高超声速流场对自由流扰动波响应及边界层扰动波演化

采用高阶精度有限差分方法直接数值模拟了来流慢声波作用下的钝锥高超声速绕流瞬态流场,分析了自由流扰动波与流场的相互干扰,并应用Fourier频谱分析了边界层扰动波时域和空域演化.结果显示:弓形激波出现连续的“∽”变形,初始扰动被显著放大,边界层内外扰动模态存在明显差别.从空域(沿流线)演化来看,在球头附近低频扰动为主导模态,出了球头区,总扰动模态中的低频和高频成分比例迅速转变,高频模态成分显著地增大.至流场下游,大部分低频分量衰减,或者不再增长,边界层内仅存在特殊频率的不稳定波快速增长.从时域演化来看,比起其他模态,主导模态的发展对上游激励的依赖更大.无论时域还是空域演化,都存在模态竞争现象.      

圆柱跨声速绕流中的激波/湍流相互作用大涡模拟研究

采用大涡模拟方法研究了圆柱跨声速绕流中的激波/湍流相互作用问题,来流马赫数M∞取为0.75,基于圆柱直径D的雷诺数为2×105。计算结果表明,圆柱分离点处出现一道斜激波,并且以与涡脱泻Strouhal数一致的特征频率向上游传播。激波运动导致流场中出现反对称的流动模态,剪切层中压力信号的功率谱曲线中存在0.4、-1和-5次方的斜率关系,剪切层中的剪切应力角约为0°,脉动速度以流向脉动速度为主,并且沿剪切层的大尺度结构组织性减小。     

基于边界层转捩的高超声速进气道特性研究

为了探索边界层非强迫转捩对进气道性能的影响,采用数值计算的方法开展了边界层转捩对轴对称混压式高超声速进气道流场特性的研究。研究表明:随着进气道中心锥锥尖钝化半径增大,边界层转捩先推迟。当锥尖钝度大到一定程度时,边界层转捩位置前移。随着钝化半径进一步增大,边界层转捩再次推迟,转捩位置逐渐后移。来流湍流度越大,边界层越不稳定,边界层转捩越易发生。与湍流边界层相比,考虑边界层转捩时进气道的总压恢复系数及流量系数较高、热载荷及阻力系数较小,Ma=6.5时喉道处总压恢复系数最高上升17.3%,进气道阻力最大下降17.4%。边界层转捩对壁面热流密度分布影响较大,但对壁面压力分布影响较小。钝化影响进气道的自起动性能,随着钝化半径增大,自起动马赫数升高,而边界层转捩对进气道自起动性能影响较小。     

超燃冲压发动机唇口气动热计算研究与分析

采用数值模拟方法,对超燃冲压发动机进气道唇口的气动热进行了计算和分析.依据唇口与前体激波所处相对位置的不同,分三种情形进行了计算研究.结果表明,三种情形下,进气道前缘驻点热流均大于头部.通过算例验证,证明该方法和结论的正确性.研究表明,激波干扰以及前体激波压缩后超声速来流使唇口热流增大,热防护和结构设计时应当予以充分考虑.      

轴对称旋成体流动结构的数值研究

利用N-S方程模拟了旋成体的绕流过程。旋成体流场由不同层次的涡结构组成,包括主涡、二次涡t、ertiary涡、螺旋涡、羊角涡、U型马蹄涡。文中清晰地展示了这些结构,简要分析了各类结构的特性和功能,强调了亚结构和三维结构在流态发展与流场演变中的作用。     

绕跨声速三角翼的激波/涡干扰流场数值模拟

 在绕三角翼的跨声速流动中,随着迎角的增加,三角翼上的涡破裂位置会出现突然前移的现象。针对这一与亚声速下不同的流动现象,采用带曲率修正的Spalart-Allmaras(SAR)湍流模型,求解定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程,对不同迎角下绕65°后掠尖前缘三角翼的跨声速流动进行数值模拟,并在此基础上,采用基于SAR湍流模型的脱体涡模拟(DES)方法,对由激波干扰导致的前缘涡破裂位置的运动规律进行了初步探讨。模拟结果与试验结果对比表明:SAR湍流模型能准确地模拟出三角翼上的激波系统和旋涡结构,并能准确模拟出由于激波干扰导致的涡破裂位置突然前移的现象。此外,对涡破裂后流场的非定常数值研究发现,支架前端正激波的干扰作用使得涡破裂位置向下游移动比较突然,而向上游移动则相对缓慢。     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

Interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock in hypersonic flow

Pressure sensing and schlieren imaging with high resolution and sensitivity are applied to the study of the interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock at Mach 5. An Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.06 lm, 100 mJ pulse energy is used to break down the hypersonic flow in a shock tunnel. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved with an upwind scheme to simulate the interaction. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body is measured and calculated to examine the pressure variation during the interaction. Schlieren imaging is used in conjunction with the calculated density gradients to examine the process of the interaction. The results show that the experimental pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body and schlieren imaging fit well with the simulation. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body will increase when the transmission shock approaches the blunt body and decrease with the formation of the rarefied wave. Bow shock is deformed during the interaction. Quasi-stationary waves are formed by high rate laser energy deposition to control the bow shock. The pressure and temperature at the stagnation point on the blunt body and the wave drag are reduced to 50%, 75% and 81% respectively according to the simulation. Schlieren imaging has provided important information for the investigation of the mechanism of the interaction.     

