凸拐角附近激波与湍流边界层干扰的数值模拟研究

采用大涡模拟方法数值研究了来流马赫数Ma∞=3、雷诺数Reθ=2070的凸拐角附近激波与湍流边界层干扰问题。对于尖拐角和钝拐角两种情况,计算考察了激波入射到拐角下游时的流场结构、非定常分离流以及湍流统计特性。研究发现:尖拐角能够使流动产生局部集中的顺压梯度,导致壁面摩擦系数在拐角处出现峰值,因此分离点难以越过拐角向上游运动,而再附点发生前后运动。与尖拐角情况不同的是,钝拐角产生的局部顺压梯度不足以阻止分离点越过拐角,因此分离点和再附点都会发生运动。此外,尽管凸拐角产生的顺压梯度能抑制分离点附近的近壁小尺度涡结构,但在经过入射激波作用之后,近壁小尺度涡结构在再附点附近显著增强。     

压气机叶顶泄漏流振荡周向传播特性的数值模拟

通过对一低速轴流压气机转子的叶顶泄漏流的振荡特性进行数值研究,发现在大流量工况下,叶顶流场随时间不发生变化.随着流量减小,叶顶流场逐渐产生脉动,同时叶顶泄漏流发生周期性振荡,表现为叶顶泄漏涡的产生位置、涡结构形态及撞击在相邻叶片的位置随时间发生变化.叶顶泄漏涡及其导致的脱离涡会导致相邻叶片表面产生低压区,因此叶顶泄漏涡的振荡导致了叶片顶部压力分布的脉动,进而影响了相邻流道叶顶泄漏流的产生.这个叶顶泄漏流与相邻叶片的干涉作用是叶顶流场产生振荡的主要原因.而且,叶顶泄漏流在相邻流道间的振荡状态存在相位延迟,这导致了一个以非叶片数为周期的流动扰动结构绕转子旋转.      

基于CFD和气动声学理论的空腔自激振荡发声机理

应用CFD技术和气动声学时域理论(FW-H积分方程),探讨了空腔自激振荡发声机理。腔内噪声计算以空腔流动解为基础,采用了气动声学时域理论,对该理论进行了推导说明,并利用圆柱绕流声学特性验证该方法基本可行。研究获得的空腔自激振荡模态分析结果与Rossiter和Heller等的预测结果基本相同,捕捉到了自激振荡的频域特性;分析表明空腔上方形成的剪切层中的脱落涡与腔后壁相撞,产生的一次声波辐射至腔前壁激发新的脱落涡,新的脱落涡与腔后壁再次相撞产生二次声波形成的流动声学反馈回路是导致空腔自激振荡和噪声产生的主要原因,且腔内声压幅值主要出现在一阶和二阶振荡模态,声音能量主要集中在较低频率区域。     

圆周进气对流掺混流动研究

为了研究纯径向向心涡轮出口对流撞击掺混流动组织结构,采用大涡模拟对圆周进气的对流掺混流动进行了数值仿真,并用本征正交分解(POD)方法,提取和分析了不同阶模态下的流动结构。结果表明:在水平截面,底部中心形成一个滞止区,两侧壁面附近均存在一个回流区,且流动是近似对称的;在剪切力作用下,沿流动方向,旋涡结构的不稳定性增强,上游三维涡环结构逐渐拉伸、膨胀,破裂为复杂的涡辫或发卡涡结构,这增强了掺混,从而使得流体间的动量和能量交换增强;POD结果中第1阶模态所占的能量权重最高,表明脉动场中的大部分能量主要集中在此模态,此模态中的流动结构为主要流动结构。     

压气机叶栅叶顶间隙流的动力学模态分解

为了研究低速孤立压气机叶栅叶顶间隙流的非定常运动型态,采用大涡模拟(LES)技术对流场进行数值模拟,并运用动力学模态分解(DMD)技术对x/c=1.0677弦长处S3截面叶顶二次流速度场进行模态分析。结果表明:动力学模态分解(DMD)能够得到速度场的定常模态和不同频率下的主要振荡特征。同时揭示了频率为f1=824.9Hz的一阶振荡主要表现为泄漏涡的低频周期性生成与退化;而频率为f2=9807.2Hz的二阶振荡是由叶顶移动端壁形成剪切层内的不稳定造成的,主要表现为泄漏涡的振荡与分裂。     

