攻角动态变化对侧压式进气道起动特性影响的风洞试验

为了探寻不同频率下攻角动态变化对进气道起动性能的影响,进行了攻角以不同频率调节的侧压式进气道Ma=3.85的风洞试验.对一个设计Ma=6、起动Ma=2.5的侧压式进气道完成了攻角从0°→8.15°→0°,频率分别为0.8,1.6,3.2 Hz和6 Hz的数次吹风试验.试验结果表明:四种频率状态下进气道在一个振荡周期中都能经历一个起动—不起动—再起动的过程;随着频率的增加,在进入振荡的第1个周期内不起动攻角缓慢增大,而在之后的周期性变化中不起动攻角急剧减小.      

带抽吸二元进气道/隔离段激波串振荡特性

针对抽吸缝作用下激波串非定常振荡的复杂流动问题,采用高速纹影结合壁面动态压力测量的方法,在马赫数6的激波风洞中研究了高马赫数二元进气道/隔离段中激波串的自激振荡特性。隔离段出口不同堵塞度的实验结果表明:在低堵塞度下,隔离段内的分离激波无明显振荡;在中等堵塞度25.3%～32.3%和高堵塞度35.3%～38.2%工况下,隔离段内产生非定常激波串,受到隔离段内预先存在的背景波系以及抽吸缝泄流作用的影响,分别出现大幅度低频振荡和小幅度高频振荡;而当堵塞度超过临界值后,激波串被推出进气道,出现不起动。在大幅度振荡模式中,上壁面大分离区周期性地形成和消失,下壁面的激波串前沿分离激波在抽吸缝后缘到隔离段出口之间大幅度振荡,其振荡主频约为280Hz～480Hz,并且随着堵塞度升高而降低;在小幅度振荡模式中,上壁面始终存在大分离区,下壁面的激波串前沿分离激波在抽吸缝附近小幅振荡,其振荡主频约为900Hz～1800Hz。两种振荡模式均给隔离段壁面带来严酷的脉动压力载荷。     

进气道激波串振荡的模态分解及快速预测

为研究隔离段自激振荡现象,采用2阶时间和空间精度、非结构网格、剪切应力输运(SST) k -ω湍流模型有限体积法程序对二元进气道在高反压下的非定常特性进行数值模拟,成功捕捉到激波串自激振荡现象,在此基础上利用本征正交分解(POD)和动力学模态分解(DMD)方法对其进行分析。结果表明:该自激振荡是低频主导、多频耦合的复杂振荡现象;基于本征正交分解和动力学模态分解构建的预测模型均能准确快速地预测出非定常流场的演变特性,预测误差小于0.2%,前者耗时为0.22 s,后者耗时为0.05 s。      

边界层抽吸和脉动反压作用下隔离段内流动特性研究

为了解上游边界层抽吸控制和下游周期脉动反压作用下隔离段内流动特性,采用非定常数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法,对来流Ma=2情况下的隔离段内激波串动态演化特性、激波串形态结构变化以及激波串演化迟滞现象进行了研究。结果表明,在脉动反压和边界层抽吸作用下,激波串在上游抽吸狭缝与下游隔离段出口之间周期振荡,振荡频率与脉动反压一致。在振荡过程中,首道激波串形态在规则反射与马赫反射以及马赫反射与弧形激波(包含正激波)之间相互转换。边界层抽吸将激波串固定在抽吸狭缝位置,有效提高了隔离段抗反压性能,脉动频率越大,可承受的瞬态反压峰值越大。在一个振荡周期内,激波串向上移动速度较向下移动更快,且在上下移动过程中形态变化存在迟滞现象。     

