航空用燃料电池及混合电推进系统发展综述

随着世界范围内碳减排需求的日益增长及长航时飞机的发展需要,高效率的燃料电池航空电推进系统逐渐受到重视,氢能航空的理念被人们所熟知。可使用碳氢燃料的高温燃料电池还可与燃气涡轮组成混合动力系统,发电效率进一步提高至70%。本文首先回顾了燃料电池及燃料电池涡轮混合系统在航空能源、动力系统方向应用概况;接着,概述了几种突破现有涡轮发动机技术瓶颈的新概念混合电推进系统,如发电与推进一体化燃料电池涡轮混合动力系统和无涡轮燃料电池混合推进系统;基于此,本文分析了限制燃料电池混合系统实际应用的关键技术难题,主要体现在混合动力系统功重比较低、大分子碳氢燃料重整技术未突破两方面。     

燃料电池无人机动力系统方案设计与试验

针对燃料电池为主能源的无人机（UAV）动力系统,设计了纯燃料电池动力系统、燃料电池/蓄电池（简称燃蓄）被/主动混合动力系统3种拓扑结构方案。以空冷质子交换膜燃料电池为例,搭建了燃料电池动力系统方案一体化试验平台。考虑阶梯型和阶跃型2种加载形式,试验研究了燃料电池自身的动态特性和启动特性。以阶梯型功率剖面的加载形式,试验研究了纯燃料电池动力系统放电特性;以无人机典型任务剖面作为加载形式,开展燃蓄被/主动混合动力系统对比试验研究。试验结果表明：纯燃料电池动力方案适用于低机动小型无人机,燃蓄被动混合方案可满足小型无人机大机动飞行,燃蓄主动混合方案系统可适应中大型无人机更长航时飞行。     

并联混合动力齿轮传动涡扇发动机建模与性能分析

为对比探究未来大推力航空混合动力系统与传统航空发动机的优劣,本文依托某概念型齿轮传动涡扇(Geared turbofan,GTF)发动机,设计了一个并联航空油-电混合动力系统(hybrid GTF,hGTF),在Matlab /Simulink数字仿真软件中建立相匹配的电动力模型以及氮氧化物NOx排放和噪声预测等性能参数计算模型,并在稳态和飞行任务剖面下初步分析了电动力系统的引入对原基线GTF发动机的性能改变状况。稳态仿真结果表明,大推力等级的并联油-电混合动力系统中,至少需要兆瓦级的电动力系统进行匹配;当电动力系统处于电动模式时,可能会带来低压压气机喘振的隐患;当电动力系统处于再生模式时,电能源相当于经过了电能到机械能再到电能的二次效率损失,不建议采用。飞行任务剖面动态仿真结果表明,相比于传统GTF发动机,hGTF推进系统的燃油消耗率最高下降15%,总燃油消耗节省8.3%, NOx总排放量减少18.8%,各部件起飞噪声总声压级减少1.5~3.3dB。分析结果表明采用并联混合动力系统具有显著提升省油、减排效果的能力,同时也具有一定的降噪潜力。     

基于自适应神经模糊推理算法的无人机电推进燃料电池供气系统性能优化

本文针对某无人机基于聚合物交换膜燃料电池和锂离子电池的混合动力电推进系统的应用,研究开发了一种基于自适应神经模糊推理系统的电源管理系统控制技术,以控制混合动力电力推进系统,同时优化燃料电池供气系统的性能。本文以所建立的某无人机混合电推进系统数学模型为研究对象,研究了燃料电池电流与燃料电池供气系统压缩机功率之间的关系,建立了燃料电池电流与最佳压缩机功率关系的参考模型。在参考模型的基础上,引入自适应控制器来优化燃料电池供气系统的性能。基于自适应神经模糊推理系统的控制器将压缩机的实际运行功率动态调整到参考模型中定义的最佳值。自适应控制器的在线学习和训练能力用来辨识燃料电池电流的非线性变化,并产生压缩机电机电压的控制信号,以优化燃料电池供气系统的性能。在Matlab 仿真环境中开发了质子交换膜燃料电池和锂离子混合动力电推进系统模型并对所设计的控制器进行了仿真分析,结果表明基于自适应神经模糊推理系统的控制器为燃料电池供气系统压缩机性能优化提供了一种新颖而全面的途径,使燃料电池供气系统获得最大净功率输出。将燃料电池系统的净功率输出与最佳压缩机功率和恒定压缩机功率进行了比较,结果表明优化的压缩机功率配置比恒定的压缩机功率配置节能2.62%。同时,燃料电池自适应神经模糊推理系统控制器优化了燃料电池供气系统的能量利用。     