阀体后90°圆形弯管内部流场PIV测量及POD分析

利用激光粒子图像测速技术对阀体后90°圆截面弯管的内部流场进行测量,获取了弯管流场在不同来流流速及观测截面上的高分辨率瞬态速度场数据。分析了图像相关计算所获得的瞬态及时均速度场,对流场进行本征正交分解,并进一步分析重构脉动场中的涡结构特性。结果表明：流体流经蝶阀在弯管中形成卡门涡街,涡结构信息包含在本征正交分解低阶模态中,脉动场的模态重构可以还原涡的流动特性。     

模型固体火箭发动机内涡脱落过程的大涡模拟

为研究后向台阶结构引起的涡脱落对固体火箭发动机内流动稳定性的影响，采用大涡模拟技术，对模型发动机内的流动进行了数值模拟，获取了发动机燃烧室内压强随时间的变化曲线及其振荡频率，并和已有的计算结果及实验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明采用LES方法的计算结果明显优于采用k-ε湍流模型的计算结果；不考虑燃烧时模型发动机内由涡脱落引起的压强振荡的振幅较小，但频率较高，且随来流速度的增加而增大；在后向台阶这种结构中，涡一般会在台阶的边沿形成，并在其下游周期性地脱落；在保证y^＋较小的情况下，网格大小对计算结果的影响不明显。     

部分预混燃烧室热声不稳定及火焰结构实验分析

为探明旋流部分预混燃烧室热声不稳定特性及其与火焰结构关系，进行了自激热声实验。采用重构相图解析压力脉动、采用瑞利指数表征其与热释放率脉动关系、采用本征正交分解获得火焰相干结构。结果表明:随当量比增加，压力脉动呈现低振幅脉动、间歇振荡、极限环振荡和低振幅脉动，脉动频率受腔体1阶纯声学模态（特征频率约80.8 Hz）控制。未发生振荡，瑞利指数维持在零值；热声不稳定时，瑞利指数在零值以上。本征正交分解表明，极限环振荡，前2阶模态（模态能量占比55%以上）火焰分布沿纵向发生变明和变暗交替变化，由连续涡脱落导致，且模态时间系数频率83.2 Hz与压力脉动频率83.3 Hz一致；低当量比，模态无明显空间分布规律；间歇振荡，主导模态为火焰轴对称热释放率变化；高当量比，火焰仅外边缘沿纵向发生大尺度脉动。      

低速大迎角气动力快速计算新方法及工程应用研究

以势流理论为基础,采用工程方法并参考试验结果确定分离涡的起始分离位置,用不可压流涡段所产生扰动流场的线性迭加,计算涡分离流动流场。单独翼面、组合翼面标模和FC-1飞机计算结果与实验结果的对比表明,在失速迎角范围内,本文方法是一种有效的低速大迎角气动特性快速计算方法。     

混合动理学通量WENO方法拓展

在马赫数2.5来流条件下，开展了高频微秒脉冲放电控制压缩折角激波/边界层干扰非定常性的风洞实验，放电位于压缩折角上游沿流向布局的6对电极之间，所选取的放电频率为14 kHz,接近于来流边界层的特征频率。采用高速纹影成像技术记录流场的动态变化，并基于纹影图像灰度值的时间序列采用平均、均方根、本征正交分解、动态模态分解、傅里叶变换等方法进行处理，对比研究有/无控制情形下激波/边界层干扰的非定常特性。研究发现，对于无控情形的基准流场，流动的低频特性表现为分离激波的振荡及边界层大尺度涡经过激波的脱落行为，中、高频特性表现为边界层小尺度涡与激波的相互作用；对于受控情形，来流边界层内的大涡尺度在放电作用下增大，大尺度涡与分离激波相互作用使得激波的振荡转变为稀疏压缩波的脉动，流经激波的边界层脉动更强，分离激波的低频振荡(10～300 Hz)有所改善。此时，流动的低频特性主要表现为边界层大尺度涡经过激波的脱落行为，而中、高频特性与基准流场相似。     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

