趋于临界马赫数的圆柱跨声速绕流特性分析

通过深化认识趋于临界马赫数Ma_cr的圆柱跨声速绕流特性,明确新型飞行器增升减阻设计的空气动力学理论依据。采用大涡模拟方法数值研究了来流马赫数Ma_∞为0.75和0.85、雷诺数Re为2×10⁵的圆柱跨声速绕流。结果表明:当Ma_∞趋于临界马赫数(Ma_cr≈0.9)时,圆柱的阻力下降且升力系数振荡被抑制;通过力的分解,得知圆柱的阻力减小来自旋涡力的影响,而非可压缩性;圆柱的阻力减小与其背压上升有关;剪切层初始阶段的对流马赫数Ma_c随Ma_∞的增加而增大,而增长率相反,这使得剪切层更为稳定、柱体背压更高。此外,由于Ma_∞=0.85时边界层分离点处的激波和尾迹处的激波向下游推移,使得近尾迹处的湍流脉动减弱,进而导致柱体的表面压力振荡和升力系数振荡被抑制。     

HLFC后掠翼优化设计的若干问题

使用扩展自由变形参数化方法,基于径向基函数的动网格技术和改进的混合粒子群算法,考虑吸气的e^N转捩预测方法和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes求解器,搭建了针对混合层流流动控制（HLFC）后掠翼的优化设计平台,对HLFC后掠翼的气动外形设计、雷诺数影响、吸气分布设计等多个问题进行了研究,对比分析了在这些因素影响下HLFC后掠翼的阻力系数和层流区长度的差别,进而探索了相应的设计准则。研究表明,对于层流区较长和阻力系数较小的HLFC后掠翼来说,它们上表面的压力分布具有共同的特征：头部峰值较低,之后有一个小的逆压,接下来是一段较长的均匀稳定的顺压,这段顺压最后终结于一道激波。应用HLFC技术后,通过实现大面积的层流区,机翼的摩擦阻力和压差阻力均可显著地降低,降低的幅度远大于不考虑层流控制的设计结果。同时,HLFC机翼的设计应综合考虑摩擦阻力、压差阻力、激波强度和配平阻力（低头力矩）,层流区最长不一定意味着阻力最小。一般来说,雷诺数越高,越难维持层流,但应用混合层流控制技术后,即使在难以实现自然层流的高雷诺数下,HLFC机翼依然有较长的层流区。通过对吸气分布的设计进行研究,说明了非均匀吸气比均匀吸气要更有效率一些,能够节省吸气量。     

跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法

跨声速层流翼型设计须兼顾优良的超临界特性和自然层流特性,因而对设计方法提出了更高的要求。针对现有反设计方法和直接优化设计方法的不足,发展了一种适用于跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法。该方法引入了基于经验的局部流场特征作为反设计目标,翼型性能指标作为直接优化设计目标,然后加权形成了混合反设计/优化设计总目标,并同时考虑了气动和几何约束。优化算法采用基于自适应并行加点技术的代理优化,流动数值模拟采用耦合基于线性稳定性理论的e^N转捩自动判定的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器。针对现代中短程民用客机需求,以NPU-LSC-72613翼型为基准,开展了层流翼型减阻的混合反设计/优化设计。分别将局部目标压力分布、总阻力作为反设计和直接优化设计目标,得到了较好的优化结果,验证了方法的有效性。经过2轮优化结果显示混合反设计/优化设计总目标显著下降。所设计翼型吸力面局部压力分布与目标压力分布基本一致,总阻力下降15.5%;吸力面和压力面层流范围均大于55%倍弦长,激波强度显著减弱,说明所设计翼型同时具有优良的超临界和层流特性。将所设计翼型配置到机翼上,通过三维数值模拟进行校验,结果显示所设计跨声速层流机翼升阻比提高了6.64%,在一定升力系数范围内,气动性能均有显著提高,验证了所设计跨声速层流翼型在机翼设计中的适用性。     

