阵列旋转对功率倒置算法性能的影响分析

针对卫星导航抗干扰中,功率倒置算法下导航信号载噪比受干扰来波方向的影响,通过理论推导和数值计算的方法研究了天线阵列旋转与功率倒置算法抗干扰性能的关系。分析结果表明:天线阵列旋转会使功率倒置算法下的阵列增益在最大值和最小值之间呈现连续的、周期性的变化。相比固定天线阵不变的载噪比,阵列旋转能够使信号在一段时间内获得更大的载噪比,对于四阵元Y型阵列,阵列旋转理论上对载噪比的最大提升程度可以达到14dB左右。仿真结果验证了理论推导的正确性。     

微波在薄层等离子体中传输效应研究

为了准确预测再入飞行过程中等离子体对微波传输特性的影响,采用WKB方法、FDTD方法、平面波理论和薄层等离子体理论4种方法,结合粉末激波管上开展的试验研究了X波段和Ka波段微波在薄层等离子体中的传输效应。对于X波段,试验时激波马赫数为9.6、10.7和10.5;对于Ka波段,试验时激波马赫数为10.5。通过对比与分析获得的主要结论有：当等离子体厚度和入射波波长相近时,薄层等离子体理论计算结果比其它三种方法的计算结果更接近于试验结果;在碰撞频率接近并且电子密度小于临界电子密度的条件下,Ka波段微波信号穿过相同厚度的等离子体比X波段微波信号衰减小得多,具有更强的穿透性;如果等离子体碰撞频率和微波入射频率相同,随着电子密度的增加,微波信号穿过相同厚度的等离子体时衰减变大;当碰撞频率和入射波频率差不多时,共振吸收导致衰减达到最大值。     

电磁波在等离子体高温气体中传输特性实验研究

针对高超声速飞行器头身部形成的等离子体鞘套对通信的影响,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心的粉末激波管上开展了电磁波在等离子体高温气体中传输特性的实验研究。实验中获得了等离子体气体中的电磁波透射率、电子密度和碰撞频率。实验结果表明：X波段和Ka波段电磁波在高激波马赫数Mas=16.1、1区气体压力P1=1200Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的厚度80mm等离子体高温气体中能量衰减大于30dB,难以传输;X和Ka波段电磁波在激波马赫数Mas=15.9、1区气体压力P1=80Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的厚度80mm等离子体高温气体中能量衰减大于30dB,难以传输;X波段和Ka波段电磁波在激波马赫数Mas=10.1、1区气体压力P1=80Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的高温等离子气体中平均传输损耗较小,可以进行有效传输;Ka波段电磁波在激波马赫数Mas=8.9、1区气体压力P1=1200Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的厚度80mm等离子体气体中平均传输损耗小于1dB,可以进行有效传输。实验得到的等离子体高温气体中的电磁波透射率、电子密度和碰撞频率与理论计算值基本一致。     

极弱信号环境下GPS位同步和载波跟踪技术

为解决环路未锁定、无法找出正确的导航数据位跳变点时极弱全球定位系统(GPS)信号跟踪问题,通过分析信号跟踪模型和相关器1 ms采样数据特性,将最优路径动态规划算法应用于GPS位同步,并提出基于平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波(SRUKF)和位同步结合的载波联合跟踪算法。建立了适合位同步的SRUKF载波环参数估计模型,针对位同步的实现条件和无相位频率先验信息的情况,将位同步模块提前,研究设计了环路未锁定时串行和并行两种弱信号跟踪方案。位同步跟踪完成后环路采用单独的SRUKF工作方式。实验结果证实该文提出的算法具有较高的数据位边缘检测概率(EDR)和参数估计性能,而无须关心环路是否处于锁定状态,能够对载噪比低至22 dB/Hz的弱信号实现跟踪。     

