Prediction of pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure

This paper presents a method to predict the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure. The landing procedure is simulated numerically via applying nonlinear optimal control method in the form of performance index, path constraints and boundary conditions based on an augmented six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model, solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. UH-60A helicopter is taken as the sample for the demonstration of landing after one engine failure. The numerical simulation was conducted to find the trajectory of helicopter and the controls from pilot for landing after one engine failure with different performance index considering the factor of pilot workload. The reasonable performance index and corresponding landing trajectory and controls are obtained by making a comparison with those from the flight test data. Furthermore, the pilot workload is evaluated based on wavelet transform analysis of the pilot control activities. The workloads of pilot control activities for collective control, longitudinal and lateral cyclic controls and pedal control during the helicopter landing after one engine failure are examined and compared with those of flight test. The results show that when the performance index considers the factor of pilot workload properly, the characteristics of amplitudes and constituent frequencies of pilot control inputs in the optimal solution are consistent with those of the pilot control inputs in the flight test. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool of predicting the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure.     

Disturbance observer-based backstepping control for hypersonic flight vehicles without use of measured flight path angle

In this paper a nonlinear control method is proposed for the tracking control of hypersonic flight vehicles. The designed control laws do not utilize the measured flight path angle due to its inferior accuracy in practical engineering. For this, an estimated flight path angle is designed via the measurements of the altitude and velocity. A tracking differentiator is designed for constructing nonlinear disturbance observer which is used to estimate the model uncertainties including the parameter indeterminacies and external disturbances in the channels of velocity and pitch rate. A robust high-order differentiator is introduced to avoid the employment of the measured flight path angle and estimate the lumped disturbance in dynamics of flight path angle. Meanwhile, the possible saturation of the control inputs is considered and compensated by the auxiliary states. The boundness of closed-loop signals is proved through the Lyapunov theory. Comparative simulations are carried out and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

着舰状态飞行员控制策略研究

分析了低动压的背面(backside)着舰工作状态下飞行员仅控制飞机姿态无法控制飞行轨迹角的物理原因。研究了低动压的背面着舰工作状态下使用背面控制策略问题,即以推力来控制轨迹,以飞行姿态来控制迎角。设计了背面技术和前面(frontside)技术控制律,并以A-7E舰载机为例进行了仿真验证。最后对背面着舰工作状态下的背面技术和前面技术进行了比较,分析了海军飞机使用背面技术着舰的原因。     

Time-varying linear control for tiltrotor aircraft

Tiltrotor aircraft have three flight modes: helicopter mode, airplane mode, and transition mode. A tiltrotor has characteristics of highly nonlinear, time-varying flight dynamics and inertial/control couplings in its transition mode. It can transit from the helicopter mode to the airplane mode by tilting its nacelles, and an effective controller is crucial to accomplish tilting transition missions. Longitudinal dynamic characteristics of the tiltrotor are described by a nonlinear Lagrange-form model, which takes into account inertial/control couplings and aerodynamic interferences. Reference commands for airspeed velocity and attitude in the transition mode are calculated dynamically by visiting a command library which is founded in advance by analyzing the flight envelope of the tiltrotor. A Time-Varying Linear (TVL) model is obtained using a Taylor-expansion based online linearization technique from the nonlinear model. Subsequently, based on an optimal control concept, an online optimization based control method with input constraints considered is proposed. To validate the proposed control method, three typical tilting transition missions are simulated using the nonlinear model of XV-15 tiltrotor aircraft. Simulation results show that the controller can be used to control the tiltrotor throughout its operating envelop which includes a transition flight, and can also deal with vertical gust disturbances.     

直升机机动飞行的逆模拟

本文给出了一种直升机机动飞行的逆模拟方法以计算跟随预定飞行轨迹的驾驶员操纵,根据这一方法可以确定为完成直升机机动飞行所需的驾驶员操纵输入及直长机的飞行速度、角速度和的变化历程。直同飞行动力学模型没有作任何线化假设,其中考虑了旋翼入流的时滞效应、前行桨叶的压缩性物后行桨叶的失速特性及旋翼桨叶的非定常挥舞运动,引入了旋翼尾迹对直升机机身、尾翼和尾桨的气动干扰。最后以黑鹰直升机为例计算了鱼跃越障机动飞行     

Position Determination from Radio Bearings

A new, simpler derivation is presented for Stansfield's formulas for the most likely position ion and the distribution of its error when a number of bearings are measured from known locations. The simplification results from the use of complex numbers. Simple results are obtained for the case in which bearings are measured at regular, short intervals along a straight reconnaissance flight path, providing asymptotes for Butterly's curves.     