外形参数对涡扇发动机冠状喷口气动性能影响

为准确评估涡扇发动机冠状喷口的气动性能，首先提出了一种基于流量守恒的出口定义方式，并验证该出口定义方式与物理出口的一致性，然后对冠状喷口在设计点和非设计点工况下的气动性能进行了系统性评估与考察。结果表明：在设计点工况下，冠状喷口外形参数中，内切角对推力性能影响最大、齿数影响次之、齿长影响最小；冠状喷口下游流向涡对是导致剪切层增厚、湍动能衰减、核心区长度减小的主要原因；在非设计点工况下，冠状喷口可有效降低出口附近的激波强度，使其堵塞状态压比远高于基础构型喷管。     

后掠翼三维鼓包串激波控制参数的影响

针对跨声速后掠翼,三维鼓包串作为一种有效的减阻方式具有结构简单、高效及鲁棒性好等优点.利用全局优化算法探索了鼓包设计参数空间的整体特性,并对鼓包长度、三维鼓包展向设计参数对鼓包减阻效果的影响进行了研究,发现鼓包顶点位置和高度对阻力系数最敏感,三维鼓包的展向设计参数则对阻力系数不敏感,而鼓包长度和鼓包相对展长越长越有利于减阻.在此基础上开展了小后掠角自然层流机翼加3种不同类型鼓包串的优化研究,通过优化结果发现,增加优化后的三维鼓包串,可将小后掠角自然层流机翼阻力发散马赫数向后推移,并且鼓包平均长度和控制区越大,效果越好.三维鼓包串具有良好的局部控制特性,可用于局部较强激波的抑制.三维鼓包串对常规后掠翼波阻具有良好的控制效果,同时能够抑制激波诱导的机翼后缘气流分离.      

现代超临界翼型设计及其风洞试验

开展了现代超临界翼型的设计研究,对现役飞机的压力分布形态进行了分析,针对现役飞机在巡航状态和阻力发散点的压力分布进行对比,提取了现役飞机超临界剖面设计的要点。采用类函数/型函数变换(CST)参数化方法、基于二阶震荡及自然选择的随机权重混合粒子群算法(RwSecSelPSO)、雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程、Kriging代理模型结合定期望值型的目标函数建立了优化设计系统。针对提高阻力发散马赫数和降低巡航低头力矩的设计指标,利用优化设计系统通过调整目标期望值设计了一系列满足设计指标但阻力发散马赫数不同的超临界翼型,并选择了其中具有典型特性的翼型进行了对比分析,验证了提高阻力发散马赫数和低速失速特性的设计方法,指出了在阻力发散点形成平顶形压力分布的超临界翼型具有较好的综合性能。对设计的超临界翼型进行了高、低速风洞试验验证,试验结果表明:设计结果达到了设计指标要求,提出的低速改进方案有效,层流对超临界翼型失速特性影响较大。     

高超声速二维混压式前体/进气道设计方法研究

以飞行Ma数Ma=6,H=25km为设计点,分别采用等激波角和等激波强度设计方法,并考虑变比热、激波与附面层干扰等因素的影响,分别对唇口平直和唇口带有斜楔的超燃冲压发动机二维混压式前体/进气道进行了初步设计,分析并比较了几种方案进气道的设计点和非设计点性能及二维流场。研究表明,在低飞行Ma数下,唇口带有斜楔的前体/进气道起动性能和总压恢复优于唇口平直的,在高飞行Ma数下,唇口平直的前体/进气道冲压比高、外罩阻力小,而唇口带有斜楔的前体/进气道总压恢复系数高,外罩阻力相对较大。另外,分别采用等激波角和等激波强度方法设计的前体/进气道性能相近。本文提出的方法对于二维混压式高超声速前体/进气道方案的初步筛选具有一定的适用性。      

Interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock in hypersonic flow

Pressure sensing and schlieren imaging with high resolution and sensitivity are applied to the study of the interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock at Mach 5. An Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.06 lm, 100 mJ pulse energy is used to break down the hypersonic flow in a shock tunnel. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved with an upwind scheme to simulate the interaction. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body is measured and calculated to examine the pressure variation during the interaction. Schlieren imaging is used in conjunction with the calculated density gradients to examine the process of the interaction. The results show that the experimental pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body and schlieren imaging fit well with the simulation. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body will increase when the transmission shock approaches the blunt body and decrease with the formation of the rarefied wave. Bow shock is deformed during the interaction. Quasi-stationary waves are formed by high rate laser energy deposition to control the bow shock. The pressure and temperature at the stagnation point on the blunt body and the wave drag are reduced to 50%, 75% and 81% respectively according to the simulation. Schlieren imaging has provided important information for the investigation of the mechanism of the interaction.     

