基于X射线脉冲星的深空探测自主导航方法

自主导航是实现深空探测任务的关键技术,基于X射线脉冲星的导航方法可靠、稳定、精度高,不受近地空间的限制,为深空自主导航提供了全新的思路。文章分析了X射线脉冲星导航的基本原理,提出了脉冲到达时间预报算法和整周模糊度求解方法,基于最小二乘理论研究了位置估计算法。仿真算例表明该方法在脉冲星方位误差为0.001弧秒、脉冲到达时间测量误差为1μs的情况下,140d飞行时间中定位精度优于10km,且对初始误差不敏感,可以满足深空探测的导航需要。     

联合CDGPS技术和星间相对测量进行编队星座状态确定

以空间圆3星编队星座为对象,建立了联合GPS载波相位差分(Carrier phase Differential GPS,CDGPS)和星间相对测量进行编队星座状态确定的数学模型;利用高精度的星间相对测量信息给星间公里级基线提供厘米级约束,极大地缩小了星间单差模糊度的搜索空间,进而在卫星无需机动的情况下采用Bayes最小二乘法快速解算出星间GPS载波相位单差整周模糊度;最后数学仿真证明了方法的有效性,结果表明卫星间相对位詈确定精度达10^-2m．卫星姿态确定精度达10^-3rad．     

脉冲星导航的天体测量考虑

X射线脉冲星导航是基于X射线脉冲星观测,经过信号处理得到脉冲到达时刻序列,进而分析该时间序列提供导航相关信息的技术。为了分析脉冲星导航的可行性和依赖条件,从概念上描述了脉冲星的观测模型,并比较了射电脉冲星观测和X射线脉冲星观测数据处理过程;进而从天体测量的角度论述了脉冲星导航可行性的相关问题,主要包含观测量的获取、整周模糊度和应用范围3个问题。经分析可知:观测量的获取与观测者的速度有关,该速度可通过最大化观测轮廓法确定;对于深空和超深空导航,整周模糊度是首先需要解决的问题,脉冲星的位置精度也是需要考虑的因素。理论上X射线脉冲星导航可以应用于近地和深空探测。     

基于单X射线探测器的航天器深空巡航段自主导航研究

为提高X射线脉冲星自主导航系统的工程实用性,提出一种利用单X射线探测器的深空巡航段自主导航系统,以脉冲星的脉冲到达太阳系质心时间差值作为基本观测量,利用美国"深空一号"任务中的批处理加权最小二乘滤波算法,估计航天器的位置和速度.以"深空一号"任务星际巡航段轨道为例,进行了数学仿真,并分析了脉冲星个数、脉冲星测量数据批数及定轨周期对导航结果的影响,并同卡尔曼滤波方法进行了比较,仿真结果表明了该系统的可行性和有效性.     

X射线脉冲星导航在行星际轨道上的应用

X射线脉冲星导航技术被认为是新一代导航技术,非常适合于行星际探测.深入分析了利用搜索空间方法求解飞行器真实位置和估计位置相位差的脉冲整周期模糊数,解决了相位导航方法存在的周期模糊数问题.利用轨道动力学模型估计飞行器的位置,并以真实位置和估计位置上的脉冲相位之差作为反馈进行偏差校正.仿真表明,X射线脉冲星导航方法在行星际轨道上是可行和高效的.     

X射线脉冲星绝对定位法研究

研究和分析了脉冲星定位方法中的绝对定位法。通过一系列的公式和图表详细分析了定位算法的理论依据,同时还对整周模糊度问题的解算进行了研究。最后,利用MATLAB建立了一个简单模型,对定位算法进行仿真。结果表明定位准确度与星载原子钟准确度、脉冲星相位模型准确度以及相位观测误差有直接联系。     