热声耦合振荡燃烧的实验研究与分析

热声耦合振荡是在推进系统工作中经常遇到的危害系统工作及安全的现象。它是由非稳定燃烧放热和压力脉动互相耦合产生的系统振荡过程。通过对天然气预混燃烧过程中的热声耦合振荡现象进行了实验研究,分析了不同当量比、热负荷和进出口边界条件下天然气燃烧的动态过程,分析其稳定范围及振荡模态随影响因素的变化规律。结果显示振荡频率随着当量比的减小有所增加,但是没有发生模态变化。在常压条件、接近贫燃熄火极限时,热声耦合振荡现象消失,压力脉动频率跃升至500 Hz或1000 Hz附近的高频。燃烧室出口越接近阻塞条件,燃烧过程的稳定范围越小。同时入口边界位置越接近燃烧段,压力脉动频率越高。热功率变化也会对脉动频率和声压级数值产生影响。另外还采用线性扰动分析方法对天然气燃烧动态过程进行理论分析,进一步研究了不同条件下旋流预混燃烧的热声耦合振荡模态。     

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

周期节流扰动下激波串振荡流动的数值模拟

基于动网格方法数值模拟并分析来流马赫数为6，二元进气道/隔离段构型在频率为50～500 Hz周期节流下的激波串振荡流动。结果表明：当节流比在0.2～0.32范围内周期变化时，隔离段出现与节流频率相同的激波串振荡现象。节流频率会影响激波串振荡幅度和壁面压强波动特性。50 Hz与100 Hz工况的激波串流向振幅相近，100～500 Hz范围内随频率增加，流向振幅从15.5 mm减小至10.8 mm。壁面压强随频率的变化规律更加复杂，以凹腔中部为界，其上游壁面压强时均值、均方差峰值整体随频率增加而降低，其中50 Hz工况唇口侧壁面压强均方差峰值可达21倍来流静压，但其下游壁面压强无明显规律。分析表明节流频率对激波串振荡的影响与节流扰动的传播时间相关，工程设计中需综合考虑构型与反压参数对激波串振荡的影响。     

二元紊流发生器实验研究

本文给出了二元紊流发生器实验研究的结果,对不同文氏管通道型面所提供的一些典型的出口流场作了分析,并对某些工作状态下的激波振荡的特征作了介招。紊流发生器出口边界条件可以是音速出口,也可以是等压出口,尽管这方面的区别对于激波振荡特征以及分离包的尺度有显著的影响,但是对于出口流场的影响却是令人惊奇地微不足道。紊流发生器中常使用的提供总压图谱的畸变网可以使出口紊流度大幅度衰减。如果采用模拟板来代替畸变网,这一情况卽可以避免。     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

Low-frequency unsteadiness of vortex wakes over slender bodies at high angle of attack

A type of flow unsteadiness with low frequencies and large amplitude was investigated experimentally for vortex wakes around an ogive-tangent cylinder. The experiments were carried out at angles of attack of 60–80 and subcritical Reynolds numbers of 0.6–1.8×105. The reduced frequencies of the unsteadiness are between 0.038 and 0.072, much less than the frequency of Karman vortex shedding. The unsteady flow induces large fluctuations of sectional side forces. The results of pressure measurements and particle image velocimetry indicate that the flow unsteadiness comes from periodic oscillation of the vortex wakes over the slender body. The time-averaged vortex patterns over the slender body are asymmetric, whose orientation is dependent on azimuthal locations of tip perturbations. Therefore, the vortex oscillation is a type of unsteady oscillation around a time-averaged asymmetric vortex structure.     

节流通道振动对流动振荡的数值模拟研究

在由于超燃冲压发动机空间狭小,经常通过测量节流结构的压差来反算燃料流量。然而,我们在实验中发现渐缩渐扩结构通道在振动环境中会引起燃料的流动振荡现象,具体体现在喉部两端压差发生周期性变化,导致流量测量出现偏差,甚至会导致传热恶化和结构的损坏。为了了解流动振荡的机制,我们建立了渐缩渐扩通道的三维模型,并通过实验数据进行了验证。本文分析了振动环境下渐缩渐扩通道中流体动力学特性,研究了不同条件下稳定流场和非稳定流场,分析了雷诺数和振动强度对流动振荡的影响。研究表明,管道振动方向和流动方向一致时,导致流动分离区域和主流区域周期性的运动,从而导致流动振荡现象。流体雷诺数、振动强度和振动频率会影响流动分离区域的运动,从而影响到流动振荡。本文解释了振动环境下的渐缩渐扩管道的流动振荡现象,为流量计的设计提够了理论指导。     

