能量最优与燃料最优Lambert交会问题

Lambert双脉冲交会问题是航天工程中轨道转移和在轨交会等领域的重要问题,而能量最优和燃料最优Lambert交会问题是针对典型应用背景和工程需求衍生的一类Lambert优化问题。针对能量最优与燃料最优Lambert双脉冲交会问题提出一种基于矢量形式的解析计算方法,给出能量最优和燃料最优Lambert交会问题的矢量形式解析解,同时对2种最优交会问题求解的性质与特点进行了分析对比。仿真结果验证了计算的正确性及燃料最优轨道相比能量最优轨道燃料消耗较少的事实。      

月球精确软着陆最优标称轨迹在轨制导方法

为实现在月球表面期望的着陆点进行精确软着陆（PPL）,且满足燃耗最优性要求,基于提出的LIDAR目标点在轨自主选定的月球精确软着陆方案,对月球PPL最优标称轨迹在轨快速规划制导方法进行研究。首先针对月球PPL三维球体非线性轨道动力学模型,采用Legendre Gauss Lobatto伪光谱方法将轨迹优化的最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题（NLP）,再利用SQP优化算法求解月球PPL最优标称轨迹,最后通过遗传算法对优化结果进行验证,并提出应用遗传算法提供SQP在轨规划初值数据库的方案。仿真结果表明了最优标称轨迹在轨规划方法的快速性和有效性。     

基于分段常值的全电推进GEO卫星制导策略

电推进技术因其比冲高的技术特点在GEO轨道转移中应用可大大减少燃料质量，提高有效载荷质量比，延长任务寿命等。针对全电推进GEO卫星入轨的轨迹优化和制导问题，首先利用间接法获得小推力燃料最优GEO轨道转移的数值解，提出一种多项式曲线拟合最优轨迹的方法，多项式曲线形式简单，可作为参考轨道在星上存储和使用。在多项式参考轨道的基础上，建立了一种分段常值推力跟踪参考轨道的闭环制导策略，在常值推力条件下，轨道要素控制量与控制力有解析关系，简化了制导律设计；将多圈轨道转移问题分解为多个单圈轨道优化问题。结果显示，本文提出的分段常值跟踪制导策略跟踪精度高，和最优轨道相比多消耗7%的燃料。本制导策略控制结构简单，易于工程实施。     

线性伪谱模型预测能量最优姿态机动控制方法

针对大气层外飞行器大角度姿态机动控制问题,提出了一种能量最优的线性伪谱模型预测大角度姿态机动控制方法。首先,通过离线弹道规划获得满足初始、终端约束且能量最优的姿态机动控制轨迹;然后,以离线弹道为基准对姿态动力学方程进行小扰动线性化处理,获得以状态偏差为自变量的线性误差传播方程;最后,以能量最优作为性能指标,通过高斯伪谱法对原问题进行离散,推导获得满足终端偏差修正的控制解析表达式。数值计算和蒙特卡罗仿真表明,该方法不仅计算精度高、求解速度快,满足实时计算要求,而且具有较强的鲁棒性,能够实时消除各种干扰。此外,在同等控制精度条件下,该方法相对传统线性二次型调节器（LQR）跟踪方法,能量消耗减小10%。      

基于伪谱法的小天体最优下降轨迹优化方法

针对小天体着陆探测下降阶段的多约束轨迹优化问题,基于Gauss伪谱法进行了燃耗最优下降轨迹优化设计,得出了燃耗最优下降轨迹。建立了小天体下降轨迹优化问题的最优控制问题模型,采用Gauss伪谱法进行离散化,转化为非线性规划问题进行了求解。数学仿真结果显示:优化结果符合各项约束条件,以零速度到达了目标着陆点,且符合燃耗最优的优化目标。利用Gauss伪谱法进行小天体最优下降轨迹优化,计算速度快,求解精度高。     

