基于间隙度量的鲁棒LPV控制律设计

针对高超声速飞行器飞行包线范围广和模型参数不确定性大的问题,提出了基于间隙度量的鲁棒线性变参数(LPV,Linear Parameter-Varying)控制律设计方法.该方法将间隙度量引入LPV控制器设计中,提出了基于最优间隙度量的凸分解策略,并将其应用于多胞顶点的分解和鲁棒LPV控制器的自增益调参,以降低控制器的保守性;考虑模型的参数不确定性求取多胞LPV系统的顶点模型并设计顶点控制器,以提高顶点边界附近LPV控制器的鲁棒性;以某型高超声速飞行器为对象设计了鲁棒LPV控制器.仿真结果表明:该方法能降低大包线内控制器的保守性,实现高超声速飞行器在整个设计包线内精确的指令跟踪,并且在模型参数存在大的不确定性情况下仍保证系统的鲁棒性能和稳定性.     

Fuel-optimal and Energy-optimal guidance schemes for lunar soft landing at a desired location

Two guidance schemes (i) fuel-optimal (ii) energy-optimal to realize soft landing at a desired location on the moon are developed using the optimal control laws. The optimal control laws are obtained by solving a two-point boundary value problem formulated based on Pontryagin’s principle. The guidance laws, adapted from the optimal control laws, are obtained as a function of unknown co-state variables. Differential Transformation (DT) technique is employed to determine the unknown co-states at each time instant of landing trajectory using the information on the current vehicle state, target landing site (loaded on-board apriori) and the time-to-go. The numerical integration of co-state dynamics is avoided due to the DT based approach. The time-to-go, a critical parameter for any guidance scheme, is computed and updated real time using a simple strategy which uses the current and end states. The simple strategy for time-to-go works well even when the shape of the trajectory is nonlinear. Extensive analysis is carried out to evaluate and compare the proposed guidance schemes. Further, the proposed schemes are compared with other popular guidance schemes. The DT based proposed schemes help quantify the landing masses for fuel-optimal and energy-optimal objectives. Other features of the proposed schemes are that they do not assume constant gravity field and independent of reference trajectory.     

GTO发射轨道的两级分解全局优化设计策略

文章提出了包含两级规划、轨道分解优化以及混合遗传算法的GTO发射轨道优化设计策略。针对最优控制变量和总体变量耦合所带来的收敛性差问题 ,建立了两级规划模型 ,其中上面级问题处理总体变量 ,下面级问题处理单独的轨迹控制变量。整个发射轨道优化设计问题被划分成两个轨道段优化设计子问题 ,采用串行混合遗传算法完成子问题的求解。选择一个二级GTO运载火箭 ,进行最大运载能力优化设计 ,对俯仰角选择、发射轨道参数选择等问题进行了分析 ,得出了一些有益的结论。算例分析结果表明所提出的GTO发射轨道优化设计策略的优良性能 ,在运载火箭总体设计中有良好的应用价值。     

机械臂的分散模糊变结构跟踪控制

提出了一种适用于机械臂的分散模糊变结构轨迹跟踪控制方法.将机械臂的轨迹跟踪系统考虑为由线性子系统、非线性关联组成的不确定性复杂系统,采用分散控制方法进行控制器设计.所提出的控制方法能够保证系统状态有较高的跟踪精度.另外,通过在分散变结构控制系统中引入模糊控制规则减弱了一般变结构控制系统的颤振.控制算法简单可行,易于实现.数字仿真表明了该方法的有效性.     

高超声速巡航飞行器在线自适应反馈控制设计

由于飞行器模型的强非线性,各种建模不确定性以及飞行环境的复杂性,高超声速飞行器控制成为一个研究难点.针对某类具有参数不确定性的非线性系统,提出了一种反馈线性化与自适应估计相结合的方法,对非线性系统的输入输出动态应用反馈线性化处理以得到拟线性模型,并设计反馈控制律;对不确定参数采用自适应在线估计,利用Lyapunov方法分析稳定性;针对选择不同输出的情况,对如何消除内动态进行了讨论.为了验证该方法的可行性,将其应用于某高超声速飞行器巡航段纵向非线性模型,对速度和高度通道进行跟踪控制仿真,由于飞行器和大气环境存在建模不确定性,利用自适应控制对不确定参数进行在线估计.仿真结果显示该方法能够快速收敛,并且具有良好的在线自适应能力.     