Recent advances in the aerothermodynamics of spiked hypersonic vehicles

Among a variety of design requirements, reducing the drag and aeroheating on hypersonic vehicles is the most crucial one. Unfortunately, these two objectives are often conflicting. On one hand, sharp slender forebodies design reduces the drag and ensures longer ranges and more economic flights. However, they are more vulnerable to aerodynamic heating. On the other hand, blunt forebodies produce more drag, however, they are preferred as far as aeroheating is concerned. In addition, in the context of hypersonic vehicles, blunt geometries are preferred over slender ones for practical implications such as higher volumetric efficiency, better accommodation of crew or on-board equipment.In principle, a blunt vehicle flying at hypersonic speeds generates a strong bow shock wave ahead of its nose, which is responsible for the high drag and aeroheating levels. There have been a number of efforts devoted towards reducing both the drag and the aeroheating by modifying the flowfield ahead of the vehicle's nose. Of these techniques, using spikes is the simplest and the most reliable technique. A spike is simply a slender rod attached to the stagnation point of the vehicle's nose. The spike replaces the strong bow shock with a system of weaker shocks along with creating a zone of recirculating flow ahead of the forebody thus reducing both drag and aeroheating.Since their introduction to the high-speed vehicles domain in the late 1940s, spikes have been extensively studied using both experimental facilities and numerical simulation techniques. The present paper is devoted to surveying these studies and illustrating the contributions of the authors in this field. The paper also raises some of the areas in the field that need further investigations.     

High-speed unsteady flows past two-body configurations

This paper presents a detailed investigation of unsteady supersonic flows around a typical two-body configuration, which consists of a capsule and a canopy. The cases with different trailing distances between the capsule and canopy are simulated. The objective of this study is to examine the detailed effects of trailing distance on the flow fields and analyze the flow physics of the different flow modes around the parachute-like two-body model. The computational results show unsteady pulsating flow fields in the small trailing distance cases and are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. As the trailing distance increases, this unsteady flow mode takes different forms along with the wake/shock and shock/shock interactions, and then gradually fades away and transits to oscillate mode, which is very different from the former. As the trailing distance keeps increasing, only the capsule wake/canopy shock interaction is present in the flow field around the two-body model, which reveals that the unsteady capsule shock/canopy shock interaction is a key mechanism for the pulsation mode.     

钝体化学非平衡粘性流数值模拟

用有限差分法求解Ｎ Ｓ方程,数值模拟了二维钝楔头部和近尾迹非平衡化学反应流场。模拟条件为Ｍａ∞＝２５,飞行高度ｈ＝７０ｋｍ,半楔角θ＝２０°,钝度比为０６０;气体组分为７个组元,共１１个化学反应式。头部流场结果与已有计算结果符合较好。在Ｍａ∞＝２５条件下,底部近尾迹较大区域内具有较高的温度和较大的电子密度,且下降趋势缓慢。     

零净质量射流的数值模拟

对零净质量射流致动器的流场和有零净质量射流时翼型的绕流流场进行了数值模拟,分析了动网格与几何守恒率、边界条件、湍流模型对零净质量射流致动器流场计算的影响,分析了零净质量射流的速度幅值和驱动频率对翼型增升效果的影响.研究结果表明,在复杂计算中可以对能动部件的边界作赋值处理;随着射流速度幅值的增加,翼型的平均升力系数和阻力系数都要增加;射流频率对升力的影响呈非线性.     

凸拐角附近激波与湍流边界层干扰的数值模拟研究

采用大涡模拟方法数值研究了来流马赫数Ma∞=3、雷诺数Reθ=2070的凸拐角附近激波与湍流边界层干扰问题。对于尖拐角和钝拐角两种情况,计算考察了激波入射到拐角下游时的流场结构、非定常分离流以及湍流统计特性。研究发现:尖拐角能够使流动产生局部集中的顺压梯度,导致壁面摩擦系数在拐角处出现峰值,因此分离点难以越过拐角向上游运动,而再附点发生前后运动。与尖拐角情况不同的是,钝拐角产生的局部顺压梯度不足以阻止分离点越过拐角,因此分离点和再附点都会发生运动。此外,尽管凸拐角产生的顺压梯度能抑制分离点附近的近壁小尺度涡结构,但在经过入射激波作用之后,近壁小尺度涡结构在再附点附近显著增强。     

Characteristics of reattached boundary layer in shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction

The reattached boundary layer in the interaction of an oblique shock wave with a flatplate turbulent boundary layer at Mach number 2.25 is studied by means of Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS). The numerical results are carefully compared with available experimental and DNS data in terms of turbulence statistics, wall pressure and skin friction. The coherent vortex structures are significantly enhanced due to the shock interaction, and the reattached boundary layer is characterized by large-scale...     