Evaluation of active hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources

Hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources have potentially widespread uses in applications wherein the power demand is impulsive rather than constant. Interposing a dc/dc converter between a fuel cell and a battery can create two configurations of actively controlled hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources. Those two configurations are compared using both theory and experiment with special attention to the peak power enhancement, and power losses in the converter. Both of the defined configurations were built, using a 35 W polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, an 8-cell lithium-ion battery pack, and a high-efficiency power converter. Both two configurations yielded a peak power output of 135 W, about 4 times as high as the fuel cell alone could supply, with only a slight (13%) increase of weight. The converter losses were quantitatively analyzed. Which of the two configurations yields a smaller loss depends on the load power demand characteristics including peak power and load duty ratio. The study results provide guidance for the design of hybrid sources according to the particular load power requirements.     

燃料电池无人机能源管理与飞行状态耦合

开展了燃料电池/锂电池（简称燃锂）混合动力无人机的能源管理与飞行状态耦合研究。综合顶层飞行任务规划与底层能源系统管理，以动力系统模型为耦合点联立能源系统与无人机运动方程，建立能源状态与运动状态耦合模型。针对燃锂混合最紧密的爬升过程，以迎角、转速和燃料电池的放电功率作为控制变量，建立了燃料消耗最小的能源管理与航迹规划耦合最优控制问题，研究不同爬升高度对最优控制过程的影响，并与模糊控制能源管理策略进行对比分析。针对大功率短时爬升和小功率长时巡航的典型任务特点，建立了燃锂最优混合问题。研究了最优的锂电池容量和燃料电池功率水平的混合量，以及爬升和巡航两阶段最优功率分配和飞行状态，分析了不同巡航目标高度对最优混合量和飞行状态的影响。结果表明：采用能源与航迹耦合的最优控制策略在给出最优功率流分配的同时，能够很好地兼顾飞行状态控制；对燃锂混合和飞行状态的综合优化可以有效地处理爬升和巡航阶段的能源需求矛盾，在给出最优燃锂混合量和飞行状态的同时，降低整个任务过程的燃料消耗。     

Scaling of advanced power systems

Parts of a study conducted to examine state-of-the-art power systems applicable to future military spacecraft are summarized. The study focused on burst-mode megawatt-class CW power, such as might be applied to SDIO directed energy systems, but lower-power, continuous-duty subsystems were included in less detail. A set of simple mass and volume algorithms has been developed to approximate several prime systems, and these were incorporated into a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet. Among the power subsystems included in that study were primary batteries, alkaline primary fuel cells, and combustion turbogenerators. These systems, which are the most likely candidates for mobile battlefield power, are described     

Hybrid power source for manportable applications

In this paper, we present the results of work with a hybrid power system made of a fuel cell and rechargeable battery with pulse power capability. This hybrid power source successfully ran pulse power load based on the power profile of the present and future manportable military electronics and communications equipment. The hybrid consisted of a 35 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack in parallel with a Li-ion battery. In this work, two cyclic load scenarios were utilized. Each consisted of a baseline load for 9 minutes followed by a higher pulse load for 1 minute. One test profile consisted of 20 W (baseline)/40 W (pulse) load, whereas, the second was 25 W/50 W. Under both scenarios, the hybrid provided significant enhancements in performance over the individual components tested separately. These results are discussed and analyzed. Also discussed are possible future implications of such technology and approach.     

燃料电池无人机混合电源动态平衡能量管理策略

飞机电推进的动力系统趋于混合能源形式的发展方向，不同类型的源具有不同的特性，混合能源协调工作的方式可以提高动力系统的性能。本文所研究的飞机电推进系统的能源形式为燃料电池和锂电池所做成的混合能源。针对无人机动力系统工况的特殊性，本文在基于规则的能量管理策略研究基础上，提出了一种基于燃料电池氢气消耗的动态平衡能量管理策略，使燃料电池和辅助电源的能量消耗处于相对平衡的状态，避免了其中一种电源能量先耗尽的情况，可以满足多种工况的变化，提高了混合电源的能量利用率和稳定性，保证了无人机动力系统的可靠性。通过仿真分析结果证明了可行性，最后设计了能量管理系统的硬件并进行了实验验证，通过对实验结果计算分析验证了该能量管理策略的可行性。     

