基于IBC方法的旋翼BVI噪声主动控制机理

为揭示单片桨叶控制(IBC)主动控制技术抑制旋翼桨-涡干扰(BVI)噪声的降噪机理,建立了一套基于CFD/CSD/FW-H_pds方程的综合噪声分析方法。旋翼桨-涡干扰噪声与旋翼桨叶载荷特性、气动变形以及旋翼桨尖涡结构等密切相关,为有效模拟旋翼桨叶的载荷特性及桨尖涡结构,将Navier-Stokes方程作为前飞流场的主控方程,空间离散上采用三阶MUSCL插值格式与通量差分裂Roe格式相结合;时间方向上采用双时间法,使用隐式LU-SGS格式在伪时间方向上进行推进;湍流模型采用对分离流动具有较好捕捉能力的Spalart-Allmaras模型。为提高旋翼桨叶弹性变形运动的模拟精度,建立了基于Hamilton变分原理的CSD模型,并与高精度的CFD求解器结合,发展了适合旋翼桨叶变形及载荷特性模拟的流固耦合分析方法。在CFD/CSD耦合方法分析流场基础上,使用可穿透空间积分面的FW-H_pds方法对旋翼气动噪声特性进行计算。首先,对流场及噪声数值方法进行验证;然后,着重针对UH-60A旋翼的斜下降飞行状态,分别对有/无IBC噪声主动控制条件下的旋翼BVI气动噪声特性进行了模拟,相位角、幅值和频率等不同控制参数的影响对比分析结果表明:IBC主动控制减小了前行侧桨叶表面尤其是桨叶尖部的负压峰值,降低了桨-涡干扰发生位置附近的桨叶气动载荷;同时主动控制后的桨尖涡集中程度变弱,并且增加了桨叶与桨尖涡之间的相遇距离,从而显著降低了桨-涡干扰噪声;选取合理的相位角、幅值和频率等主动控制参数组合,BVI噪声降低可达5~7dB。     

基于 LES 方法的增升装置气动噪声特性分析

在气动噪声数值计算中,流场的求解精度对涡流扰动的细节计算以及声学的求解结果有着重要的影响。本文应用 LES 方法对增升装置的流场进行数值模拟,采用可穿透积分面的 Ffcows Wil1iams-Hawkings(FW-H)积分方法进行远场噪声计算。采用圆柱绕流算例对本文的数值计算方法进行了验证,验证结果表明：本文所使用的LES 方法能准确地捕捉到涡脱落、流动分离等非定常流动现象,可为远场气动噪声的计算提供精确的近场流动的数值解;基于 FW-H 的声类比方法能够精确高效求解远场气动噪声。在此基础上,对增升装置噪声产生的流动特性、远场特性、风速影响等进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：缝翼产生气动噪声的主要原因是,流动在缝翼和主翼之间的凹槽形成的不稳定波以及缝翼钝后缘的小脱落涡;襟翼产生气动噪声的主要原因是,襟翼附近由于流动分离产生的高频的小尺度不稳定涡和低频的大尺度涡。     

旋翼桨叶翼型流场和跨音速翼涡干扰噪声研究

基于桨涡干扰流动的噪声场分析了NACA0012翼型的远场气动噪声.采用Euler方程计算了NACA0012、NACA23012、OA207三种翼型的绕流场,选取Kirchhoff面选为包围整个翼型的一层网格,通过得到NACA0012翼型的Kirchhoff面上在桨尖涡干扰流动下的近场解,根据Kirchhoff方法求解远场声压.样例计算分析体现出:在计算桨涡干扰噪声时,旋翼CFD技术与Kirchhoff方法相结合的良好效果.     

基于气弹耦合的旋翼桨涡干扰噪声预测方法

建立了基于气动/弹性耦合的旋翼桨涡干扰（BVI）气动和噪声分析方法。气动模型包括修正Beddoes尾迹模型和CFD模型，噪声计算采用基于声学类比法推导出的FW H（Ffowcs Williams Hawkings）方程，弹性桨叶动力学建模采用有限元方法。应用所建立的方法，对刚性的OLS（operational load survey）旋翼桨涡干扰状态的气动和噪声特性进行了计算，对比了两种气动模型在研究桨涡干扰问题的有效性；以弹性的HART Ⅱ旋翼为研究对象，分析了桨叶弹性、时间步长对桨涡干扰气动载荷和噪声的影响。结果表明:进行桨涡干扰计算时所采用的时间步长不宜超过2°。CFD方法由于固有的数值耗散，计算出的OLS旋翼噪声声压峰值仅为试验值的60%，而修正Beddoes尾迹模型能够避免数值耗散，且具有高效率的优势。考虑桨叶气动弹性能够提高旋翼桨涡干扰噪声的预测精度。      