脉冲干扰对软件接收机的影响分析

卫星信号经过长距离传播,信号能量损耗严重,到达地面的功率很弱,容易受到各种干扰的影响。脉冲干扰为常见的干扰类型,所以针对不同功率、不同周期,以及不同占空比的脉冲干扰信号,通过接收前端采集受脉冲干扰的GPS L1信号,利用软件接收机及多相关器生成技术,详细分析了脉冲干扰对接收机信号捕获与跟踪性能的影响。分析结果表明,周期为1ms的脉冲干扰信号,能对接收机产生强烈的干扰效果,捕获图中的噪声明显增大;跟踪过程中,载噪比和相关值突发性减小,造成跟踪数据异常。而长周期的脉冲信号仅在脉冲到达时影响接收机的捕获和跟踪,但由于信号跟踪不能连续进行,导致伪距观测量的不连续与导航数据不能正常解码,从而干扰接收机。     

载体旋转条件下GPS中频信号生成方法

GPS中频信号是分析研究GPS信号特点和捕获跟踪方法的关键环节,高动态旋转条件下得到GPS中频信号十分困难,需要利用仿真手段模拟生成。在综合分析卫星仰角、GPS天线增益以及空间载体旋转对GPS卫星可见性和GPS中频信号影响的基础上,导出了高动态旋转条件下GPS中频数字信号模型,提出了载体旋转条件下GPS中频信号的生成方法,并利用Matlab平台模拟生成了高动态旋转条件下GPS中频信号。该方法可用于高动态旋转载体的GPS轨迹测量方案设计验证,具有一定的理论价值和工程意义。     

微弱GPS信号避开比特跳变的捕获算法

为了提高全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS)接收机的灵敏度,信号捕获过程需要加长积分时间。分析了比特跳变对加长相干积分时间的限制,从而提出一种能够完全避免比特符号跳变的捕获算法。该算法通过对多组数据采用相干积分和非相干积分相结合的方法,比较各组积分结果并选取积分最大值,用来判决是否捕获。算法中相干积分时间为19ms,目的是使积分最大值组完全避开数据位跳变,避免导航数据符号跳变对相干积分值的影响。该算法在避开比特跳变的基础上最大程度地提高相干积分时间,提高GPS接收机的捕获灵敏度。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效地捕获到载噪比(Carrier to Noise Rate,CNR)低至26dB·Hz的信号,可有效提高GPS接收机的捕获灵敏度。     

基于载噪比同步变化的北斗欺骗检测方法

欺骗干扰已经成为北斗卫星导航系统安全性的一个严重威胁。针对北斗系统面临的欺骗干扰问题,建立二元假设检验模型。由于施加单一天线发射的欺骗干扰后,当前观测频点下各高俯仰角可见星的载噪比值会产生相同的变化趋势,所以基于此变化规律提出了一种利用K-means聚类算法进行分析的北斗卫星信号欺骗干扰检测方法,并给出了施加欺骗载噪比变化域的定义。最后通过在外场搭建实验环境,对实采数据进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,本方法对于欺骗功率优势≥6 dBm的大功率优势欺骗信号的检测概率可以达到95%以上,为提高接收机抗干扰能力提供了有益参考。     

磁路温度对霍尔推力器放电热稳定性的影响

为研究磁路高温性质变化对霍尔推力器放电热失稳的贡献及影响机理,对不同磁路温度下推力器的工作磁场强度开展了实验测量,对磁路温度变化与通道内等离子体放电行为变化的交互影响开展了Particle-in-Cell数值模拟研究。实验结果表明,当磁路温度由室温升高到600℃时,推力器的工作磁场强度发生了衰减,尽管衰减量不大(约5%)。模拟结果表明,磁路高温引起的场强衰减改变了推力器放电时的电导率及电势分布,进而对电子能量各向分布、粒子密度分布等造成了影响,促进了电子在壁面的通量及能量损失,主导了壁面等离子体沉积功率的增加,从而进一步加剧了磁路温度的增长。这是一个具有正反馈性质的过程;因此,若不能通过外部手段有效控制磁路温度,将诱发霍尔推力器的放电热失稳。     