波转子非定常泄漏流动机理

针对制约波转子性能的泄漏问题,通过提取波转子中与泄漏相关的主要流动现象并建立波转子单通道泄漏模型,对非定常泄漏流动机制进行了详细的数值研究,对本文给出的非定常泄漏损失预测模型进行了数值验证。结果表明:转子通道中存在不同程度的压力波动,波动幅值与间隙宽度有关;连续反射膨胀波、周期性出现的弓形激波及其反射激波是压力波动的根本原因;间隙内部泄漏过程存在3个主要的流动阶段;泄漏过程中通道激波传播速度不变、波后时均压力不变;在一定间隙宽度范围内,激波马赫数、激波静增压比与无量纲间隙宽度均呈线性关系,当间隙宽度从0增大到0.08时,激波马赫数衰减7.3%,激波静增压比衰减10.1%;泄漏流动通过泄漏产生的主膨胀波对激波传播过程施加影响,通道激波衰减本质上是理想激波与主膨胀波叠加效应的结果;泄漏损失预测模型与数值结果吻合良好。     

低压离心叶轮小流量失速特性的实验观察

在一离心压缩系统喘振实验台上,对小流量工况下沿叶轮出口圆周的压力波动进行了动态测量。实验观测到离心叶轮在小流量工况下存在一种低于转速频率的、且非旋转类型的失速自激振荡,观察到这种波动在局部及个别瞬间是不稳定的,沿叶轮圆周波动强度的分布也不均衡     

Strong interactions of incident shock wave with boundary layer along compression corner

The coherent structure and instability of the interaction of incident shock wave with boundary layer developing on a compression corner are experimentally studied. The experiments are carried out in a supersonic wind tunnel of Mach number 2. Particular attention is paid to shock patterns and unsteady shock motions induced by the separation bubble. The high-speed schlieren is used to visualize the flowfield evolution and to characterize the instability. The snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition of schlieren sequences is applied to investigate the primary coherent structure in the flowfield. Fast Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transformation are applied to characterize the instability. The results show that there are large-scale low-frequency oscillations of the shock waves and small-scale high-frequency pulsations in the separation region. The peak frequency of shock oscillation is mainly concentrated in the range of 100–1000 Hz. The pulsation of the small flow structure in the separation bubble is mainly concentrated above 12.5 kHz. Based on the results of experimental analysis, the preliminary mechanism of the large-scale instability of such interaction is obtained.     

跨声速压气机转子叶尖泄漏涡非定常特性数值研究

为了研究跨声速单转子压气机系统叶尖泄漏涡的非定常特性,选取Rotor 67孤立转子为研究对象,针对不同背压工况与不同转速工况进行了非定常数值模拟。结果表明:在每一转速状态都存在一非定常边界,其将特性线分为定常部分和非定常部分。当转子运行在特性线非定常部分时,随着背压提高,叶尖泄漏涡脉动频率逐渐减小。这是由于背压提高使叶尖前缘负荷变小,叶尖泄漏涡的驱动力也变小。叶尖泄漏涡的频率特征与转子转速息息相关。高转速状态时叶尖泄漏涡主要表现出低频特征,低转速状态时叶尖泄漏涡主要表现出高频特征。这是由于转速不同,叶尖激波的脱体程度不同,激波对于叶尖泄漏涡的激励位置也不同。由非定常叶尖泄漏涡引起的压力波的周向传播速度在各转速下表现出较强的规律性。随着流量系数的减小,压力波波速呈线性减小趋势,且各转速下减小的速率大致相同。且在波速-流量系数曲线中,各转速的非定常状态起始点基本位于同一条直线。      

