航空用燃料电池及混合电推进系统发展综述

随着世界范围内碳减排需求的日益增长及长航时飞机的发展需要,高效率的燃料电池航空电推进系统逐渐受到重视,氢能航空的理念被人们所熟知。可使用碳氢燃料的高温燃料电池还可与燃气涡轮组成混合动力系统,发电效率进一步提高至70%。本文首先回顾了燃料电池及燃料电池涡轮混合系统在航空能源、动力系统方向应用概况;接着,概述了几种突破现有涡轮发动机技术瓶颈的新概念混合电推进系统,如发电与推进一体化燃料电池涡轮混合动力系统和无涡轮燃料电池混合推进系统;基于此,本文分析了限制燃料电池混合系统实际应用的关键技术难题,主要体现在混合动力系统功重比较低、大分子碳氢燃料重整技术未突破两方面。     

分布式电推进飞机电力系统研究综述

继飞机二次能源逐步统一为电能形成多电/全电飞机之后,电推进技术成为飞机动力系统电气化的重要发展方向,有望进一步提高飞机动力系统能量转换效率、降低燃油消耗和排放,代表了航空电气化的高级阶段。飞机电力系统及相关技术是支撑电推进技术发展的重要基础。系统总结了电推进飞机的类型与发展现状,论述了飞机混合动力系统及分布式电推进系统的基本概念、特点与意义。阐述了航空电推进系统的基本结构,比较了适用于分布式电推进系统的电力系统架构,系统分析了实现电推进技术所需的高效高功率密度电机、高效大容量功率变换器和综合热管理等关键技术。小型纯电动飞机正在逐步迈向实用化,而分布式混合电推进技术是中大型飞机电气化的重要方向,仍然需要航空机电和动力系统等交叉融合与创新发展。     

大型客机总体设计准则与概念创新

 从研制中国未来具有全球市场竞争力的大型客机为出发点,结合波音和空客下一代大型客机的研究思路以及美国和欧洲近年来围绕大型客机的若干重大研究计划,较深入地分析了在我国的大型客机的研制中实现安全性、经济性、舒适性和环保性总体设计思想的重要性和必要性。在此基础上,就如何建立大型客机综合考虑安全性/经济性/舒适性/环保性设计与评价准则体系,评价思路与方法进行了探索和研究,这对我国大型客机的研制具有借鉴意义。此外,依据详实的数据,分析了2种新概念布局方案,即“BWB-C”型翼布局方案和“大载重浮升式飞机”方案,与目前常规布局方案飞机优缺点,同时分析了应用多学科精细设计方法对于提高大型客机飞机经济性的效果。在此基础上,指出了概念创新和多学科优化精细设计方法大规模应用对于提高大型飞机安全性/经济性/舒适性/环保性的重要意义。     

分布式电推进飞机动力系统评估优化方法

以电推进飞机的动力系统作为研究对象,开展了以下研究工作：采用电力系统潮流计算方法,分析了采用高压直流供电体制的分布式电推进飞机电气系统,模拟了其在稳定运行状态与断路故障状态下的能量流动关系,同时分析了直流电压等级对电气系统的影响。搭建了完整的分布式电推进飞机动力系统仿真模型,依据基于时间和基于高度的飞行剖面,对比分析了纯电推进与涡轮电推进架构在推进功率、推进效率与航程3个评价指标上的优劣。建立了动力系统典型部件的参数化模型,并使用符号规划算法对建立的参数化模型进行了优化计算,比较了传统涡轮推进与涡轮电推进架构下动力系统质量与燃油消耗率间的优化权衡关系。研究结果为分布式电推进飞机混合动力系统的设计提供了有价值的正向设计方法。     

飞机系统设计若干研究新进展

飞机系统设计是飞机研制的重要组成部分,它关系到飞机整体性能的提高。新一代飞机性能指标的不断提高,对各系统提出了更高的设计要求。为此,阐述了液压系统、燃油系统和环境控制系统的新发展、新要求、新方法。希望为相关的飞机系统设计研究方向提供一定的参考。     

Optimization on conventional and electric air-cycle refrigeration systems of aircraft: A short-cut method and analysis