等离子体鞘套对高超声速飞行器影响研究

临近空间高超声速飞行器周围的等离子体鞘套对无线电波的衰减会导致地面与飞行器的通信中断,严重影响对飞行器的捕获与跟踪。在分析飞行器表面等离子体鞘套构成以及造成射频信号衰减因素的基础上,对处于不同高度和采用不同频率通信的高超声速飞行器射频信号衰减和相移特性进行仿真,结果表明,当通信频率提高到Ka频段时,等离子体鞘套对信号的衰减明显减小,但是频率的提高并不能改善等离子体鞘套对信号相移的影响。建议在工程设计时进一步研究相移对跟踪接收的影响。     

Low C/N_0 Carrier Tracking Loop Based on Optimal Estimation Algorithm in GPS Software Receivers

Suppressing jitter noises in a phase locked loop(PLL) is of great importance in order to keep precise and continuous track of global positioning system(GPS) signals characterized by low carrier-to-noise ratio(C/N0).This article proposes and analyzes an improved Kalman-filter-based PLL to process weak carrier signals in GPS software receivers.After reviewing the optimal-bandwidth-based traditional second-order PLL,a Kalman-filter-based estimation algorithm is implemented for the new PLL by decorrelating the model error noises and the measurement noises.Finally,the efficiency of this new Kalman-filter-based PLL is verified by experimental data.Compared to the traditional second-order PLL,this new PLL is in position to make correct estimation of the carrier phase differences and Doppler shifts with less overshoots and noise disturbances and keeps an effective check on the disturbances out of jitter noises in PLL.The results show that during processing normal signals,this improved PLL reduces the standard deviation from 0.010 69 cycle to 0.007 63 cycle,and for weak signal processing,the phase jitter range and the Doppler shifts can be controlled within ±17° and ±5Hz as against ±25° and ±15 Hz by the traditional PLL.     

Experimental Investigation into Characteristics of Plasma Aerodynamic Actuation Generated by Dielectric Barrier Discharge

This article carries out synthetic measurements and analysis of the characteristics of the asymmetric surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma aerodynamic actuation.The rotational and vibrational temperatures of an N2 (C3Пu) molecule are measured in terms of the optical emission spectra from the N2 second positive system.A simplified collision-radiation model for N2(C) and N2+(B) is established on the basis of the ratio of emission intensity at 391.4 nm to that at 380.5 nm and the ratio of emission intensity at 371.1 nm to that at 380.5 nm for calculating temporal and spatial averaged electron temperatures and densities.Under one atmosphere pressure,the electron temperature and density are on the order of 1.6 eV and 1011cm-3 respectively.The body force induced by the plasma aerodynamic actuation is on the order of tens of mN while the induced flow velocity is around 1.3m/s.Starting vortex is firstly induced by the actuation;then it develops into a near-wall jet,about 70 mm downstream of the actuator.Unsteady plasma aerodynamic actuation might stimulate more vortexes in the flow field.The induced flow direction by nanosecond discharge plasma aerodynamic actuation is not parallel,but vertical to the dielectric layer surface.     

Electron density and temperature,as measured by the mutual impedance experiment on board GEOS-1

The mutual impedance experiment on GEOS-1 provides an original diagnostic of the thermal electron population. The electron density N _e, and temperature T _e, are derived from the plasma frequency and Debye length, the values of which determine the shape of the frequency dependent mutual impedance curves. The existing limits of the method are pointed out. They may be instrumental or arise from a lack of theoretical development, for instance when the steady magnetic field or the drift velocity of the plasma cannot be neglected. Nevertheless, first geophysical results have been derived, using measurements obtained on the dayside of the equatorial magnetosphere where most of the data enter within the above limits. In particular, we have drawn a map of the dayside magnetosphere, in terms of densities, Debye lengths, temperatures, at geocentric distances of 4 to 7 Earth radii. The conventional shape of the plasmasphere is recognized, but the temperatures obtained are lower than expected (2 eV at apogee, outside the plasmasphere). The influence of the magnetic activity on apogee measurements is reported: N _e values and A _m indices are shown to be correlated, but it is not the case for T _e and A _m. Finally, detailed T _e and N _e profiles are shown, and the presence of a plasmapause boundary is discussed.     