过驱动飞行器积分滑模容错控制方法

针对过驱动飞行控制系统中执行器故障时的协调分配问题,提出了一种基于积分滑模的容错飞行控制器设计方法.引入虚拟控制思想,构造了多执行器故障条件下飞行器层级结构控制的数学模型.运用小增益定理,推导了系统闭环稳定的充分条件,并基于线性矩阵不等式,建立了最优状态反馈的凸优化模型.以积分滑模面切换函数为变量,选取李雅普诺夫能量函数,设计了渐近稳定的积分滑模控制器.仿真结果表明,该方法可综合考虑执行器完好和故障时的控制效能,能够实现多操纵面容错飞行控制,具有较好的鲁棒性.     

飞机总能量控制系统的研究Ⅰ——原理分析与系统设计

飞机总能量控制是一种全新的综合飞行/推力控制技术,从控制飞机总能量的变化与分配出发,全面解决纵向飞行轨迹控制与速度控制之间的耦合问题;进而建立起一体化的综合飞行控制系统。用多变量系统解耦控制理论研究了这种控制系统,首先分析了总能量控制的基本思想,建立起包含飞机纵向姿态控制回路和发动机推力控制回路的飞机质点能量运动模型,然后利用输出反馈和V规范型前馈解耦策略,对此系统进行解耦分析,设计出能实现飞行轨迹与速度间解耦控制的总能量控制律,并确定出系统的设计条件;最后以波音(Boeing)707飞机为对象,进行了具体的系统设计。     

低空风切变中直升机纵向运动特性分析

低空风切变是危及飞行安全的一种危险天气，由此而引起的严重事故时有发生，将风切变引入直升机的基本运动方程，定性地讨论了水平风切变对直升机进场着陆／着舰的影响，着重分析了直升机在低空风切变中的飞行航迹，操稳特性变化特点等，对飞行员处理风切变有一定的参考价值。     

综合飞行/推进控制系统的鲁棒设计方法

基于凸多面体线性系统族镇定方法和航迹准稳态运动概念，研究了现代攻击机的综合飞行／推进控制系统的鲁棒设计方法。该方法根据航迹准稳态运动的条件。生成航迹准稳态运动的期望控制量和状态量，以航迹准稳态运动为基准运动建立综合系统的线性系统族模型，采用凸多面体线性系统族鲁棒镇定方法设计了综合控制系统的反馈调节控制器。数学仿真表明，所设计的综合控制系统对攻击机推进系统输出推力的变化具有大范围的鲁棒性，在推力开环控制下能够获得良好的系统动态性能和战术性能。     

Dynamics,stability, and control of a four-cable mount system for wind tunnel test

A four-cable mount system is proposed for full-model wind tunnel flutter tests, which may adjust the pitch and roll attitude of the aircraft scaled model and ensure that the model is not subjected to cable tension. The system provides sufficient support to simulate the free flight of the aircraft by applying appropriate spring stiffness and cable tensions. The proposed four-cable mount system is modeled based on Lagrange mechanics, and its dynamics equations consider aerodynamic effects. The singularity of the system and its bifurcation characteristics under flow conditions are analysed to determine the supercritical bifurcation phenomenon for different tension levels and distances from the front suspension point to the mass centre of the model. The mathematical expressions of the longitudinal flight stability of the cable mount system are derived by linearising the system dynamics equations using small perturbations. The influence of the cable tension, spring stiffness, suspension point position, and other factors on the flight stability of the aircraft are analysed. A feedforward control algorithm is proposed to minimize the total elastic potential energy of the system. The results show that the model is in the level flight state when the elastic potential energy of the four-cable mount system is minimized. A feedback control design method is proposed based on the Lyapunov stability theory to derive the closed-loop stability conditions. The system dynamics model that includes the aircraft rigid body model, flexible cables, pulleys, springs, aerodynamic model, and servo motor control is established using the flexible multibody dynamics method. A multibody dynamics solver and Simulink are used to simulate the attitude adjustment of the model in the wind tunnel and verify the supercritical bifurcation characteristics of the system and the effectiveness of the feedback and feedforward control.     

有侧风时某验证机着陆品质分析

以刚体系动力学理论为基础,建立飞机、起落架六自由度全量非线性方程,根据有侧风时着陆过程中驾驶员的操纵特点,提出比较符合实际情况的操纵逻辑,以及用3个单轴操纵的驾驶员模型,通过采用分时采集、分时处理飞行状态信息和分时操纵的方式,将它们有机地综合成~个同时做三轴操纵时的驾驶员模型。最后,对所建立的人-机闭环系统模型编制了相应的仿真软件,并对某验证机进行了着陆品质分析,其结果与试飞情况比较吻合。     

Flightpath predictor for minimum pilot compensation

A predictor is an efficient means to enhance the novel guidance and control capabilities possible with a perspective flightpath display. Pilot-centered requirements are considered for achieving best performance for compensatory control of the aircraft-predictor system as the controlled element. In a synthesis of a predictor with circular path continuation, it is shown which are the effects on pilot-predictor-aircraft system crossover, system stability and system bandwidth. Further, it is shown that the predictor is also an efficient means for controlling the current state of the aircraft. Piloted simulation experiments yield a verification of the above issues. Finally, it is shown that there is a close similarity between predictor and flight director systems for compensatory control.     