有声腔推力室的声学振型及其阻尼特性研究

为确定多声学模态压力振荡条件下带有1/4波长管声腔推力室的声学振型及其阻尼特性,揭示1/4波长管声腔对推力室压力振荡的抑制作用机理,对有声腔推力室和无声腔推力室进行近圆周壁面的定容弹激励仿真,激发了多模态的声学振型,给出了推力室压力分布的时空演化,并采用半带宽法定量评价每个激发声学振型的阻尼特性。结果表明：1/4波长管声腔成功抑制了目标振型（一阶切向振型）压力振荡,大幅度减小其幅值,而不是大幅度增加其半带宽,但可能增强其它非目标振型的压力振荡。声腔通过削弱目标振型波峰波谷压力差、声腔入口漩涡和增加壁面面积等三种方式来抑制目标振型压力振荡,主要以前者为主,前者旨在降低目标振型幅值,后两者是增加其半带宽。     

The Effect of Loop Curvature on Coronal Loop Kink Oscillations

We will review analytical and numerical efforts in modelling the influence of curvature on coronal loop oscillations. We will mainly focus our attention on fast kink mode oscillations. A curved slab model will be presented, where it becomes clear that curvature introduces wave leakage into the system, because of changes in the equilibrium. The importance of leakage will be assessed through the use of a slab and cylindrical model where lateral leakage is allowed. A full analytical model for a semi-toroidal loop will be constructed for a system with no leaking waves but with an inhomogeneous layer that introduces damping due to the process of resonant absorption. The model for a semi-toroidal loop will be extended to also include leakage, and will be studied numerically. The numerical results will be compared to the analytical model.     

基于模态发生器的进气道风扇噪声及声衬降噪实验

为研究发动机进气道风扇噪声特性及声衬降噪效果,使用模态发生器提供声源,采用固定麦克风阵列和旋转扫描耙装置测量进气道内噪声信号,进而利用周向和径向模态分解方法得到声模态幅值,对影响模态分解结果的关键因素进行了研究.对周向模态在时域内进行分解,得到幅值和相位的时变特性.最后完成了2套声衬实验件降噪效果测试.结果表明:模态发...     

Transverse Oscillations of Coronal Loops

On 14 July 1998 TRACE observed transverse oscillations of a coronal loop generated by an external disturbance most probably caused by a solar flare. These oscillations were interpreted as standing fast kink waves in a magnetic flux tube. Firstly, in this review we embark on the discussion of the theory of waves and oscillations in a homogeneous straight magnetic cylinder with the particular emphasis on fast kink waves. Next, we consider the effects of stratification, loop expansion, loop curvature, non-circular cross-section, loop shape and magnetic twist. An important property of observed transverse coronal loop oscillations is their fast damping. We briefly review the different mechanisms suggested for explaining the rapid damping phenomenon. After that we concentrate on damping due to resonant absorption. We describe the latest analytical results obtained with the use of thin transition layer approximation, and then compare these results with numerical findings obtained for arbitrary density variation inside the flux tube. Very often collective oscillations of an array of coronal magnetic loops are observed. It is natural to start studying this phenomenon from the system of two coronal loops. We describe very recent analytical and numerical results of studying collective oscillations of two parallel homogeneous coronal loops. The implication of the theoretical results for coronal seismology is briefly discussed. We describe the estimates of magnetic field magnitude obtained from the observed fundamental frequency of oscillations, and the estimates of the coronal scale height obtained using the simultaneous observations of the fundamental frequency and the frequency of the first overtone of kink oscillations. In the last part of the review we summarise the most outstanding and acute problems in the theory of the coronal loop transverse oscillations.     