一种用INS辅助GPS周跳检测和求解整周模糊度的方法

在INS／GPS全组合导航系统中，需要利用GPS载波相位测量信息，其中整周模糊度的确定和周跳的检测是两个关键的技术。文中提出了利用INS信息对GPS解算过程中的周跳检测和整周模糊度的确定进行辅助解算的简易快速算法，并进行了计算机仿真。仿真结果表明，文中提出的INS辅助GPS的周跳检测简易算法可以有效的检测出发生的小到一周的周跳；在一定条件下，利用INS信息辅助GPS可以瞬时可靠地求解出整周模糊度。     

北斗三频相位观测值线性组合研究

以北斗三频数据为基础,给出了北斗三频组合观测值的数学模型并系统分析了组合后的波长、电离层误差以及观测噪声误差;在保持整周模糊度整数特性的前提下,以整数线性变换法为基础,通过Matlab编程实现组合系数的优化选取。通过将不同组合系数应用于伪距相位法三频数据周跳探测中,发现组合系数之和不为0的组合周跳探测值均在0.5周以上,且组合系数之和越大,波动越大;通过将不同组合系数应用于无几何CIR法三频数据模糊度解算中,发现系数之和不为0,但波长较长的组合求得的模糊度残差值大致在0.6周,通过合适的模糊度搜索方法可以得到正确的模糊度固定解,在短基线模糊度解算中可以考虑使用。     

UKF方法在脉冲星自主导航中的应用

针对X射线脉冲星自主导航中的非线性系统滤波问题，将无迹卡尔曼滤波方法应用于自主导航计算过程中。首先，在简述脉冲星导航可行性的基础上，研究了脉冲星自主导航系统的基本原理和实施方案。然后，根据牛顿二体引力模型构建了航天器运动状态方程，根据脉冲到达时间模型建立了系统观测方程，并对二者进行了误差分析和建模。最后，将UKF算法应用于航天器自主导航过程中，仿真结果表明该方法能够实现航天器自主导航信息的解算。     

基于FPGA+DSP的X射线脉冲星导航原理样机的设计与实现

为了验证X射线脉冲星导航算法在星载计算机环境下的实时性和适用性,设计了基于FPGA+DSP架构的X射线脉冲星导航原理样机,导航原理样机中的FPGA用于系统的逻辑控制以及光子数据的存储;DSP则用于将接收到的光子数据进行转换、脉冲折叠、脉冲数据互相关处理、数据插值以及最小二乘滤波等算法。最后搭建了X射线脉冲星导航地面半物理仿真系统,系统以光子到达时间残差作为观测量,结合卫星轨道动力学模型,基于滤波算法实现航天器的导航定位。仿真结果表明,导航位置误差优于10 km,速度误差优于1 km/s。     

单频GPS动态相对定位的模糊度逼近/搜索解法

针对目前实时动态定位(RTK)中常用搜索解法可靠度不高的缺点,利用各历元诸双差方程所形成的法方程,对其进行解耦处理以便于实时计算.在此基础上综合了逼近、搜索两种解法各自的局部优势,构成了逼近/搜索的联合解法.实际测试表明,该算法在单频全球定位系统(GPS)载波相位差分的动态相对定位过程中,用2～3min的时间即可可靠地在航解算出整周模糊度.     

GNSS carrier phase ambiguity resolution based on integrity restriction in ambiguity domain

Carrier phase ambiguity resolution of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a key technology for high-precision navigation and positioning, and it is a challenge for applications which require both high accuracy and high integrity. This paper proposes efficient ambiguity resolution methods based on integrity restriction using Fixed Failure rate Ratio Test (FF-RT) and Doubly Non-central F-distribution Ratio Test (DNF-RT), and derives the related processing models and numerical algorithms compared with the traditional Ratio Test (RT) method. Firstly, the integer ambiguity resolution and validation procedures, especially the Least squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA) estimation and RT validation are analyzed. Then the quality evaluation using success rate, the FF-RT method using Integer Aperture (IA) estimation and the NDF-RT method are proposed. Lastly, the simulation and analysis for LAMBDA using RT, FF-RT and DNF-RT methods are performed. Simulation results show that in case of unbiased scenario FF-RT and DNF-RT have similar performances, which are significantly better than RT. In case of biased scenario it is difficult for FF-RT to predict the biased success rate thus it should not be used for bias detection, while DNF-RT can detect biases in most cases except for the biases are approximate or equal to integer, which has the important benefit for early detection of potential threat to the position solution.     