Brazil uses fuel cells to supplement utility power

Growing electric loads and the dearth of new power plants have created severe worldwide power shortages, as well as a crisis in the nation of Brazil. Analysis and modeling has shown that the crisis could be relieved in a fast and practical manner by placing fuel cells at optimum locations and carefully scheduling their operation. Acquiring the needed data for the model and optimizing the model took a lot of effort. For example, the time when the peak load occurs varies among the types of power consumers. In some residential neighborhoods of Brazil, the peak load occurs when people shower with electrically-heated water. There the fuel cells can be best located where their heat losses can be used to heat water.     

直升机/发动机系统变旋翼转速串行优化方案

提出了一种用于直升机/涡轴发动机综合控制的变旋翼转速串行优化方案.首先基于Levenberg-Marquarat(L-M)算法/一维最优搜索算法,在保证直升机飞行状态不变的情况下,寻优得到旋翼所需最小功率,再通过优化发动机操纵量,在保证发动机约束成立的条件下得到当前发动机运行最优工作点,即达到直升机巡航时油耗最小或者涡轮前温度最低.最后,在UH-60直升机/涡轴发动机综合控制仿真平台上进行了最小油耗控制模式的仿真,数字仿真结果表明了该串行优化方案的可行性.      

适用无人机的小型燃料电池控制方法

燃料电池动力系统作为一种长航时电动无人机的动力方案,其燃料电池的控制技术是决定动力系统可靠性和高效性的关键技术。针对用于无人机的小型空冷型开放阴极的质子交换膜燃料电池,考虑面向工程应用的燃料电池整体控制过程,兼顾电堆温度控制和水管理,提出了一种前馈型模糊PID的电堆温度控制方法,同时设计了一种基于安时积分门限法的膜水含量调节策略,以实现对整个燃料电池系统的高效控制。通过搭建燃料电池温度控制与水管理试验平台,对所提出的控制技术进行了试验验证,并与现有温控和水管理方法进行了对比分析。试验结果表明：所提前馈型模糊PID方法在较长时间的燃料电池启动过程中能够较快地达到目标温度,相比于PID方法减少了7%的调节时间,与传统模糊PID方法相当;燃料电池电流持续减小时,所提前馈型模糊PID方法对超调量的抑制效果具有明显优势,其超调量仅为PID方法的34%,为传统模糊PID方法的43%;所提安时积分门限排水控制方法既能防止水淹故障,又可提高燃料经济性,在所给工况中相比现有方法节约了15%的氢气。     

太阳能/氢能无人机总体设计与能源管理策略研究

针对小型低空长航时电动无人机需求,给出了太阳能/氢能混合能源动力系统集成方案和小型低空长航时无人机构型。针对典型任务剖面,综合考虑太阳能电池和氢燃料电池特性,提出了一种考虑全机重量能量耦合关系的总体设计方法和任务剖面驱动的能源管理策略;建立了能源系统模型,给出了能源控制流程,开发了能源管理仿真平台。以1.5 kg任务载荷为例,完成了无人机总体方案设计,仿真分析了各种能源特性对飞行结果的影响。结果表明:能源管理策略能够根据任务剖面的要求合理配置能源系统的功率,满足各阶段的功率需求;无人机在冬至日航时为21 h、夏至日可实现跨昼夜飞行;在能源系统重量相同情况下,该混合能源无人机的航时分别是纯锂电池无人机和燃料电池无人机的5.5倍和1.2倍。     