Experimental of combustion instability in NTO/MMH impinging combustion chambers

This paper presents an experimental study into dynamics of chamber pressure and heat release rate during self-excited spinning and standing azimuthal mode in NTO/MMH (nitrogen tetroxide/monomethylhydrazine) impinging combustion chambers. Nine cases including two combustion chamber configurations were conducted. The operating conditions of all unstable cases were located in the instability region according to Hewitt empirical correlation. The results show that chamber pressure oscillations keep pace with the corresponding OH* chemiluminescence intensity over the whole combustion region in the spinning and standing modes. It is indicated that the Rayleigh index is positive over the whole combustion area in all the unstable cases. A significant supersonic flame front structure of the first-order spinning mode was found in a cylindrical chamber, which means that a detonation wave could exist in the cylindrical chamber without a center body. The pressure and heat release rate oscillations at the pressure node are nonnegligible although their amplitudes are lower than those at the pressure antinode in the first-order standing mode with an annular chamber. Besides, the dominant frequency of pressure and heat release rate oscillations at the pressure node is twice as high as that at the pressure antinode.     

Material parameter modeling and solution technique using birth–death element for notched metallic panel repaired with bonded composite patch

This paper seeks to outline a novel three-layer model and a new birth–death element solution technique to evaluate static strength of notched metallic panel repaired with bonded composite patch and to optimize material parameters. The higher order 3D, 8-node isotropic solid element and 8-node anisotropic layered solid element with three degrees of freedom per node are respectively implemented to model substrate panel, adhesive layer and composite patch to establish three-layer model of repaired panel. The new solving technique based on birth–death element is developed to allow solution of the stress pattern of repaired panel for identifying failure mode. The new model and its solution are used to model failure mode and residual strength of repaired panel, and the obtained results have a good agreement with the experimental findings. Finally, the influences of material parameter of adhesive layer and composite patch on the residual strength of repaired panel are investigated for optimizing material properties to meet operational and environmental constraints.     

轴流风扇/压气机管道周向声模态的测量

利用管道内部周向均匀分布的麦克风阵列对某单级风扇在高背景噪声和较大硬壁反射条件下的管道周向声模态进行了实验测量.利用与参考信号互相关(CC)模态分解技术和传统的方均根(RMS)模态分解技术得到了主要的周向声模态振幅.通过与Tyler和Sofrin的理论分析对比,发现在高背景噪声和较大硬壁反射条件下,两种模态分解技术都能获得较为理想的模态分解结果;并且发现CC模态分解技术获得的模态振幅较低,初步分析这是由于和RMS模态分解技术相比,CC模态分解技术可以降低随机噪声对模态振幅分解结果的影响.此外,周向麦克风个数大于所要分解周向声模态阶数的4倍时,使用CC模态分解技术获得的模态振幅误差可以控制在1dB之内.      

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Wind Tunnel Model Vibrations on the Measured Aerodynamic Properties of Airfoils and Wings

This paper presents a numerical prediction of the unsteady flow field around oscillating airfoils at high angles of attack by solving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with SST turbulence model in order to simulate the effects of wind tunnel model vibrations on the aerodynamic properties of airfoils,especially high-aspect-ratio wings in a wind tunnel.The effects of the phase lagging between different modes of oscillations,i.e.,the airfoil plunging oscillation mode,the pitching oscillation mode,and the forward-backward oscillation mode,are also studied.It is shown that the vibrations (oscillations) of airfoils can cause the unsteady shedding of large-size separated vortex to precede the stationary stall incidence,hence lead to a stall onset at some earlier (lower) incidence than that in the steady sense.The different phase lagging has different effect on the flow field.When the pitching oscillation mode has small phase lagging behind the plunging oscillation mode,the effect of vibrations is large.Besides,if the amplitude of the oscillations is large enough,and the different modes of vibrations match or combine appropriately,the unsteady stall may occur 2° earlier in angle of attack than the case where airfoils keep stationary.