基于微分器的轨迹线性化控制方法及其应用

针对当前轨迹线性化控制(TLC)方法对系统中的不确定性存在鲁棒性不足的问题,受非线性跟踪微分器设计思路的启发,提出了一种基于微分器设计原则的轨迹线性化控制方法.首先,引入二阶线性微分器(SOLD)的概念,通过理论分析指出了当前轨迹线性化控制方法中采用一阶惯性+伪微分器求取标称指令的微分信号时,会存在与二阶线性微分器类似的峰值现象,随后利用韩式跟踪微分器(TD)求取标称指令及其微分信号,避免了该现象的同时又赋予了系统在控制量的约束范围内调节响应快慢的能力;其次,通过构造期望的闭环系统,跟踪误差动态,直接获取线性时变(LTV)系统的控制量, 使得参数整定不再依赖于并行微分(PD)谱理论,在此基础上,将混合微分器(HD)的非摄动形式等价为期望的闭环系统跟踪误差动态,以提升轨迹线性化控制方法的鲁棒性,同时借助Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了受扰系统的跟踪误差最终一致有界;最后,利用所提出的轨迹线性化控制方法设计了高超声速飞行器的姿控系统并进行了相应的仿真.结果表明:存在大范围气动参数摄动的情况下,本方法仍具有较好的控制性能及抗干扰能力,能够满足高超声速飞行器快时变、高精度以及强鲁棒的控制需求.      

线性伪谱模型预测能量最优姿态机动控制方法

针对大气层外飞行器大角度姿态机动控制问题,提出了一种能量最优的线性伪谱模型预测大角度姿态机动控制方法。首先,通过离线弹道规划获得满足初始、终端约束且能量最优的姿态机动控制轨迹;然后,以离线弹道为基准对姿态动力学方程进行小扰动线性化处理,获得以状态偏差为自变量的线性误差传播方程;最后,以能量最优作为性能指标,通过高斯伪谱法对原问题进行离散,推导获得满足终端偏差修正的控制解析表达式。数值计算和蒙特卡罗仿真表明,该方法不仅计算精度高、求解速度快,满足实时计算要求,而且具有较强的鲁棒性,能够实时消除各种干扰。此外,在同等控制精度条件下,该方法相对传统线性二次型调节器（LQR）跟踪方法,能量消耗减小10%。      

Disturbance observer based model predictive control for accurate atmospheric entry of spacecraft

Facing the complex aerodynamic environment of Mars atmosphere, a composite atmospheric entry trajectory tracking strategy is investigated in this paper. External disturbances, initial states uncertainties and aerodynamic parameters uncertainties are the main problems. The composite strategy is designed to solve these problems and improve the accuracy of Mars atmospheric entry. This strategy includes a model predictive control for optimized trajectory tracking performance, as well as a disturbance observer based feedforward compensation for external disturbances and uncertainties attenuation. 500-run Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed composite control scheme achieves more precise Mars atmospheric entry (3.8?km parachute deployment point distribution error) than the baseline control scheme (8.4?km) and integral control scheme (5.8?km).     

Backstepping sliding-mode control of stratospheric airships using disturbance-observer

In the presence of unknown disturbances and model parameter uncertainties, this paper develop a nonlinear backstepping sliding-mode controller (BSMC) for trajectory tracking control of a stratospheric airship using a disturbance-observer (DO). Compared with the conventional sliding mode surface (SMS) constructed by a linear combination of the errors, the new SMS manifold is selected as the last back-step error to improve independence of the adjustment of the controller gains. Furthermore, a nonlinear disturbance-observer is designed to process unknown disturbance inputs and improve the BSMC performances. The closed-loop system of trajectory tracking control plant is proved to be globally asymptotically stable by using Lyapunov theory. By comparing with traditional backstepping control and SMC design, the results obtained demonstrate the capacity of the airship to execute a realistic trajectory tracking mission, even in the presence of unknown disturbances, and aerodynamic coefficient uncertainties.     

CMGs驱动空间机械臂的自适应终端滑模控制

摘要： 针对V构型控制力矩陀螺（CMGs）驱动的空间机械臂的轨迹跟踪控制问题,研究一种自适应非奇异终端滑模（ANTSM）控制方法.利用基于Kane方程的递推组集算法建立了系统的动力学模型.以跟踪误差为变量,构造非奇异滑动面,以保证跟踪误差在滑动面上有限时间收敛.针对系统质量特性参数与关节处干扰力矩的不确定性,设计自适应控制器用以调节控制增益.该控制方法无需不确定性的上界,且闭环系统具有最终一致有界性.仿真结果表明,该控制器可使系统准确跟踪期望轨迹,并对质量特性参数不确定性和关节干扰力矩具有良好的鲁棒性.     