基于Navier-Stokes方程的旋翼前飞状态气动特性数值模拟研究

建立了一个适用于旋翼前飞状态非定常流场和气动载荷计算的数值方法。在该方法中,控制方程为惯性坐标系下的三维非定常Navier-Stokes方程,空间方向上将三阶逆风格式(MUSCL)与通量差分分裂方法相结合。为较好地模拟流动分离,采用了一方程的Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,时间方向则采用双时间法推进求解。为计入桨叶的旋转、周期性挥舞和变距运动,采用了运动嵌套网格方法。此外,为了更真实地反映旋翼桨叶的实际运动,发展了一个旋翼配平分析模型及求解方法。应用所建立的方法,首先计算了具有先进气动外形的四片桨叶的UH-60A直升机旋翼悬停状态的流场及气动性能,验证了该方法对悬停状态旋翼气动性能数值模拟的有效性。在此基础上,着重对Caradonna模型旋翼无升力前飞状态和AH-1G直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰前飞状态的气动特性(表面压强分布、扭矩、气动载荷)进行了计算,数值结果和试验值吻合良好,表明本文建立的CFD方法对旋翼前飞状态流场的模拟和气动载荷的计算是有效的。     

横向喷流与超音速主流干扰流场的数值研究

 采用欧拉方程与可压缩涡对模型相结合的数值方法,研究了超音速主流与横向喷流干扰流场的气动特性。喷流横截面用一对反向旋转的可压缩涡来模拟。采用有限元Osher格式及非结构网格数值求解二维欧拉方程以得到非等熵外流场的气动特性及弓波位置。将欧拉方程数值解结果与可压缩涡对流场解结果相结合以研究喷流的轨迹及喷流横截面的变化。最后给出了数值模拟结果并与工程估算结果进行了比较,表明本文所述方法是可行的。     

基于混合RANS/LES方法与FW-H方程的气动声学计算研究

在气动噪声的数值计算过程中,非定常流动的求解精度对声学计算结果有着重要的影响.以机体噪声计算的标准算例双圆柱绕流气动噪声问题为研究对象,采用基于非线性k-ε湍流模型的限制数值尺度(LNS)方法对双圆柱绕流进行了数值模拟,将计算得到的气动特性和流动特征与相应的试验结果进行了对比分析.为了求解远场观测点处的气动噪声,在精确求解双圆柱绕流流动的基础上结合基于FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)方程的声类比方法进行数值计算,并通过圆柱体的展向相关性对计算结果进行了修正,将得到的最终结果与相应的声学试验结果进行了对比,两者吻合良好,表明该数值方法是准确、可靠的.     

旋翼桨尖涡生成及演化机理的高精度数值研究

为了细致捕捉直升机旋翼桨尖涡的生成和演化过程,建立了一个基于高精度网格和高阶通量计算格式的旋翼桨尖涡计算流体力学(CFD)求解方法。在该方法中,流场求解选取旋转坐标系下的Navier-Stokes方程为控制方程;空间离散采用迎风Roe格式,并采用低耗散的5阶WENO(Weighted Essentially Non-Osciltatory)格式进行对流通量的计算;时间推进则采用双时间法,在伪时间步上使用隐式LU-SGS(Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel)推进格式;应用嵌套网格方法实现桨叶网格和背景网格的数据交换。应用所建立的方法对悬停状态的旋翼桨尖涡流场进行了高精度模拟,在桨叶网格上精细地捕捉到了桨尖涡的具体生成过程,在背景网格上捕捉到了更多圈数的桨尖涡尾迹,并对桨尖涡的演化机理进行了深入研究。结果表明:建立的高精度数值方法能够有效地对旋翼桨尖涡的生成和演化过程进行细致模拟;悬停状态下旋翼桨尖气流在上下表面压力梯度的作用下经历了边界层增厚、逐渐卷起形成涡核以及最终脱离桨叶形成桨尖涡的过程。     

旋翼地面效应的气动建模与特性

地面对旋翼气动特性影响明显，且导致旋翼流场更加复杂。为分析地面效应下的旋翼桨尖涡和流场变化特性，基于涡面和无滑移边界条件，求解第2类Fredholm方程获得地面涡面矢量分布，且将涡面矢量按涡扩散方程扩散到流体中，建立考虑黏性效应的地面气动模型，并耦合非定常面元/黏性涡粒子混合法以体现旋翼桨叶气动特性和旋翼尾迹的非定常效应，构建旋翼地面效应气动分析方法。通过计算Lynx尾桨地面效应下的性能和桨尖涡轨迹，并计算Maryland大学模型旋翼和NASA缩比旋翼地面效应下的垂向、径向速度分布，且与试验和CFD计算结果对比，验证了本文方法能较好捕捉地面效应下的旋翼尾迹变化特性和复杂速度场特性，且结果表明本文方法能较好模拟地面效应下旋翼桨尖涡的收缩、扩散、井喷、地面射流等物理现象。     