The air-cycle refrigeration system is widely used in commercial and military aircraft, and its efficiency greatly affects aircraft performance. Nowadays, this system requires a more efficient design and optimization method. In this paper, a short-cut optimization method with high efficiency and effectiveness is introduced for both conventional and electric air-cycle refrigeration systems. Based on the system characteristics, a four-layer parameter matching algorithm is designed which avoids computational difficulty caused by simultaneous equations. Fuel penalty is chosen as the objective function of optimization; design variables are reduced based on sensitivity analysis to improve optimization efficiency. The results show that the 3-variable optimization of the conventional air-cycle refrigeration system can obtain almost the same results as the traditional 6-variable optimization in that these two optimizations can both significantly reduce the fuel penalty. However, the computer running time of the 3-variable optimization is much shorter than that of the 6-variable optimization. The optimal fuel penalty of the electric air-cycle refrigeration system is lower than that of the conventional one. This study can provide reference for optimizing the air-cycle refrigeration system of aircraft.     

High energy density regenerative fuel cell systems for terrestrialapplications

Regenerative Fuel Cell System (RFCS) technology for energy storage has been a NASA power system concept for many years. Compared to battery-based energy storage systems, RFCS has received relatively little attention or resources for development because the energy density and electrical efficiency were not sufficiently attractive relative to advanced battery systems. Even today, RFCS remains at a very low technology readiness level (TRL of about 2 indicating feasibility has been demonstrated). Commercial development of the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells for automobiles and other terrestrial applications and improvements in lightweight pressure vessel design to reduce weight and improve performance make possible a high energy density RFCS energy storage system. The results from this study of a lightweight RFCS energy storage system for a remotely piloted, solar-powered, high altitude aircraft indicate an energy density up to 790 wh/kg with electrical efficiency of 53.4% is attainable. Such an energy storage system would allow a solar-powered aircraft to carry hundreds of kilograms of payload and remain in flight indefinitely for use in atmospheric research, Earth observation, resource mapping, and telecommunications. Future developments in the areas of hydrogen and oxygen storage, pressure vessel design, higher temperature and higher pressure fuel cell operation, unitized regenerative fuel cells, and commercial development of fuel cell technology will improve both the energy density and electrical efficiency of the RFCS     

燃料电池无人机混合电源动态平衡能量管理策略

飞机电推进的动力系统趋于混合能源形式的发展方向，不同类型的源具有不同的特性，混合能源协调工作的方式可以提高动力系统的性能。本文所研究的飞机电推进系统的能源形式为燃料电池和锂电池所做成的混合能源。针对无人机动力系统工况的特殊性，本文在基于规则的能量管理策略研究基础上，提出了一种基于燃料电池氢气消耗的动态平衡能量管理策略，使燃料电池和辅助电源的能量消耗处于相对平衡的状态，避免了其中一种电源能量先耗尽的情况，可以满足多种工况的变化，提高了混合电源的能量利用率和稳定性，保证了无人机动力系统的可靠性。通过仿真分析结果证明了可行性，最后设计了能量管理系统的硬件并进行了实验验证，通过对实验结果计算分析验证了该能量管理策略的可行性。     

Utilisation of turboelectric distribution propulsion in commercial aviation: A review on NASA’s TeDP concept

Emissions produced by the aviation industry are currently a severe environmental threat; therefore, aviation agencies and governments have set emission targets and formulated plans to restrict emissions within the next decade. Hybrid aircraft technology is being considered to meet these targets. The importance of these technologies lies in their advancements in terms of aircraft life cycles and environmental benignity. Owing to these advancements, hybrid electric systems with more than one power source have become promising for the aviation industry, considering that the growth of air traffic is projected to double in the next decade. Hybrid technologies have given future hybrid fans and motor-fan engines potential as alternative power generators. Herein, Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion (TeDP) is discussed in terms of power distribution and power sources. The fundamentals of turbofan and turboshaft engines are presented along with their electricity-generation mechanism. TeDP is discussed from a design viewpoint, with a detailed discussion of different types of hybrid electric and turboelectric systems. Examples of proposed TeDP aircraft models and numerical modelling tools used to simulate the performance of TeDP models are reviewed. Finally, innovative turboelectric systems in which electric power savers and mechanical gear changers have been discarded for weight optimisation are presented along with other prospective models, engines, approaches, and architectures. The findings of this review indicate the knowledge gaps in the field of numerical modelling for NASA’s TeDP and its capability to increase the efficiency by up to 24% with a 50% reduction in emissions relative to those of conventional gas turbines.     