可重复使用飞行器进场着陆拉平纵向控制

针对可重复使用飞行器（RLV）进场着陆拉平段的纵向控制问题,提出了反馈控制与前馈控制相结合的复合控制策略。设计反馈控制律参数,在此基础上基于时间加权高度跟踪误差/误差变化率平方积分指标优化设计前馈控制律参数。按输入补偿的前馈控制在不影响系统稳定性的前提下,提高了RLV对拉平着陆轨迹的跟踪精度,减小了RLV的接地散布。提出了基于积分器初值的控制律平滑切换方法,实现了RLV起落架释放前后不同控制律之间的平滑切换。仿真验证了拉平纵向复合控制和拉平过程中不同控制律之间平滑切换方法的有效性。      

高超声速飞行器纵向系统鲁棒协调控制器设计

飞行器在高超声速阶段,强非线性耦合与不确定性问题给飞行控制系统的设计带来了巨大的挑战。为了研究高超声速飞行器纵向控制系统中的间耦合关系,基于高超声速纵向非线性模型,对其状态变量组与输入变量组进行了耦合采样分析。同时考虑到系统的不确定性提出了一种分层鲁棒协调控制策略。对高超声速纵向的高度和速度子系统设计鲁棒与耦合补偿控制器,对姿态子系统设计鲁棒与耦合转换控制器。利用Lyapunov稳定性理论来分析整个闭环系统的稳定性。仿真表明该控制方法可以有效的应对纵向系统间的强耦合问题。     

基于解耦双通道线性自抗扰控制的连续型机械臂轨迹跟踪策略

针对包含多源不确定性的连续型机械臂轨迹跟踪问题，提出基于解耦双通道的线性自抗扰控制策略以抑制不确定性对跟踪性能的不利影响.首先，引入虚拟控制量实现对MIMO系统的解耦，针对解耦率已知和未知两种情况，均设计双通道线性自抗扰控制器.利用线性扩张观测器对系统不确定性进行实时补偿，并给出观测器参数整定方法，进一步基于Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了其收敛性.设计仿真，综合考虑未知解耦率、未建模动态以及未知外部干扰等情况，结果验证了本文所提控制方法的有效性.进一步将其与计算力矩法相比较，结果表明LADRC能够处理更大范围不确定性，鲁棒性更强.基于解耦双通道线性自抗扰控制策略为连续型机械臂高精度轨迹跟踪提供了新思路.     

Performance analysis of the vectorized high order expansions method in the accurate landing problem of reusable boosters

This paper addresses the design of the terminal phase maneuver of the booster landing in the presence of initial deviations and uncertainties. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the vectorized high order expansions method to extract commands and near-optimal trajectory, while the accurate satisfaction of the terminal conditions is of great importance. After reviewing high order expansions methods, the Vectorized High Order Expansions method is briefly discussed. Then, the solution for the booster landing problem is extracted up to the third order. To study the solution quality in the presence of uncertainties, mass, density, and gravity are assumed to be constant in extracting the 3rd order solution. The assumptions however are eliminated in the simulations, and the effectiveness of high order expansions solution is studied subjectively and numerically in the presence of initial deviations and uncertainties. After implementing simulations and considering different assumptions, it will be shown that the 3rd order solution holds a desirable quality in accurately satisfying final conditions in presence of uncertainties and initial deviations and provides far better results than the 1st order solution. Moreover, in this paper, a novel method is proposed for online updating, and the performance and effect of this modification are studied using simulations. Reviewing the results of the 3rd order solution combined with the online update strategy, it becomes clear that the implementation of the online update significantly reduces landing point errors and improves the performance of the high order method. Furthermore, the study compares the performance of this strategy with the well-known state-dependent Riccati equation method to better evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

飞行器航迹倾角的自适应动态面控制

针对飞行器纵向模型具有参数不确定性和外界干扰的特点,提出一种飞行器航迹倾角的自适应动态面控制方法.动态面控制方法通过引入一阶低通滤波器避免了传统反演设计存在的"微分爆炸"现象,采用自适应律对模型未知参数进行在线估计,并利用非线性阻尼项克服外界干扰.通过Lyapunov方法证明得出闭环系统半全局一致稳定,跟踪误差可通过调节控制器参数达到任意小.仿真结果表明:该方法能在简化控制设计过程的同时保证航迹倾角跟踪上预定轨迹,控制系统具有较强的自适应能力且对外界干扰具有一定的鲁棒性.     

