilities for new markets that could be triggered by dramatically lower space transportation prices.     

滑行段低温推进剂流动及换热特性对气枕压力的影响研究

运载火箭在飞行过程中需要进行姿态调整以满足入轨要求,贮箱内推进剂在外界干扰力的作用下将发生晃动,由此引入了诸如气液接触面积、蒸发、冷凝过程及推进剂流动变化等不确定影响因素。实际飞行过程尤其是进入滑行段的初始推进剂晃动对贮箱内气枕压力及推进剂流动行为具有重要影响。在调研国内外运载火箭末级飞行过程中低温贮箱压力及推进剂流动特性的基础上,建立仿真模型,采用流体体积函数方法(VOF)分析滑行段推进剂流动特性变化对贮箱气枕压力的影响。     

Physiology, medicine, long-duration space flight and the NSBRI

The hazards of long-duration space flight are real and unacceptable. In order for humans to participate effectively in long-duration orbital missions or continue the exploration of space, we must first secure the health of the astronaut and the success of such missions by assessing in detail the biomedical risks of space flight and developing countermeasures to these hazards. Acquiring the understanding necessary for building a sound foundation for countermeasure development requires an integrated approach to research in physiology and medicine and a level of cooperative action uncommon in the biomedical sciences. The research program of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) was designed to accomplish just such an integrated research goal, ameliorating or eliminating the biomedical risks of long-duration space flight and enabling safe and productive exploration of space. The fruits of these labors are not limited to the space program. We can also use the gained understanding of the effects and mechanisms of the physiological changes engendered in space and the applied preventive and rehabilitative methods developed to combat these changes to the benefit of those on Earth who are facing similar physiological and psychological difficulties. This paper will discuss the innovative approach the NSBRI has taken to integrated research management and will present some of the successes of this approach.     

Tethered propellant resupply technique for space stations

Interim results of a study on use of the tethered propellant resupply technique on the space station are summarized. The acceleration produced by a gravity-gradient-stabilized tether can predictably settle propellants and thereby simplify propellant resupply of vehicles when compared to zero-g techniques. Separation of the gas and liquid phases by settling enables performance of liquid acquisition and gas venting without special hardware in the propellant tanks and without special procedures. The primary requirement for propellant transfer is control of liquid sloshing to maintain liquid over the supply tank outlet and gas over the receiver tank vent. Ultimately, the decision to use this technique on the space station may depend upon the capability to adjust depot logistic operations to a tether.     

Rapid model-based inter-disciplinary design of a CubeSat mission

With an increase in the use of small, modular, resource-limited satellites for Earth orbiting applications, the benefit to be had from a model-based architecture that rapidly searches the mission trade-space and identifies near-optimal designs is greater than ever. This work presents an architecture that identifies trends between conflicting objectives (e.g. lifecycle cost and performance) and decision variables (e.g. orbit altitude and inclination) such that informed assessment can be made as to which design/s to take on for further analysis. The models within the architecture exploit analytic methods where possible, in order avoid computationally expensive numerical propagation, and achieve rapid convergence. Two mission cases are studied; the first is an Earth observation satellite and presents a trade-off between ground sample distance and revisit time over a ground target, given altitude as the decision variable. The second is a satellite with a generic scientific payload and shows a more involved trade-off, between data return to a ground station and cost of the mission, given variations in the orbit altitude, inclination and ground station latitude. Results of each case are presented graphically and it is clear that non-intuitive results are captured that would typically be missed using traditional, point-design methods, where only discrete scenarios are examined.     

在轨操控机器人拓邻域搜索三维路径规划

针对空间在轨操控机器人在桁架式空间站执行操控任务时,需要在桁架间自由穿行且时刻与空间站保持接触的任务特性,提出基于拓邻域搜索蚁群算法的三维全局路径规划方法.该方法首先建立桁架式空间站的三维栅格模型;充分考虑机器人穿行时的包络约束和操控时的接触约束,在路径规划和轨迹搜索前对被操控对象的三维栅格模型进行预处理和修正,缩减路...     

快速绕飞卫星空间圆编队设计方法

连续小推力条件下,针对圆参考轨道卫星,推导了满足快速绕飞条件的空间圆编队动力学模型。分析了一个绕飞周期内的燃耗情况。在绕飞周期确定的条件下,给出了最小燃耗的计算方法,并利用数值方法验证了所推导公式的正确性。计算结果表明,在高度为500km的圆轨参考道卫星实现周期为10分钟、半径100m的空间圆绕飞,一个绕飞周期所需最小速度增量约为4.77m/s。文章提出的基本设计原理并不局限于空间圆编队,也可用于其它快速绕飞编队的设计工作。
     

Flight demonstration of new thruster and green propellant technology on the PRISMA satellite

The concept of a storable liquid monopropellant blend for space applications based on ammonium dinitramide (ADN) was invented in 1997, within a co-operation between the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) and the Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI). The objective was to develop a propellant which has higher performance and is safer than hydrazine. The work has been performed under contract from the Swedish National Space Board and ESA. The progress of the development has been presented in several papers since 2000.ECAPS, a subsidiary of the Swedish Space Corporation was established in 2000 with the aim to develop and market the novel “high performance green propellant” (HPGP) technology for space applications. The new technology is based on several innovations and patents w.r.t. propellant formulation and thruster design, including a high temperature resistant catalyst and thrust chamber.The first flight demonstration of the HPGP propulsion system will be performed on PRISMA. PRISMA is an international technology demonstration program with Swedish Space Corporation as the Prime Contractor.This paper describes the performance, characteristics, design and verification of the HPGP propulsion system for PRISMA. Compatibility issues related to using a new propellant with COTS components is also discussed. The PRISMA mission includes two satellites in LEO orbit were the focus is on rendezvous and formation flying. One of the satellites will act as a “target” and the main spacecraft performs rendezvous and formation flying maneuvers, where the ECAPS HPGP propulsion system will provide delta-V capability.The PRISMA CDR was held in January 2007. Integration of the flight propulsion system is about to be finalized.The flight opportunity on PRISMA represents a unique opportunity to demonstrate the HPGP propulsion system in space, and thus take a significant step towards its use in future space applications. The launch of PRISMA scheduled to 2009.     

固体动能拦截器助推段飞行方案研究

针对三维空间内的高速飞行目标,提出了一种可用于固体动能拦截器助推段的导引方法。建立了固体动能拦截器与目标的相对运动关系模型,分析确定了转移轨道的约束条件,并在此基础上推导出转移轨道的轨道根数计算方法。同时根据拦截器的待增速度给出了助推器推力矢量方向的确定方法。仿真结果表明,该方法能有效实现固体动能拦截器助推段的制导控制。