激波/平板湍流边界层干扰的数值模拟

采用理性GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模型,模拟了激波/平板湍流边界层干扰现象,结果表明:计算所得到的壁面压力分布、摩阻系数分布和速度型分布均与实验值吻合很好,并且比较准确地预报出了入射斜激波与平板湍流边界层干扰所引起的边界层分离点和再附点等流动特性.由此表明GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模型能够准确地用来模拟激波/平板湍流边界层的干扰流动.      

来流总温对双模态燃烧室模态转换边界的影响

针对煤油燃料双模态超声速燃烧室，开展了来流总温对燃烧室模态转换边界影响的试验研究。试验采用甲烷燃烧加热直连式试验系统，隔离段进口马赫数保持2.0不变，总压为1.05 MPa，来流总温分别为885、1 085、1 285 K。试验中采集了燃烧室沿程壁面压力，并采用一维分析方法得到了燃烧室的工作模态。试验结果表明:来流总温不同时，燃烧室壁面峰值压力位置相同，同时压力峰值与隔离段壁面压力分布和激波串起始位置存在一一对应关系；来流总温上升导致燃烧室超燃-亚燃模态转换时的当量油气比上升；在燃烧室当量油气比不变的条件下，来流总温上升能够导致燃烧室壁面压力下降，隔离段内激波串长度缩短。      

压气机动静叶干扰的非定常流动特性

采用大涡模拟(large eddy simulation,LES)方法计算动叶尾迹对静叶干扰的流场信息。利用涡量分布揭示动叶尾迹在静叶通道内的演化过程,利用压力梯度识别激波结构及波振源,运用动力学模态分解(dynamic mode decomposition,DMD)方法对静叶通道内流场的时空结构进行模态分解。结果表明:流场中存在3处波振源,分别位于动叶尾缘、静叶前缘和静叶尾缘处;发现静叶通道内流场的频谱具有多峰值现象,模态分解的第1阶流动代表动叶尾迹在通道内随时间迁移,对应频率为动叶通过频率(blade passing frequency,BPF)是通道内旋涡非定常波动的主导频率;第2阶流动是动叶通过频率的2倍频流动,旋涡的空间尺度为1阶模态的1/2,为更小尺度的扰动。      

对称交叉激波和湍流边界层相互作用的数值研究

针对两种双尖鳍外形的对称交叉激波与湍流边界层相互作用,采用N-S方程和两种湍流模型进行了计算。研究了网格收敛性、鳍的角度和湍流模型对壁面压强、Stanton数和壁面摩擦力线的影响。弱相互作用的计算结果较好,强相互作用的壁面压强和摩擦力线的计算结果与试验吻合较好,而Stanton数的计算结果较差,峰值高达试验的2.5倍左右。随着鳍的角度的增加,壁面压强和Stanton数的分布从单调分布发展为M型分布,两者的峰值不在相同的位置。湍流模型对壁面压强和壁面摩擦力线影响很小,对Stanton数计算的影响很大,SST模型比BSL模型表现好一些。     

Direct numerical simulation of impinging shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction over a wavy-wall

The interaction of an impinging oblique shock wave with an angle of 30° and a supersonic turbulent boundary layer at Ma_∞=2.9 and Re_θ = 2400 over a wavy-wall is investigated through direct numerical simulation and compared with the interaction on a flat-plate under the same flow conditions. A sinusoidal wave with amplitude to wavelength ratio of 0.26 moves in the streamwise direction and is uniformly distributed across the spanwise direction. The influences of the wavy-wall on the interaction, including the characterization of the flow field, the skin-friction, pressure and the budget of turbulence kinetic energy, are systematically studied. The region of separation grows slightly and decomposes into four bubbles. Local peaks of skin-friction are observed at the rear part of the interaction region. The low-frequency shock motion can be seen in the wall pressure spectra. Analyses of the turbulence kinetic energy budget indicate that both diffusion and transport significantly increase near the crests, balanced by an amplified dissipation in the near-wall region. Proper orthogonal decomposition analyses show that the most energetic structures are associated with the separated shock and the shear layer over the bubbles. Only the bubbles in the first two troughs are dominated by a low-frequency enlargement or shrinkage.