双臂空间机器人系统运动规划的双向逼近方法

基于双向逼近方法,讨论了载体位置与姿态均不受控制的双臂空间机器人系统的运动规划问题．该方法以系统动量和动量矩守恒关系为基础,建立了控制系统设计所需系统状态方程;并通过对系统状态方程应用双向逼近方法,获得了机械臂关节角的控制输入方程,从而达到对载体姿态及机械臂关节角的双重控制效果．该方法的优点是减少了载体姿态控制燃料的消耗,有效地延长了空间机器人系统的使用寿命．系统数值仿真证明了该方法的有效性．     

Adaptive fuzzy neural network control for a space manipulator in the presence of output constraints and input nonlinearities

Space manipulator is considered as one of the most promising technologies for future space activities owing to its important role in various on-orbit serving missions. In this paper, a novel adaptive fuzzy neural network (FNN) control scheme is proposed for the trajectory tracking control of an attitude-controlled free-flying space manipulator in the presence of output constraints and input nonlinearities. The parametric uncertainties and external disturbances are also taken into the consideration. First, a model-based controller is designed by using the barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) to prevent the position tracking errors from violating the predefined output constraints. Then, an adaptive FNN controller is designed by using two FNNs to compensate for the lumped uncertainties and input nonlinearities, respectively. Rigorous theoretical analysis for the semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness of the whole closed-loop system is provided. The proposed adaptive FNN controller can guarantee the position and velocity tracking errors converge to the small neighborhoods about zero, while ensuring the position tracking errors within the output constraints even in the presence of input nonlinearities. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are relatively few existing controllers can achieve such excellent control performance in the same conditions. Numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme.     

四轮驱动汽车牵引力控制系统控制策略

针对四轮驱动汽车整车动力性和横向稳定性的问题,提出新的目标滑转率计算和修正方法的牵引力控制系统综合控制策略。首先,建立车辆系统各主要部件的数学模型;然后,针对不同工况,利用模糊PID控制技术建立以发动机节气门开度控制、轴间扭矩分配控制和驱动轮制动控制为一体的牵引力控制系统综合控制策略;在车轮目标滑转率的选取方面,提出了最优纵向滑转率查表法,并根据车速以及轮胎侧偏角的大小对目标滑转率进行实时修正;最后,在典型工况下使用MATLAB/Simulink对四轮驱动汽车牵引力控制系统进行离线仿真研究。结果表明：本文所提出的牵引力控制系统控制策略能有效地抑制驱动轮的过度滑转,充分利用路面附着条件,提高汽车纵向驱动稳定性。     

一类不确定分数阶混沌系统的滑模自适应同步

基于滑模自适应控制理论、Lyapunov稳定性理论和分数阶线性系统稳定性理论,在考虑系统存在模型不确定和外部扰动的情况下,选用一种具有较强鲁棒性的分数阶滑模曲面,设计了合适的自适应滑模控制器。所设计的控制器能够将系统状态控制到滑模面上,实现两个不确定分数阶混沌系统的同步,且不需事先知道不确定项上界。该控制器结构简单,控制代价小,具有较好的通用性,对未知扰动具有较强的鲁棒性。数值仿真验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

Tube-based robust output feedback model predictive control for autonomous rendezvous and docking with a tumbling target

In this paper, a tube-based robust output feedback model predictive control method (TRMPC) is proposed for controlling chaser spacecraft docking with a tumbling target in near-circular orbit. The controller contains a simple, stable, Luenberger state estimator and a tube-based robust model predictive controller. Several practical challenges are also considered under dock-enabling conditions, such as the control saturation, velocity constraint, approach corridor constraint, and collision avoidance constraint. Meanwhile, uncertainties are carefully analyzed when designing the controller, including dynamics uncertainty, measurement error, and control deviation. The TRMPC ensures that all possible state trajectories with uncertainties lie in the minimum robust positively invariant set (mRPI, i.e., the so-called tube in this paper). The tube center is the solution of a nominal (without uncertainties) system. Another important contribution of this paper is to propose a technique where it is unnecessary to calculate the mRPI explicitly. Thereby, the ‘curse of dimensionality’ can be avoided for a six-dimensional system. To verify the feasibility of the proposed TRMPC strategy in the presence of uncertainties, two scenarios of autonomous rendezvous and docking (AR&D) are simulated. The simulation results show that the TRMPC method is more efficient in minimizing the uncertainties, fuel consumption, and computational cost, compared to the classic model predictive control (MPC) method.