基于反问题的涡轮过渡流道一体化支板设计方法

为进一步改善大涵道比涡扇发动机气动性能及燃油经济性,降低其污染物排放,控制其重量与成本,提出了一种高效的高、低压涡轮过渡流道整流支板一体化设计理念,即对原型支板与第一级低压涡轮导叶进行初步正问题一体化设计,并基于气流角全三维粘性反问题进行进一步改型设计,使得在保证自身气动性能不降低的基础上,带一体化支板涡轮过渡流道能够与高、低压涡轮实现良好匹配。以某型发动机过渡流道为算例开展了一体化设计工作,并采用三维数值模拟方法进行了设计点、非设计点流场分析评估。结果表明,设计点工况下一体化支板出口气流角以及马赫数分布均与原型导叶出口一致,验证了一体化设计的有效性。同时,带一体化支板的过渡流道总压损失从原型流道的2.49%降低到了1.02%。而在非设计工况,带一体化支板的过渡流道气流分离明显减小,具有更宽的最佳工况范围。     

Supersonic drag reduction technology in the scaled supersonic experimental airplane project by JAXA

Anticipating the international cooperative development of a next generation supersonic transport (SST), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has developed an advanced drag reduction technique as one of the key technologies that will be required. JAXA's technique is based on an aerodynamically optimum combination of well-known pressure drag reduction concepts and a new friction drag reduction concept. The pressure drag reduction concepts are mainly grounded in supersonic linear theory and involve the application of an arrow planform, a warped wing with optimum camber and twist, and an area-ruled body. The friction drag reduction concept is a world-first technical approach that obtains a natural laminar flow wing with a subsonic leading edge at supersonic speed. An ideal pressure distribution is first designed to delay boundary layer transition even on a highly swept wing, then an original CFD-based inverse design method is applied to obtain a wing shape that realizes the pressure distribution. An unmanned and scaled supersonic experimental airplane was flown at the Woomera test field in Australia in October 2005 to prove those concepts. Flight data analysis and comparison of flight data with CFD design data validated the drag reduction technique both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

二维弯曲等截面管道中的激波串特性研究

利用Carroll的试验数据验证了数值方法的有效性之后,对二维等截面弯曲管道中激波串的特性进行了数值模拟试验,研究了管道弯曲对激波串的结构与特征长度、壁面沿程静压分布、出口截面马赫数与总压恢复、反压特性等的影响,研究中考虑了不同的进口马赫数和边界层厚度。结果表明,管道弯曲对流动的对称性有着明显影响,当马赫数较高时(如Ma₀=2.45)合适程度的管道弯曲有利改善直管道已有的流动不对称,使激波串长度缩短。管道弯曲能够有效抑制出口压力变化所导致的出口截面马赫数的大幅波动,考虑到低压比时(出口Ma_e>1)直、弯管道之间总压恢复系数存在明显差距,而当压比较高时(出口Ma_e<1)两者相当接近,因此亚燃发动机的超声速扩压器可适当使用大曲率以缩短管道的轴向长度。另外,鉴于弯曲管道与直管道内激波串长度之间的明显差异,已有的基于直管道的激波串长度经验公式不能很好地适用于弯曲管道。     

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

三维磁流体强化超燃冲压发动机数值模拟

建立了三维磁流体强化超燃冲压发动机内部黏性流场的求解模型.针对马赫数为6设计了联合应用磁控进气道和磁流体能量旁路的磁流体强化超燃冲压发动机模型.针对该模型进行了数值模拟研究,分析其中的三维流场结构、电参数分布规律以及能量转换特性.结果表明:当飞行马赫数为8时,磁控进气道的应用能够使头部压缩激波回到唇口,使分离区消失,内进气道中的流动恢复到设计状态.磁流体能量旁路可有效降低燃烧室入口处的马赫数,从而改善发动机性能.其中发生器中的流动参数和电参数的分布比较理想,效果显著;而加速器要取得显著的加速效果则需要大量的能量输入.在加速器中,电极附近焦耳耗散严重,导致局部高温以及流动的复杂性,性能不够理想.      