基于CFD/CSD紧耦合的旋翼翼型气弹分析

采用CFD/CSD（计算流体力学/计算结构力学）紧耦合的方法,以Fluent软件作为主控平台,通过UDF（用户自定义函数）及I/O（输入/输出）文件读写的方式实现结构响应和气动载荷的数据交换,耦合求解了旋翼桨叶剖面的气动力和振动响应.在此基础上研究旋翼桨叶剖面在变距、沉降（挥舞）和周期交变来流条件下的气动特性和振动响应特性.结果表明:桨叶剖面在轻失速情况下,气动载荷周期性比较好,表现出光滑的迟滞环曲线,结构沉降响应也表现出光滑的周期性现象,扭转响应出现局部轻微振荡.深失速情况下,气动载荷及结构响应都表现出强烈的非线性振荡,高频成分较为明显.      

振荡扰流片非定常流场的N-S方程数值模拟

 通过有限差分法求解不可压缩流体的二维非定常Navier-Stokes方程,研究扰流片作振荡运动引起的强迫非定常分离流特性。着重研究了雷诺数、缩减频率等因素的影响。得到涡在扰流片上生成、发展、脱落以及脱落后的演化过程;并给出扰流片和平板表面的压力分布。计算结果和实验结果符合良好。     

LESS燃烧室非定常旋流流动

结合实验和CFD数值方法,研究了LESS燃烧室旋流器出口附近的非定常流动特征.一维热线测试结果表明:预燃级出口存在着2249Hz周期性速度振荡,而主燃级出口流动未见明显脉动.通过瞬态LES数值结果检验了在旋流器出口附近采用一维热线测量三维流动速度偏差为8%.另外,数值模拟计算得出预燃级出口速度脉动频率为2331Hz,与热线测试结果偏差为3.6%.最后通过频谱分析和相关性分析,得出周期性速度脉动由预燃级内进动涡核主导.      

GMA椭圆油膜轴承性能实验

为研究超磁致伸缩驱动器（GMA）椭圆油膜轴承性能,搭建了三自由度可控椭圆轴承实验装置,利用GMA动态控制了椭圆轴承所支撑转子的轴心轨迹,观察了椭圆轴承油膜形成和破裂过程,考察了轴径转速、进油压力、偏心率等参数对椭圆轴承油膜气穴位置的影响。实验结果表明:椭圆轴承动态气穴内存在润滑油丝,逆着旋转油流方向移动;随着转速升高或者偏心率增加,椭圆轴承圆周方向油膜破裂边提前;随着转速增加或者进油压力减少,椭圆轴承气穴位置逆着轴向油流方向移动。利用GMA合理控制椭圆轴承短轴油膜间隙,可以更好的抑制转子系统的工频振动。研究结果可为椭圆油膜轴承的稳定性提供参考。      

Detached-eddy simulation of supersonic flow past a spike-tipped blunt nose

Space vehicle in atmosphere travels mostly at supersonic speed and generates a very strong bow shockwave around its blunt nose. Oblique shock and conical separated flow zone generated by a forward disk-tip spike significantly reduce the drag by reducing the high pressure area on the blunt nose. This study employs improved delayed detached eddy simulation to investigate the characteristic flow structures around a spike-tipped blunt nose at Mach number of 3 and Reynolds number(based on the blunt-body diameter) of 2.72x10~8. The calculated time-averaged quantities agree well with experimental data. Characteristic frequencies in different flow regions are extracted using fast Fourier transform. It is found that two distinct instability modes exist: oscillation mode and pulsation mode. The former is related to the foreshock/turbulence interaction with nondimensional frequency at around 0.004. The latter corresponds to the interaction between turbulence and shock structures around the blunt nose, with a typical coherent structure shedding frequency at 0.092.