TTT Diagram Used to Control Phase Structure of 2/4 Functional Epoxy Blends for Advanced Composites

This article uses a 2/4 functional epoxy blend system (E-54/AG-80) cured with diaminodiphenyl sulphone(DDS) as a raw material and develops a methodological procedure to establish a cure kinetic model with isothermal and dynamic differential scanning calorimeter(DSC) method and a gelation model with round-disk compression mode dynamic mechanical analyzer(DMA), thus acquiring a series of experimental data. Characteristic temperatures such as initial glass transition temperature T_g0, gelation glass transition temperature _gelT_g, and infinite glass transition temperature T_g∞ are determined. The cure degree at gelation is turned out to be 0.45, while _gelT_g is found to be 70.2 °C. The data are then used to form time-temperature-transition(TTT) diagram of the system, which serves to be a tool for process optimization of epoxy-matrix composites. A new cure processing is therefore derived from the TTT diagram. The final phase structure obtained from a controllable method is identified through scanning electron microscope(SEM) photographs to be of ‘ex-situ’ phase morphology.     

C/C复合材料在再入模拟环境中烧蚀性能研究

为了研究轴棒法编织的高密度碳/碳(C/C复合材料在再入飞行时的烧蚀性能,采用热等离子体地面模拟再入烧蚀系统对C/C复合材料进行烧蚀试验。试验中分别采用氮气(N、氧气(O和空气作为工作气体,对比研究C/C复合材料在不同环境中的烧蚀率和烧蚀性能。结果表明,三种情况下试样的烧蚀率和微观形貌有很大差异;纯氧气时氧化反应的线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为0.0423mm/s和0.0451g/s大于纯氮气时氮化反应的0.0314mm/s和0.0338g/s也大于空气成分时复合反应的0.0215mm/s和0.0208g/s在试样烧蚀的热影响区发生轻微开裂;三种工况下的烧蚀机理不同,分别是碳的升华、碳的氧化和碳氮反应的某种组合。     

An X-Band Focussed-Beam Interferometer for Plasma Diagnostics

A microwave interferometer which permits the measurement of phase shift in a plasma independent of propagation path attenuation over a 30-dB dynamic range is described. Results are presented from an experimental evaluation of measurement accuracy of the interferometer instrument.     

High temporal resolution observations of electron heating at the bow shock

High temporal resolution measurements of solar wind electrons at the Earth's bow shock on the dawn side have been made with the LASL/MPI fast plasma experiments on ISEE-1 and 2. One dimensional, 1-d, temperatures, T _e , and densities, N _e , are obtained every 0.3 s and 2-d values are obtained every 3 s. Profiles of T _e and N _e at the shock usually are found to be similar to one another and also to the profile of the magnetic field magnitude. The time scale of electron thermalization varies from about 0.5 s to greater than 1 min, depending importantly on the shock motion and the orientation of the magnetic field. Typical thermalization times from 05:00–12:00 LT are 10 s, considerably shorter than proton thermalization times at the shock. This time scale corresponds to a distance of 100 km, comparable to but somewhat larger than the typical ion inertial length. The electron thermalization times are significantly longer than some of the values frequently cited in the past. At the end of the electron thermalization there typically is an overshoot in electron thermal pressure followed by an undershoot which give the pressure profile of the shock the appearance of a damped wave. Ion thermalization is essentially completed by the time the electron pressure wave is damped. The most probable value of the electron temperature ratio across the shock is 1.7, and this value is relatively independent of the Sun-Earth-satellite angle, _ss , for _ss between 25° and 100°.The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the Department of Energy.By acceptance of this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.     