基于UKF的姿态无关GPS双差整周模糊度确定

基于运动的GPS双差整周模糊度确定方法需要预先知道载体的姿态,为了消除对姿态的依赖,研究了一种新的整周模糊度确定方法。首先将多天线载波双差相位矢量观测方程转化为标量观测方程,消去了对载体姿态矩阵的依赖。经过短时离线观测,以中心估计算法和协方差白化算法估计和修正双差整周模糊度的近似解及协方差矩阵。再以该近似解和协方差矩阵为初值,由无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)实时估计双差整周模糊度的精确解。最后对该方法进行了仿真,仿真结果表明经过离线批处理算法的预处理UKF可准确收敛于真实解,证明了方法的正确和有效性。     

短基线约束条件下的整周模糊度二维搜索算法

通过对基线仰角和方位角的搜索,在二次残差最小的条件下确定整周模糊度。建立了搜索模型,论述了搜索原理及其应用的具体过程,推导了粗搜索和精搜索的步长。通过试验与最小二乘降相关平差(Least-squares Ambiguity Decorrelation Adjustment,LAMBDA)算法进行分析比较,验证了新方法的正确性及可靠性,得到了1cm的基线精度,0.6°的仰角和0.4°的方位角精度,且算法简单,搜索效率高,适用于载体的姿态测量。     

Tightly combined GPS/Galileo RTK for short and long baselines: Model and performance analysis

To ensure the compatibility and interoperability with modernized GPS, Galileo satellites are capable of broadcasting navigation signals on carrier phase frequencies that overlap with GPS, i.e., GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L5-E5a. Moreover, the GPS/Galileo L2-E5b signals have different frequencies with wavelength differences smaller than 4.2?mm. Such overlapping and narrowly spaced signals between GPS and Galileo bring the opportunity to use the tightly combined double-differenced (DD) model for precise real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning, resulting in improved performance of ambiguity resolution and positioning with respect to the classical standard or loosely combined DD model. In this paper, we focus on the model and performance assessment of tightly combined GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L2-E5b/L5-E5a RTK for short and long baselines. We first investigate the tightly combined GPS/Galileo DD observational model for both short and long baselines with simultaneously considering the GPS/Galileo overlapping and non-overlapping frequencies. Particularly, we introduce a reparameterization approach to solve the rank deficiency that caused by the correlation between the DISB parameters and the DD ionospheric parameters for both overlapping and non-overlapping frequencies. Then we present performance assessment for the tightly combined GPS/Galileo RTK model with real-time estimation of the differential inter-system bias (DISB) parameters for short and long baselines in terms of ratio value, ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP), ambiguity conditional number, decorrelation number, search count, empirical success rate, time-to-first-fix (TTFF), and positioning accuracy. Results from both static and kinematic experiments demonstrated that compared to the loosely combined model, the tightly combined model can deliver improved performance of ambiguity resolution and precise positioning with different satellite visibility. For the car-driven short baseline experiment with 10° elevation cut-off angle, the tightly combined model can not only significantly increase the ratio value by approximately 27.5% (from 16.0 to 20.4), but also reduce the ambiguity ADOP, the conditional number, and the search count in LAMBDA by approximately 22.2% (from 0.027 to 0.021 cycles), 14.9% (from 199.2 to 169.6), and 25.4% (from 150.1 to 112.0), respectively. Comparable decorrelation number, empirical success rate, and positioning accuracy are also obtained. For the car-driven long baseline experiment, it is also observed that the ambiguity resolution performance in terms of the ratio value, the decorrelation number, the condition number, and the search count are significantly improved by approximately 18.5% (from 2.7 to 3.2), 22.0% (from 0.186 to 0.227), 55.9% (from 937.6 to 413.7), and 10.3% (from 43.8 to 39.3), respectively. Moreover, comparable ADOP, empirical success rate, and positioning accuracy are obtained as well. Additionally, the TTFF can be reduced (from 54.1 to 51.8 epochs with 10° elevation cut-off angle) as well from the results of static experiments.     