A值及A准则

俄ЦАГИ在地面飞行模拟试验和飞行试验数据的统计分析基础上,提出了一个频域最佳C*响应操纵灵敏度——A值的概念,并找出了驾驶杆特性(pχ)和静态操纵灵敏度(pny、χny)最佳值与A值的表达式,以及它们偏离最佳值时飞行品质评分(PR)与人机耦合振荡(PIO)评分(PIOR)随相对偏离量的关系曲线。 A 将此关系曲线用于预测评估人感系统相关参数对PIO趋势的影响,称之为A准则。本文从应用的角度详细地进行了计算公式的推导,讨论了准则在推导过程中所采用的假设和其适用情况,重新整理和校核了计算步骤和算例,以便于我国航空界使用。     

连接翼布局纵向控制特性

连接翼布局是高空长航时探测无人机的适宜布局之一。以某大展弦比连接翼布局为例,研究其前/后翼飞行控制特性,包括在纵向姿态和轨迹控制中单独使用前、后翼升降舵的特性和直接升力控制中的协调使用特性。结果表明,虽然定性而言前翼控制对于轨迹响应时间延迟降低有利,但由于内在的慢响应特性,单独前、后翼升降舵控制效果相当;前/后翼协调使用有利于消除俯仰姿态和轨迹的耦合影响,能够有效调整闭环系统零极点,从而调节时间明显缩短;另外,基于输出反馈的特征结构配置方法适宜于直接升力控制律设计,过程直接,得到的结果易实现。这些结果为连接翼飞机飞行控制律设计建立了基础。     

飞机总能量控制系统的研究Ⅱ─—非线性控制律综合与仿真

在已设计出的飞机总能量控制系统核心环节的基础上,研究了各种高度和速度控制模态下系统的构成和工作原理;研究了各种非线性安全保护功能在系统中的设置与实现;分析了极限推力状态下,飞机质点能量运动的特点;研究了对轨迹和速度的控制优先级的设置与实现技术;最后对此非线性多变量控制系统进行了综合与仿真,得到了满意的设计与仿真结果。     

飞机亚跨声速飞行操纵特性分析

针对中等展弦比、中等后掠角机翼布局的超声速飞机在亚跨声速飞行时遇到的操纵特性异常现象,通过估算飞机在海拔5 km高空的气动特性,获得了飞机的纵向平衡性能和静操纵性的变化规律.通过数值计算,得到了飞机在低空跨声速飞行时的操纵特性;分析了造成飞机在某些飞行速度下操纵跟随性较差、大速度飞行时俯仰操纵过于灵敏、不同速度下杆力变化大等现象的原因.针对亚跨声速区的飞行与操纵特点,给出了飞行操纵建议,以提高飞行安全.     

基于FlightGear的飞行导航数据可视化仿真研究

飞行器的飞行导航数据显示是控制其飞行轨迹不可缺少的一部分,针对飞行导航数据可视化仿真分析的需求,本文讨论了基于FlightGear软件的飞行导航数据可视化的实现方法。首先分析了FlightGear软件的特点及其相关组件的功能;之后,在导航系统工作基本原理的基础上,研究了导航数据三维可视化显示的可行性;最后针对FlightGear软件的特点以及与外部数据的传输方式,设计了导航数据可视化显示方案,实现了对飞行导航数据的三维可视化显示,达到人机交互的效果。     

基于单轴光电探测系统的MUAV目标捕获与盘旋跟踪系统

研究了基于侧向单轴光电探测系统的微小型无人飞行器(MUAV)捕获、跟踪地面目标的飞行控制方法,提出一种探测器单轴消除视场y向失谐角,MUAV航向控制消除视场x向失谐角的控制方案。采用常规的飞行动力学纵向和侧向运动方程及小干扰线性化方法,并分别对MUAV定高寻航迹段、目标搜索捕获段及盘旋跟踪段进行了MATLAB仿真。分析了侧向突风以及飞机俯仰角变化对视场中x向失谐角的耦合影响,并提出了解决方案。仿真结果验证了所提方案的有效性,其能够满足MUAV持续盘旋跟踪地面目标的飞行任务。