大型客机气动设计综述

中国大型客机研制过程中追求"三减，四性"：减阻、减重、减排，安全性、经济性、舒适性、环保性。中国大型客机采用翼下常规布局形式，放宽静稳定技术，发动机选用CFM公司Leapx-1C发动机，这对气动设计技术在工程适用性上提出了极高的要求。大型客机是中国第1架完全自主知识产权民用飞机，本文综述了其设计过程中采用的先进气动优化设计方法、CFD分析和充分的风洞试验验证，说明了超临界机翼设计、高效增升装置设计、飞机/发动机一体化设计、尾翼设计、翼梢小翼设计和部件精细化减阻设计技术，能实现大型客机的减阻应用设计。研究表明，中国大型客机在气动设计水平和设计方法上取得了一系列的进展和突破，实现了设计具有较强竞争力的先进民用飞机的目标。     

中国电动飞机技术创新与实践观点

电动飞机极大地提高了飞机的环保性、舒适性、维修性和经济性，是航空工业未来的发展方向。电动飞机应具备高气动效率、高推进效率、高结构效率、高能量密度，以提高航时。"十三五"期间，中国已完成2机首飞，2机取证。"十四五"期间，电动飞机研发应该以高功率高效率电推进系统为研发重点，以混合电推进系列飞机为研发核心，以现有新能源型号全寿命保障体系研究为关键，以拓展新型电动飞行器研发和标准构建为目标。     

小型电动无人机航程航时估算模型

小型电动无人机通常采用锂电池、无刷电机和螺旋桨组成能源动力系统,飞行过程中锂电池的实际工作电压发生变化,但飞机的总重量不变,其航程航时的估算方法与传统的燃油飞机有所不同。为了准确评估动力系统对飞机设计的影响,建立了以锂电池为动力的电动飞机推进系统模型,通过与实验数据比较,验证了各部分模型的准确性。利用该动力系统模型,对某款小型电动无人机进行了航程和航时估算,结果表明本文的建模方法准确有效,航程航时估算接近实验数据,可作为小型电动无人机设计的重要参考。     

飞机的电动力系统技术概述

电动力系统是一种使用电能的新型飞机推进系统,具有环境友好、高效节能等优点,有望推动飞机实现革命性发展。本文介绍太阳电池、锂离子电池、燃料电池、电机等关键部件／子系统技术的现状、关键技术,并给出统计数据;重点分析了电动力系统的设计技术,包括蓄电池（锂电池）、太阳电池和燃料电池三种纯电动力系统以及基于活塞动力和基于电动力两...     

基于多电飞机的先进供电技术研究

阐述了多电飞机的特征,对多电飞机供电系统先进技术进行了研究,探讨了基于多电飞机的电气系统结构、电源系统、配电系统、负载自动管理技术等。     

Morphing wing flaps for large civil aircraft: Evolution of a smart technology across the Clean Sky program

Morphing wing structures are widely considered among the most promising technologies for the improvement of aerodynamic performances in large civil aircraft. The controlled adaptation of the wing shape to external operative conditions naturally enables the maximization of aircraft aerodynamic efficiency, with positive fallouts on the amount of fuel burned and pollutant emissions. The benefits brought by morphing wings at aircraft level are accompanied by the criticalities of the enabling technologies, mainly involving weight penalties, overconsumption of electrical power, and safety issues. The attempt to solve such criticalities passes through the development of novel design approaches, ensuring the consolidation of reliable structural solutions that are adequately mature for certification and in-flight operations. In this work, the development phases of a multimodal camber morphing wing flap, tailored for large civil aircraft applications, are outlined with specific reference to the activities addressed by the author in the framework of the Clean Sky program.The flap is morphed according to target shapes depending on aircraft flight conditions and defined to enhance high-lift performances during takeoff and landing, as well as wing aerodynamic efficiency during cruise. An innovative system based on finger-like robotic ribs driven by electromechanical actuators is proposed as morphing-enabling technology; the maturation process of the device is then traced from the proof of concept to the consolidation of a true-scale demonstrator for pre-flight ground validation tests. A step-by-step approach involving the design and testing of intermediate demonstrators is then carried out to show the compliance of the adaptive system with industrial standards and safety requirements. The technical issues encountered during the development of each intermediate demonstrator are critically analyzed, and justifications are provided for all the adopted engineering solutions. Finally, the layout of the true-scale demonstrator is presented, with emphasis on the architectural strengths, enabling the forthcoming validation in real operative conditions.     