基于相位偏差的实时PPP模糊度固定

采用CNES发布的实时相位偏差数据，实现包含模糊度固定的实时精密单点定位.对全球10个IGS测站10天观测数据进行RTPPP解算，分别统计模糊度首次固定时间和定位精度，结果显示利用实时相位偏差数据能在平均30min内实现模糊度首次固定，模糊度固定时水平位置误差由6cm迅速降低至2cm左右，三维位置误差由10cm迅速降低至5cm左右，同时RTPPP模糊度固定在3h观测内可保持水平3cm、三维5cm左右的定位精度.通过分析得出，基于相位偏差的RTPPP模糊度固定技术具有较高的定位精度和定位稳定性，能够快速实现cm级定位.      

基于MLAMBDA的BDS/GPS单频RTK性能分析

GNSS RTK技术以其高精度、高效率、实时性的优点，被广泛应用于航空航天等领域.目前双频RTK技术已非常成熟并且应用较广.相比于双频，单频GNSS RTK在数据质量控制、定位误差处理等方面存在难点.因此单频RTK服务精度可能会受到限制，其定位性能有待研究.本文基于扩展卡尔曼滤波模型，通过MLAMBDA模糊度搜索方法和Ratio检验法，结合实测数据，对比分析BDS，GPS，BDS/GPS三种模式下的单频RTK定位性能.实验证明在静态场景下，三种模式的单频RTK定位精度都在厘米级，可满足高精度定位需求；动态场景下三种模式的模糊度固定率都在70%以上，可满足日常定位需求.在静态及动态应用场景下，北斗的模糊度固定率最高，模糊度解算所用时间短，能实现快速RTK定位.      

Precise line-of-sight vector estimation based on an inter-satellite radio frequency system

This paper proposes a precise line-of-sight (LOS) vector estimation using an inter-satellite radio frequency system. GNSS-like technology is inherited such that the ranging signals are locally generated inside the formation. However, the approach differs from the standard GNSS model usage in that the LOS vector to be of a unit length is fully explored as a priori constraint for the carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution. The constraint is lumped to the mapping process from the real-valued ambiguities to the integers by what is called validation or subset ambiguity bounding. These two approaches have the same rules of regarding the constraint as a gateway to accept or reject the ambiguity candidates, but differ by using “all-ambiguity-set” and “subset-ambiguity”. Both show remarkable improvement with up to 80% lower integer fixing failure rates than without treating the constraint. Validation provides a slightly better performance than the subset ambiguity bounding in terms of the integer fixing failure rates and the computational efficiency. The predefined tolerance regions that are critical for these two methods are analytically determined as function of the carrier noise. The paper also introduces a LOS dependent ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP_LOS) measure that can serve as a metric to characterize the expectation of being able to successfully resolve the ambiguities. The region of ADOP_LOS lower than 0.21 is empirically summarized as the safe region where the integer fixing failure rates are less than 1%. A closed form of the ADOP_LOS is derived which is able to capture the impact of the various factors. Antenna baseline geometries and multiple frequencies in the form of an ultra-BOC signal structure are demonstrated as the most important influencing factors. With multiple properly arrayed antennas and using ultra-BOC structure, instantaneous ambiguity resolution can be achieved and the LOS accuracy can reach millimeter level.     

附加Doppler预报坐标约束的模糊度 动态解算新方法

利用GPS(Global Positioning System)相位观测进行动态定位的主要困难就是法方程不适定问题(秩亏或病态问题),导致模糊度浮动解及其协方差阵不准,以此构造的模糊度搜索范围比较大,使得模糊度的搜索非常困难.提出利用Doppler高精度测速预报近似坐标并对其附加约束,解决法方程求逆中的不适定问题,提高模糊度浮动解及其方差阵的准确性,缩小模糊度的搜索范围,提高模糊度搜索的成功率.结果表明,短基线情况,新方法在模糊度动态解算中取得了明显效果.