细长尖头旋成体大迎角非对称涡系结构

本文采用数值计算方法,对细长尖拱旋成体大迎角背风侧非对称涡系结构以及与沿轴向交变的侧向力分布的关系进行了研究.求解的是N-S方程,采用Jameson中心格式,湍流采用修正的B-L模型.通过数值模拟揭示了在头部开始产生非对称涡,形成二次涡的机理以及在背风侧形成集中涡的过程.从而说明了采用集中涡来模拟这类流场的正确性,表明了二次涡对多个脱体集中涡形成的贡献.     

Numerical simulation of flows around helicopters at DLR and ONERA

This paper presents an overview of recent activities in CFD research conducted within cooperations between DLR and ONERA for the simulation of helicopter arerodynamics. These activities are mainly illustrated by two topics in the framework of a previous 3-year bilateral cooperation on `Rotorcraft CFD code Development', the objective of which was the assessement, comparison and further improvement of the DLR and ONERA Euler/Navier–Stokes methods for the prediction of the flow around isolated helicopter rotors. The first topic is devoted to a comparison of two different grid strategies for time-accurate inviscid flow computations of multibladed rotors in forward flight from the solution of Euler equations: the moving grid approach by ONERA and the overlapping grid technique by DLR. The second topic is concerned with a comparison of respective Euler/Kirchhoff aeroacoustic methods for the prediction of High Speed Impulsive noise of rotors. For the assessment and improvement of Navier–Stokes methods for fuselage drag prediction, a comparison between DLR and ONERA Navier–Stokes solutions achieved within the prediction phase of the Brite/EuRam European project `HELIFUSE' is also presented. The paper is concluded by a summary of ongoing DLR and ONERA research activities in the framework of the new long-term project `CHANCE' (Complete Helicopter AdvaNced Computational Environment) for the development and assessment of common Franco-German CFD tools for the complete helicopter accounting for trim and dynamics.     

消失球方法及其对旋翼厚度噪声的分析研究

对旋翼厚度噪声及其数值模拟方法进行了讨论,着重解决了以下两个问题：（1）通过理论和数值分析,讨论了使用消失球公式计算旋翼旋转噪声时计算结果的有效性;（2）通过计算机模拟,深入分析了旋翼厚度噪声的特征。     

周向弯曲方向对弯掠叶片气动-声学性能影响的实验

以具有相同几何参数的常规径向叶片、周向前弯和周向后弯叶片为研究对象,对旋转动叶片周向弯曲后叶轮的气动和声学性能进行了对比试验研究。同时采用五孔探针半对向测量方法研究了周向弯曲后出口气流参数沿叶高的分布规律。结果表明,与原型径向叶轮相比,在保持叶片几何参数不变,仅引入周向弯曲后,无论周向前弯还是后弯,均导致叶轮的效率和压升降低。叶片周向前弯可以有效地降低气动噪声,大幅度地增加风扇的喘振裕度。在相同的周向弯曲角度下,采用周向前弯技术明显优于周向后弯。此外,研究表明弯掠叶片径向力对于气流参数沿叶高的分布具有较大的影响。周向前弯叶轮改善了叶顶附近的流动状况,但中部叶高区域的损失增加。对于周向后弯叶轮,虽然叶片中部损失减小,但两端部损失增加明显。      

应用于跨声速旋翼气动声学计算的两种时域方法的比较

高速脉冲噪声(HSI)与流动非线性效应密切相关,是跨声速旋翼的主要声源之一。采用理论分析和数值实验相结合的方法,对预测HSI噪声的FfowcsWilliams-Hawkings方法(简称FW-H方法)和Kirchhoff方法进行了比较和分析。理论分析从两种方法的控制方程出发,采用广义函数方法对方程源项进行整理和比较,证实在线性区域Kirchhoff方程可视为FW-H方程的有效近似。数值实验以UH-1H悬停旋翼跨声速气动噪声计算为例,由三维Euler方程数值模拟提供近场气动数据,并在同一控制面上分别采用FW-H方法和Kirchhoff方法对远场噪声进行定量预测。计算结果表明,如果适当构造控制面,2种方法均能有效地预测跨声速旋翼非线性HSI噪声。进一步研究了控制面位置及控制面上物理参数时间导数计算精度对计算结果的影响,发现控制面位置对Kirchhoff方法计算结果具有决定性的影响,而控制面上物理参数时间导数的计算精度对FW-H方法计算结果具有重要影响。     