基于速度预测的导引律剩余时间估计

将分段线性逼近与迭代求解的思想扩展到对导弹的时变速度进行分段预测,给出了适用于反舰导弹速度时变情况的大前置角下比例导引律和偏置比例导引律的剩余时间估计算法。该算法在现有分段迭代算法的基础上,依据闭环形式的反舰导弹速度微分方程,分转弯平飞段和近似直线飞行段2种情况,对导弹未来速度的大小进行分段迭代预测并对剩余时间估计进行修正。算法中还给出了偏置比例导引律作用下近似直线飞行段剩余飞行航程的估计公式。仿真结果验证了本文算法的有效性。     

Landing of hopping rovers on Irregularly-shaped small bodies using attitude control

A hopping rover that is driven only by internal or external attitude actuators is an ideal mobility approach for surface exploration of small solar system bodies. Without thrust control and grasping mechanisms, a hopping rover is mechanically simple to design and less prone to mechanical failures, but faces challenges during soft landing. It may rebound from the surface, causing deviations from its original landing site. In this paper, landing of a hopping rover on the surface of an asteroid is investigated, and a strategy using only attitude control to shorten the landing distance is proposed. Based on rigid body impact dynamics, the edge impact configuration is investigated in detail. The factors that affect the impact states of a cube-shaped hopping rover are studied. Then, controlled edge landing is analyzed, in which the post-impact velocity of the hopping rover is changed by controlling its attitude prior to impact. Three guidance schemes are developed, followed by attitude profile generation and finite time stable attitude control. Finally, simulations are performed on an ideal flat surface and uneven terrain. The results show that controlled edge landing can effectively reduce the landing distance and settling time, compared with uncontrolled landing. This study on hopping motion on the surface of an irregular-shaped asteroid with attitude control, can provide a reference for hopper trajectory plan in future asteroid surface explorations.     

可重复使用飞行器进场着陆拉平纵向控制

针对可重复使用飞行器（RLV）进场着陆拉平段的纵向控制问题,提出了反馈控制与前馈控制相结合的复合控制策略。设计反馈控制律参数,在此基础上基于时间加权高度跟踪误差/误差变化率平方积分指标优化设计前馈控制律参数。按输入补偿的前馈控制在不影响系统稳定性的前提下,提高了RLV对拉平着陆轨迹的跟踪精度,减小了RLV的接地散布。提出了基于积分器初值的控制律平滑切换方法,实现了RLV起落架释放前后不同控制律之间的平滑切换。仿真验证了拉平纵向复合控制和拉平过程中不同控制律之间平滑切换方法的有效性。      

基于Terminal滑模的小行星探测器着陆连续控制

针对弱引力场不规则小行星探测器安全下降与着陆,提出了一种基于比例微分(PD,Proportional plus Derivative)及非奇异Terminal滑模的连续控制方法.在着陆点坐标系下推导了探测器的动力学方程,设计了开环燃料次最优多项式标称轨迹制导方法.针对下降和着陆两个不同阶段提出了PD和非奇异Terminal滑模变结构连续控制方法.将PD控制的易操作性与非奇异Terminal滑模控制收敛速度快、调整时间短有效结合,保证了探测器安全着陆.仿真结果表明了提出方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于燃料最优解的火星精确着陆制导策略研究

针对火星着陆任务高实时性和低燃耗的需求,提出了一种新的基于开环燃料最优解的精确着陆制导策略。通过分析开环燃料最优解特性,设计了利用发动机推力幅值切换处的状态作为路径点结合最优线性制导律进行分段制导的制导策略,在无需存储全部燃料最优轨迹的前提下,实现具有近燃料最优特性的着陆任务,节省了大量的存储空间。同时详细讨论了包括全局燃料最优解获取、路径点提取、路径点拟合等一系列关键问题,并通过典型火星着陆场景的大量数学仿真验证了所提出策略的可行性和优越性。     

空间小推力轨道最优Bang-Bang控制的两类延拓解法综述

介绍了空间小推力轨道优化问题中的最优Bang-Bang控制问题,对两类延拓解法给出了描述:第一类解法首先求解能量最优解,然后采用能量–燃耗同伦得到最优Bang-Bang控制;第二类解法引入推力开关切换准则,以双脉冲解作为初解,通过参数延拓得到最优Bang-Bang控制。对两类延拓解法进行了比较,指出了各自的优势与特点。对延拓方法应用于求解更加复杂的小推力轨道设计问题进行了展望,提出了包含初解、延拓与拼接三要素的人工智能轨道优化概念。     