Fuel cell status: 1996

The technology of fuel cells is heating up. A world that, ten years ago, was unaware of the concept can now witness approximately 200 fuel cell units operating in 15 countries. Energy planners and decision makers are becoming aware that, in addition to a continual increase in installations, the reliability of early commercial units is outstanding and the cost is dropping. They have begun to ask whether fuel cells might fit into their future. While the fuel cell concept is simple, determining which type of fuel cell to consider may prove taxing. The multiplicity of fuel cells and their development programs, coupled with the amount of subject material and claims-versus-reality, may seem overwhelming. Fuel cell commercialization activities in North America are the focus of five manufacturers that are developing four types [fuel cells are typed by electrolyte: the 200°C phosphoric acid (PAFC); the 80°C proton exchange membrane (PEM); the 650°C molten carbonate (MCFC); and the 1,000°C solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cells]. Each fuel cell promises the attractive combination of fairly high efficiency and superior environmental performance compared to the presently available fossil-fueled electric generation technologies. As a result, fuel cells are particularly easy to site. There are additional advantages such as: excellent availability; electrical VAR control; quick ramp rate; remote/unattended operation; and redundancy when multiple units are installed. After earlier success in space, fuel cells are being applied to the commercial sector as on-site cogeneration units mostly fueled by natural gas. They are being considered for larger distributed generators (natural gas) and for vehicular power plants (methanol)     

固液火箭发动机试验瞬时燃速分析方法

介绍了一种用于固液火箭发动机试验的瞬时燃速分析方法,运用该方法对H2O2/HTPB固液火箭发动机单室双推力长时间热试车试验进行燃速分析,拟合得到该工况下的燃速公式为r=1.847×10-2G0o.7304。根据燃速公式等计算结果对一次发动机试验进行了预估,计算得到的预估内弹道性能曲线与试验结果吻合较好,验证了该瞬时燃速分析方法的可行性,为发动机工作时间较长、氧化剂流率变化较大时的燃速分析提供了一种途径。     

燃烧室结构对固液火箭发动机燃速和性能的影响

对不同燃烧室结构固液火箭发动机进行了二维轴对称一体化数值计算,计算结果表明:燃速随前燃室的增长而增大,增幅越来越小,特征速度和真空比冲随前燃室的增长先增大后趋于平稳.后燃室的长度对燃速没有影响,特征速度和真空比冲随后燃室的增长而增大.相同氧化剂质量流率下,药柱长径比不影响燃速沿轴向分布,平均燃速随药柱长径比的增大而增大,增幅越来越小,最终趋于平稳,特征速度随药柱长径比的增大先增大再减小,在长径比为10.0附近达到最大值.相同理论氧燃比下,燃速随长径比的增大而增大,但不影响燃速的分布趋势;燃烧效率随着长径比的增大先减小再增大;实际氧燃比随长径比的增大而逐渐减小,且变化趋势逐渐缓慢.      

Integration of Large Power Systems into Manned Space Stations

Essential design factors and system characteristics are explored for integration of large power systems into manned space stations. The impact of the type of power system selected upon the space station is outlined, as is the impact of the mission requirements upon the selection of power systems. Criteria for resolving the selection/application/ integration problems are provided. Comparisons between systems are based on recently defined space-station models for 90-day to five-year mission durations in the 1970' s, with four-to nine-man crews. Power systems encompass power levels from 3 to 50 kWe and include solar cell/battery. fuel cell, hybrid fuel cell/solar cell, radioisotope, and nuclear reactor systems. Thermoelectric, Brayton cycle, organic Rankine, and liquid-metal Rankine power conversion systems are considered for the nuclear energy sources. Both rigid and roll-out photovoltaic array configurations are analyzed with respect to the solar energy source.     

Nuclear Power Systems for Spacecraft

A review and comparison of the weights, sizes, and costs of nuclear and non-nuclear spacecraft power systems is presented and discussed. Nuclear power systems include the range below 10 kW, with an electrical output to weight ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 pounds per watt. Comparisons show that primary batteries are lighter for short-duration missions of a few hours; fuel cells are lighter for durations of one to two months; and solar-cell/secondary battery combinations are to be preferred when sunlight is adequate.     

Ultra-lightweight space power from hybrid thin-film solar cells

The development of hybrid inorganic/organic thin-film solar cells on flexible, lightweight, space-qualified, durable substrates provides an attractive solution for space power generation with high mass specific power (W/kg). The high-volume, low-cost fabrication potential of organic cells will allow for square miles of solar cell production at one-tenth the cost of conventional inorganic materials. Plastic solar cells take a minimum of storage space and can be inflated or unrolled for deployment. We explore a cross-section of NASA in-house and sponsored research efforts that aim to provide new hybrid technologies that include both inorganic and polymer materials as active and substrate materials. For NASA applications, any solar cell or array technology must not only meet weight and AMO efficiency goals, but also must be durable enough to survive launch and space environments. Also, balance of system technologies must be developed to take advantage of ultra-lightweight solar arrays in power generation systems.