Supersonic biplane—A review

One of the fundamental problems preventing commercial transport aircraft from supersonic flight is the generation of strong sonic booms. Sonic booms are the ground-level manifestation of shock waves created by airplanes flying at supersonic speeds. The strength of the shock waves generated by an aircraft flying at supersonic speed is a direct function of both the aircraft’s weight and its occupying volume; it has been very difficult to sufficiently reduce the shock waves generated by the heavier and larger conventional supersonic transport (SST) configuration to meet acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. It is our dream to develop a quiet SST aircraft that can carry more than 100 passengers while meeting acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. We have started a supersonic-biplane project at Tohoku University since 2004. We meet the challenge of quiet SST flight by extending the classic two-dimensional (2-D) Busemann biplane concept to a 3-D supersonic-biplane wing that effectively reduces the shock waves generated by the aircraft. A lifted airfoil at supersonic speeds, in general, generates shock waves (therefore, wave drag) through two fundamentally different mechanisms. One is due to the airfoil’s lift, and the other is due to its thickness. Multi-airfoil configurations can reduce wave drag by redistributing the system’s total lift among the individual airfoil elements, knowing that wave drag of an airfoil element is proportional to the square of its lift. Likewise, the wave drag due to airfoil thickness can also be nearly eliminated using the Busemann biplane concept, which promotes favorable wave interactions between two neighboring airfoil elements. One of the main objectives of our supersonic-biplane study is, with the help of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, to find biplane configurations that simultaneously exhibit both traits. We first re-analyzed using CFD tools, the classic Busemann biplane configurations to understand its basic wave-cancellation concept. We then designed a 2-D supersonic biplane that exhibits both wave-reduction and cancellation effects simultaneously, utilizing an inverse-design method. The designed supersonic biplane not only showed the desired aerodynamic characteristics at its design condition but also outperformed a zero-thickness flat-plate airfoil. (Zero-thickness flat-plate airfoils are known as the most efficient monoplane airfoil at supersonic speeds.) Also discussed in this paper is how to design 2-D biplanes, not only at their design Mach numbers but also at off-design conditions. Supersonic biplanes have unacceptable characteristics at their off-design conditions such as flow choking and its related hysteresis problems. Flow choking causes rapid increase of wave drag and it continues to be kept up to the Mach numbers greater the cruise (design) Mach numbers due to its hysteresis. Some wing devices such as slats and flaps, which could be used at take-off and landing conditions as high-lift devices, were utilized to overcome these off-design problems. Then supersonic-biplane airfoils were extended to 3-D wings. Because that rectangular-shaped 3-D biplane wings showed undesirable aerodynamic characteristics at their wingtips, a tapered-wing planform was chosen for the study. A 3-D biplane wing having a taper ratio and aspect ratio of 0.25 and 5.12, respectively, was designed utilizing the inverse-design method. Aerodynamic characteristics of the designed biplane wing were further improved by using winglets at its wingtips. Flow choking and its hysteresis problems, however, occurred at their off-design conditions. It was shown that these off-design problems could also be resolved by utilizing slats and flaps. Finally, a study on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body configurations was conducted using the tapered biplane wing. In this study a body was chosen in order to generate strong shock waves at its nose region. Preliminary parametric studies on the interference effects between the body and the tapered biplane wing were performed by choosing several different wing locations on the body. From this study, it can be concluded that the aerodynamic characteristics of the tapered biplane wing are minimally affected by the disturbances generated from the body, and that the biplane wing shows promise for quiet commercial supersonic transport.     

高超声速飞行器进气道压缩面逆向设计方法

针对高超声速飞行器进气道压缩面问题,首先研究了激波理论的逆向算法,以此为基础提出了进气道的等强度和等熵压缩面的逆向设计方法,并采用此方法设计了以进气道出口气流参数为设计参数的高超声速飞行器进气道压缩面,然后对两种压缩面进行了性能分析和数值仿真.结果表明:通过逆向设计方法设计进气道压缩面是可行的,其相对于传统方法耗时大大减少;理论计算表明相同设计条件下两压缩面几何参数基本一致,而来流参数也基本不变,设计点下等熵压缩面总压恢复系数高出等强度压缩面6.3%.数值仿真验证了该方法的可行性并研究了非设计状态下两种压缩面的各项性能参数,同时对比了不同马赫数下进气道内部波系分布和气流均匀性.      