Aerodynamic/aeroacoustic variable-fidelity optimization of helicopter rotor based on hierarchical Kriging model

Rotor noise is one of the most important reasons for restricting helicopter development; hence, the optimization design of rotor blade considering aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance at the same time has always been the focus of research attention. For complex rotor design problems with a large number of design variables, the efficiency of the traditional Kriging model needs to be improved. Thus, Hierarchical Kriging (HK) model is employed in this study for rotor optimization design. By using the validated RANS solver and acoustic method based on the FW–H_pds equation, an efficient aerodynamic/aeroacoustic optimization method for high-dimensional problem of rotors in hover based on HK model is developed. By using present HK model and new infill-sampling criteria, the number of design variables is increased from less than 20–53. Results of two analytical function test cases show that the HK model is efficient and accurate in calculation. Subsequently, the helicopter rotor blade is optimally designed for aerodynamic/aeroacoustic performance in hover based on the HK model with high dimensional design variables. The objective function is adopted to improve the rotational noise characteristics by reducing the absolute peak of the acoustic pressure. In addition, the constraints of thrust, hover efficiency, solidity, and airfoils thickness are strictly satisfied. Optimization results show that the Kriging model finds the objective of reducing the noise by 2.87 dB after 248 iterations while the HK model does it only after 164 iterations. The optimization efficiency of the HK model is significantly higher than that of the traditional Kriging model. In the case analyzed, the HK model saves 35% of the time used by the Kriging model.     

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

共轴式直升机全差动航向操纵的动态响应分析

运用经典的垂直飞行涡流理论及共轴双旋翼全差动操纵的结构特征，推导了共轴式双旋翼直升机垂直飞行的航向动力学方程。根据有关共轴双旋翼在悬停及垂直飞行状态时气动特性的理论和实验数据，得出了共轴双旋翼直升机垂直飞行航向动力学方程的解析式。某型共轴双旋翼直升机计算实例，所得结果与该型直升机飞行特性一致。     

Helicopter tail rotor orthogonal blade vortex interaction

The aerodynamic operating environment of the helicopter is particularly complex and, to some extent, dominated by the vortices trailed from the main and tail rotors. These vortices not only determine the form of the induced flow field but also interact with each other and with elements of the physical structure of the flight vehicle. Such interactions can have implications in terms of structural vibration, noise generation and flight performance. In this paper, the interaction of main rotor vortices with the helicopter tail rotor is considered and, in particular, the limiting case of the orthogonal interaction. The significance of the topic is introduced by highlighting the operational issues for helicopters arising from tail rotor interactions. The basic phenomenon is then described before experimental studies of the interaction are presented. Progress in numerical modelling is then considered and, finally, the prospects for future research in the area are discussed.     

悬停状态倾转旋翼噪声试验及数值计算

结合消声室试验和数值计算研究了悬停状态倾转旋翼气动噪声特性。消声室试验采用孤立倾转旋翼模型,测试了不同总距角和桨尖马赫数状态的气动噪声数据。数值计算基于CFD(computational fluid dynamic)结合FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)声学方程的方法,采用试验数据验证了计算模型的可靠性。分析了倾转旋翼的噪声传播特点以及拉力系数和桨尖马赫数对噪声总声压级的影响,并对比了孤立旋翼和双旋翼状态的气动噪声特性。结果表明:倾转旋翼噪声随着拉力系数和桨尖马赫数的增加均有所增加,维持旋翼拉力不变时降低桨尖马赫数虽然使得拉力系数增加,旋翼噪声水平仍然降低;倾转双旋翼噪声相对纵向平面对称分布,在多个方位角区域存在着局部最大值,这和双旋翼噪声传播时的相互叠加以及双旋翼间气动干扰相关。      

纵列式双旋翼直升机气动力和流场的数值模拟

纵列式双旋翼直升机的旋翼尾迹受前飞自由流、机身和旋翼之间的干扰影响,旋翼尾迹不仅影响机身的空气动力,也影响旋翼自身的空气动力特性.应用欧拉方程与计算流体力学(CFD)方法,采用自适应非结构直角网格技术生成计算域网格,数值模拟纵列式双旋翼直升机全机流场,给出了考虑旋翼影响的机身表面压力分布以及全机流场特性.