新能源电动飞机发展与挑战

发展绿色航空是人类社会形成的基本共识,新能源电动飞机为实现彻底的绿色航空提供了一条光明的技术途径。简述了航空对环境的影响、电在飞机上的应用及电动飞机的发展历程,对新能源电动飞机的能源分类、电推进系统及其总体效率进行了研究,重点针对载人轻型运动飞机,分析了电动飞机的发展现状、特征以及能源需求,通过对电池作为能源的载人电动飞机的航程和极限航程研究,提出了电池能量密度提升和性能改进、高升阻比空气动力设计、低成本轻质高效复合材料结构设计与制造、高效率电推进系统设计与集成等电动飞机发展面临的挑战,给出了应大力发展电动飞机的建议和本领域未来的研究方向。     

燃料电池轻型飞机起飞质量估算方法

为应对全球能源危机和环境污染问题,航空界将电动飞机作为研究的热点之一。燃料电池飞机在飞行过程中飞机质量基本保持不变,使得燃料电池飞机在起飞质量估算方法上和传统动力飞机相比,具有不同特点。本文通过引入推进系统系数等参数,建立了燃料电池飞机各部分质量系数的确定及飞机起飞质量的估算过程,并为后续机型的研制提供参考。     

Review of hybrid electric powered aircraft,its conceptual design and energy management methodologies

The paper overviews the state-of-art of aircraft powered by hybrid electric propulsion systems. The research status of the design and energy management of hybrid aircraft and hybrid propulsion systems are further reviewed. The first contribution of the review is to demonstrate that, in the context of relatively underdeveloped electrical storage technologies, the study of mid-scale hybrid aircraft can contribute the most to both theoretical and practical knowledge. Meanwhile, the profits and potential drawbacks of applying hybrid propulsion to mid-scale hybrid airplanes have not been thoroughly illustrated. Secondly, as summed in the overview of design methodologies, the multi-objective optimization transcends the single-objective one. The potential of the hybrid propulsion system can be thoroughly evaluated in only one optimization run, if several objectives optimized simultaneously. Yet there are few researches covering the conceptual design of hybrid aircraft using multi-objective optimization. The review of the most popular energy management strategies discloses the third research gap—current methodologies favoured in hybrid ground vehicles do not consider the aircraft safety. Additionally, both non-causal and causal energy management are needed for performing a complicated flight mission with several sub-tasks.     

分布式电推进飞机设计技术综述

分布式电推进系统利用电力驱动多个推进器作为飞机的动力装置,在提升飞机气动效率、载运能力、环保性和鲁棒性等方面蕴藏着可供人们挖掘和利用的巨大潜能,被广泛认为是一种航空领域的颠覆性技术。本文在对电动飞机的优势和不足,电推进系统的尺度独立性以及分布式电推进飞机分类进行初步研究之后,重点从飞机工程设计的专业划分角度出发,分别从飞机总体设计、气动设计、结构设计、系统及支持设施设计等学科对分布式电推进飞机设计技术的研究情况和学术进展进行综述。随着电池能量密度、电机及控制器功率密度的不断提升以及相关机载电气设备的小型化和轻量化,分布式电推进通用飞机基本具备按需航空市场化能力,尽管仍存在一些挑战,但该技术为未来飞机设计提供了更多的权衡空间与可能性。     

大型民用飞机应急放油系统适航符合性要求研究

为了确保飞机在起飞后就出现飞机故障或紧急事件的情况下,能具有快速返场着陆能力,并尽可能降低应急着陆对飞机和飞机维护的影响,大型民用飞机通常需要安装应急放油系统,以实现快速空中放油。通过研究对大型民用飞机应急放油系统适航条款的要求,总结了民用飞机应急放油系统适航要求的立法背景,以及适航条款要求的演变历史和原因,并分析了具体的适航要求及相应的符合性验证方法,对民用飞机应急放油系统适航验证有一定借鉴和指导意义。