Effects of RRA Treatments on Microstructures and Properties of a New High-strength Aluminum-Lithium Alloy-2A97

A new high strength 2A97 Al-Cu-Li-X alloy was subjected to triple-aging of retrogression and re-aging treatments (RRA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests were used to investigate the effects of RRA treatment on the microstructures and properties. DSC test reveals the reversion temperature range of the strengthening δ' (Al3Li)phase. The results show that the microstructure consists of δ' (Al3Li) phase, T1 (Al2CuLi) phase and θ"/θ'(Al2Cu) phase for 2A97 alloy treated by a triple-aging ora retrogression and re-aging treatment in the following order: (1) at 165 ℃×30 min, (2) at 220 ℃ or 240 ℃×15 min, (3) at 165 ℃×24 h. The plastic deformation, incorporated into the treatment after secondary high temperature aging, promotes the T1 precipitation during final re-aging. The tensile properties of the alloy treated by the retrogression and re-aging treatment reach the peak level of alloy single-aged at 165 ℃ in T6 temper.     

Review of the CIV phenomenon

Alfvén's Critical Ionization Velocity (CIV) phenomenon is reviewed, with the main emphasis on comparisons between experimental and theoretical results. The review covers (1) the velocity measurements in laboratory experiments, (2) the effect of wall interaction, (3) the experimental and theoretical limits to the magnetic field strength and the neutral density, (4) ionospheric release experiments, (5) theoretical models for electron energization in comparison to experimental results, and (6) CIV models. All laboratory investigations of the CIV are found to obey the three following simple rules of thumb: (1) if the magnetic field is so strong that V _A > 3V ₀, and if there is enough neutral gas that the Townsend condition is fulfilled, then the CIV effect occurs, (2) when it occurs, the threshold velocity (or E/B value) is within ± 50% of Alfvén's proposed value V _c , and (3) for weaker magnetic fields, the effect gradually becomes irreproducible or weak and disappears altogether for V _A < V ₀. The theoretical understanding of the process has grown rapidly during the last decade, mainly due to the introduction of computer simulation models which have to a large degree confirmed and extended earlier analytical theories. The CIV mechanism is not due to one single plasma process, but to several different mechanisms which are applicable in different parameter regimes and geometries. The computer simulations have shown that in order to understand the mechanism properly it is necessary to consider a large number of interlocking collisional and plasma processes. The theoretical development has reached the stage where it should be possible to adapt computer simulation models to specific experiments and predict ionization rates, plasma flow velocities, E/B values, particle distributions, and wave spectra. Such models should for the first time provide a really firm basis for extrapolations of the CIV process to space applications.     

Radio plasma imager simulations and measurements

The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) will be the first-of-its kind instrument designed to use radio wave sounding techniques to perform repetitive remote sensing measurements of electron number density (N _e) structures and the dynamics of the magnetosphere and plasmasphere. RPI will fly on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) mission to be launched early in the year 2000. The design of the RPI is based on recent advances in radio transmitter and receiver design and modern digital processing techniques perfected for ground-based ionospheric sounding over the last two decades. Free-space electromagnetic waves transmitted by the RPI located in the low-density magnetospheric cavity will be reflected at distant plasma cutoffs. The location and characteristics of the plasma at those remote reflection points can then be derived from measurements of the echo amplitude, phase, delay time, frequency, polarization, Doppler shift, and echo direction. The 500 m tip-to-tip X and Y (spin plane) antennas and 20 m Z axis antenna on RPI will be used to measures echoes coming from distances of several R _E. RPI will operate at frequencies between 3 kHz to 3 MHz and will provide quantitative N _e values from 10^–1 to 10⁵ cm^–3. Ray tracing calculations, combined with specific radio imager instrument characteristics, enables simulations of RPI measurements. These simulations have been performed throughout an IMAGE orbit and under different model magnetospheric conditions. They dramatically show that radio sounding can be used quite successfully to measure a wealth of magnetospheric phenomena such as magnetopause boundary motions and plasmapause dynamics. The radio imaging technique will provide a truly exciting opportunity to study global magnetospheric dynamics in a way that was never before possible.