Energy-optimal reconfiguration of satellite formation flying in the presence of uncertainties

In this study, a two-step control methodology is developed for energy-optimal reconfiguration of satellites in formation in the presence of uncertainties or external disturbances. First, based on a linear deterministic system model, an optimal control law is analytically determined such that a satellite maneuvers from an initial state to a final state relative to another satellite. The structure of this optimal solution is predetermined and simply given by a linear combination of the fundamental matrix solutions associated with the original equations of relative motion. Only the coefficients are to be determined to satisfy given initial and final conditions. In the second step, an uncertain nonlinear formation system is considered and a robust adaptive controller is designed to compensate for the effects of uncertainties or disturbances that the formation system may encounter. Although the control strategy is inspired by sliding mode control, it produces smooth control signals, thereby avoiding chattering. Also, an adaptation law is added such that the uncertainty or disturbance effects are effectively and quickly eliminated without a priori information about them. The combination of these two controllers guarantees that the satellite accurately tracks the optimal path in the unknown environment. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed two-step control methodology, in which a satellite formation is optimally reconfigured under unknown environmental disturbances.     

基于脱靶量级数解的最优机动突防策略

针对比例导引控制的拦截弹，建立高阶制导系统状态空间模型，基于脱靶量级数解公式，对目标最优机动突防策略及其影响因素进行了研究。首先，针对拦截弹的制导系统为线性一阶、线性高阶时，目标最优机动突防效果进行了仿真分析，结果表明拦截弹弹体模型的准确性对突防效果存在影响，高阶系统对应脱靶量更大且效果更真实；将结果与一次阶跃机动和蛇形机动对比，发现最优机动突防效果最佳。然后，建立弹目运动的二维非线性模型，仿真得出目标最优机动产生的脱靶量曲线与线性系统吻合度较高，线性模型选取合适。最后，研究了有效导引比和剩余飞行时间估计误差对最优机动突防效果产生的影响，结果表明有效导引比估计误差对最优机动突防效果影响不大，剩余飞行时间估计误差则会使目标最优机动突防性能大幅下降，甚至部分情况比蛇形机动突防效果差。      

Re-entry trajectory tracking of reusable launch vehicle using artificial delay based robust guidance law

A Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV), during the re-entry phase of its flight, experiences uncertain environment and extreme turbulence. This calls for an effective control strategy to guide the vehicle efficiently on a trajectory that allows safer landing conditions while providing robustness against external disturbances and system uncertainties. In this regard, a Time-Delayed Control (TDC) strategy has been proposed to track the space vehicle on a predetermined trajectory in the presence of these uncertainties. In the proposed approach, the system vector and the uncertainties are lumped into a single function which is estimated using the input and output data from the previous instant. Theoretical analysis of the control strategy executed using Lyapunov’s method, proves Uniformly Ultimately Bounded (UUB) stability of the closed loop system. The efficacy of the proposed approach has been verified through simulation studies which affirm robust tracking of the optimal trajectory generated through Pseudo-Spectral method (PSM), in the presence of time-varying uncertainties.     

变构型多操纵面RLV进场着陆轨迹优化设计

针对变构型多操纵面可重复使用飞行器(RLV)的进场着陆问题,提出了一种进场着陆轨迹设计方法.将进场着陆轨迹分为深下滑着陆轨迹和拉平着陆轨迹;考虑了气动舵面可操纵偏转限制及深下滑拟平衡约束条件,对深下滑着陆轨迹进行了优化设计;考虑了RLV气动舵面调节余量和构型变化过程,以起落架放下时间、拉平法向过载及接地状态为约束,基于RLV动力学方程,采用轨迹推演的方法对拉平着陆轨迹进行了优化设计.深下滑着陆轨迹和拉平着陆轨迹组成完整的进场着陆轨迹,所设计的着陆轨迹综合考虑了多种约束条件,提高了着陆过程平稳性和安全性.      