Direct numerical simulation of impinging shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction over a wavy-wall

The interaction of an impinging oblique shock wave with an angle of 30° and a supersonic turbulent boundary layer at Ma_∞=2.9 and Re_θ = 2400 over a wavy-wall is investigated through direct numerical simulation and compared with the interaction on a flat-plate under the same flow conditions. A sinusoidal wave with amplitude to wavelength ratio of 0.26 moves in the streamwise direction and is uniformly distributed across the spanwise direction. The influences of the wavy-wall on the interaction, including the characterization of the flow field, the skin-friction, pressure and the budget of turbulence kinetic energy, are systematically studied. The region of separation grows slightly and decomposes into four bubbles. Local peaks of skin-friction are observed at the rear part of the interaction region. The low-frequency shock motion can be seen in the wall pressure spectra. Analyses of the turbulence kinetic energy budget indicate that both diffusion and transport significantly increase near the crests, balanced by an amplified dissipation in the near-wall region. Proper orthogonal decomposition analyses show that the most energetic structures are associated with the separated shock and the shear layer over the bubbles. Only the bubbles in the first two troughs are dominated by a low-frequency enlargement or shrinkage.     

轴对称近似等熵压缩流场的乘波前体优化设计

以升阻比为优化目标，在来流马赫数Ma=2—4及飞行高度H=20km-24km条件下，进行了轴对称近似等熵压缩流场的乘波前体优化设计，通过CFD验证Ma=4优化乘波体的气动特性，并研究了Ma=3优化乘波前体在非设计条件下的气动特性。结果表明：近似等熵压缩下表面的乘波前体在设计条件下具有良好的气流压缩效果，可满足机体／发动机一体化设计的需要；乘波前体升阻比在1．5—1．9之间，纵向压心位置靠后；非设计条件下，压缩波不聚焦，小于设计马赫数升阻比时降低，大于设计马赫数时升阻比略大。     

三维侧压式进气道的减阻研究

为实现三维侧压式进气道的减阻,采用了数值模拟和来流马赫数Ma₀=5.3风洞试验相结合的方法研究了两种三维侧压式进气道,其中之一为基准进气道,其二是在基准进气道的基础上采用某些减阻措施的低阻进气道.结果表明:所采用的减阻措施是有效的,在Ma₀=5.3的条件下,进气道的压差阻力可以减少4.7%左右,摩擦阻力可以减少约4.9%,附加阻力可以转化为附加推力,总阻力可以减少4.7%左右.与此同时,进气道的总体性能也得到明显改善.      

两类对转风扇的设计与气动特征数值研究

采用一维设计程序分析了前后转子设计转速比的影响,研究了平均半径处的增压比、绝热效率、扩散损失和激波损失随转速比的变化规律.用计算流体力学分析了设计点与非设计状态的两个对转级流场,研究了其详细物理现象.结果表明两个对转级的设计与非设计性能均良好.发现低速风扇的两个转子均为常规跨声速转子,而高速风扇的前转子常规,后转子则为前缘激波和通道激波均贯穿全叶展的全超声速转子.同时发现,均带有与常规风扇级相当的失速裕度,低速对转级是两个转子同时达到失速点并且激波被推出叶栅,而高速对转级则是后转子先达到失速点并激波推出,从而后转子决定着级失速裕度.      

压力分布可控的高超声速进气道/前体一体化乘波设计

在二维弯曲激波高超声速进气道基础上,发展了一种压力可控的进气道/前体一体化乘波设计方法。通过事先指定前体/进气道壁面压力分布,结合二维特征线反设计方法,可以逆向设计出流向、横向压力分布规律都可控的进气道/前体外压缩段型面。采用该方法,设计了一种二维进气道/前体一体化方案,并对其进行数值模拟。结果表明：设计状态下,与不带侧板二维进气道相比,此类一体化方案中的进气道设计状态流量系数提高27%,出口压比提高48.5%,总压恢复系数提高10%;与楔导乘波理论设计的一体化方案相比,压力可控的一体化方案具有相似的外形尺寸和乘波特性,但进气道流量系数则较楔导乘波方案提高了5%,进气道出口压比提高6.4%,总压恢复系数提高2.3%。