月面无人自主采样返回任务动力下降点确定及验证

动力下降点确定是实施月面软着陆的重要环节，是多系统间复杂迭代的过程，涉及轨道设计、制导律设计、着陆目标的采样区确定、着陆及起飞安全分析。其设计结果直接影响了最终着陆点的位置和着陆过程的着陆安全，也间接影响采样安全和采样工程目标的实现结果。针对嫦娥五号在实施月面软着陆前确定动力下降点的任务需求，提出了通过多次轨道控制与最优标称制导轨迹搜索联合控制策略的动力下降点确定方法。首先，根据月面无人自主采样返回任务设计总结了动力下降点确定原理和约束条件；然后，详细论述了月面无人自主采样返回任务软着陆过程动力下降点确定方法；最后，通过嫦娥五号在着陆前主要的几次轨控实施结果分析了其对动力下降点的影响，同时综合了着陆区地形分析及着陆、起飞安全性分析，对动力下降点进行确定并根据最终在轨飞行结果进行验证。验证结果表明，基于“逐次逼近寻优方法”的月面软着陆环节动力下降点的确定方法有效，可以为后续地外天体软着陆等任务提供参考和借鉴。     

小天体安全着陆与表面探测控制方法研究

针对探测器在小天体表面的弹跳式运动特点,提出一种表面运动控制方法。首先基于简化的运动模型,计算出探测器进行弹跳式转移所需的初始速度;然后通过对轨道方程的线性化,基于线性时变系统的求解方程,采用脉冲控制对每次弹跳的运动轨迹进行修正,增加控制精度;并分析转移距离与弹跳次数的关系;最后,以小行星1620 Geographos作为目标小天体进行仿真分析,验证了控制算法的有效性。结果表明,该控制方法可以应用于探测器在附着到小天体表面后的弹跳转移,也适用于弱引力环境下探测器的弹跳式探测。     

大前置角拦截攻击时间控制导引律

为了实现大前置角拦截下的时间一致性饱和攻击,利用非线性导引方程,采取基于预测命中点（PIP）的剩余时间估计方法,结合等效滑模控制理论和Lyapunov稳定性定理,设计了一种大前置角拦截攻击时间控制导引律（ITCG）。针对固定目标和非机动运动目标,在弹目接近速度为负的情况下也能保证准确命中,实现了任意初始前置角下的指定时间到达,拓宽了导弹的制导初始条件,并给出了严格的理论证明。不同初始条件下的仿真结果验证了导引律的有效性。      

“火星科学实验室”巡航段导航、制导与控制

介绍了美国最近实施的火星着陆任务——"火星科学实验室"在巡航段的姿轨控制和导航系统、巡航轨道控制的约束条件、控制策略设计和执行过程,并对巡航段导航、制导与控制相关经验进行了分析和总结,对于我国即将展开的自主火星探测具有一定的参考价值。可以得到的启示包括:通过蒙特卡洛仿真制定详尽的轨道控制策略,对非引力作用进行精确建模并标定,细化各种故障预案,选择合适的运载火箭入轨瞄准点,并增加海外测控站。     

Deep reinforcement learning for six degree-of-freedom planetary landing

This work develops a deep reinforcement learning based approach for Six Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) planetary powered descent and landing. Future Mars missions will require advanced guidance, navigation, and control algorithms for the powered descent phase to target specific surface locations and achieve pinpoint accuracy (landing error ellipse <5 m radius). This requires both a navigation system capable of estimating the lander’s state in real-time and a guidance and control system that can map the estimated lander state to a commanded thrust for each lander engine. In this paper, we present a novel integrated guidance and control algorithm designed by applying the principles of reinforcement learning theory. The latter is used to learn a policy mapping the lander’s estimated state directly to a commanded thrust for each engine, resulting in accurate and almost fuel-optimal trajectories over a realistic deployment ellipse. Specifically, we use proximal policy optimization, a policy gradient method, to learn the policy. Another contribution of this paper is the use of different discount rates for terminal and shaping rewards, which significantly enhances optimization performance. We present simulation results demonstrating the guidance and control system’s performance in a 6-DOF simulation environment and demonstrate robustness to noise and system parameter uncertainty.