前、后体构型对全机气动特性影响的研究

本文以三翼面局为载体，着重介绍了改善低速大迎角纵横向气动性能的措施；给出了机头，前升力面，后升力面及立尾等部件的气动布局设计特征及参数规律；指出带前翼延伸边条的前体布置和中等后体边条／大后掠小平尾／后体边条上双立尾的后体布局是既有利于改善低速大迎角性能又有利于减小超音速阻力的布局形式。     

正常式飞机方案边条立尾选型实验研究

本文介绍了93方案的边条又一次精选，得到了满意的新边条，为提高大攻角下横航向气动特性，对93方案的双立尾改动设计加工了三种立尾和一个下反平尾共四种方案，在FL-1风洞中完成了实验选择和分析，认为原立尾向前移的方案是较满意的布局。采用新边条、双立尾前移和弯扭（机翼、所构成的正常式布局方案，其模型实验表现出良好的全机纵横向气动特性，全面满足第四代歼击机气动设计要求，是一个难得的好布局。     

可变弯尾飞行器布局气动特性分析

本文研究了可变弯尾飞行器的气动布局设计问题，并计算分析了此类飞行器的气动特性，提出了气动设计的关键问题。可变弯尾飞行器具有结构简单、气动热环境良好、气动控制独特、机动范围可调等特点，是高超声速飞行器实现机动飞行的有效途径。弯尾部分产生的铰链力矩是此类飞行器的设计关键。通过研究分析器的质心位置、弯尾部分的尾长和弯尾角的相互关系，获得了使铰链力矩在飞行器较大配平范围内保持可接受程度的可变弯尾飞行器气动布局。     

无尾飞翼气动布局是UCAV总体设计的最佳选择

从我国UCAV使用要求(作战模式)出发，分析了四个突出的设计特点，并且阐述了无尾飞翼气动布局的固有优势，最后得出无尾飞翼气动布局是我国UCAV总体设计方案的最佳选择。同时分析了无尾飞翼气动布局的主要问题及其解决途径，设计思想符合航空飞行器设计规律。     

变前掠翼气动布局纵向性能研究

发展和改进了一种变前掠翼气动布局及其设计思想,设计了集战斗和轰炸于一体的通用任务模式,并根据设计指标和翼身融合技术初步设计了变翼几何外形。采用N-S方程计算了该几何外形不同构型的纵向气动性能,分析了机翼前掠角对不同任务模式下纵向气动性能的影响。结果表明,变前掠翼气动布局可通过改变机翼前掠角来获取最佳纵向气动性能。     

航天飞机的气动问题

本文首先分析了各种航天飞机方案的气动要求,讨论了总体方案对气动外形的影响。接着根据美国航天飞机的飞行试验结果,研讨了研制航天飞机必须要解决的气动力和气动热问题。重点分析了风洞试验数据和飞行试验数据之间存在明显差别的原因。最后,对在我国开展航天飞机的气动研究和试验工作提出了建议。     

联接翼气动／结构协同优化设计

联接翼是一种将前翼和后翼连接在一起的飞行器布局形式。针对联接翼气动／结构一体化的布局概念，通过结构有限元参数化建模、结构优化、试验设计和响应面模型技术，采用基于响应面的协同优化算法对其进行了气动与结构一体化设计，所获计算结果对大展弦比联接翼飞机构型初步设计具有参考价值。     

某民机尾翼布局对全机稳定性影响分析

利用CFD手段,对下单翼尾吊布局民机的两种不同尾翼布局形式进行计算,分析两种不同尾翼布局对全机的纵向、航向稳定性的影响,结果表明,对于下单翼尾吊布局的民机,气动上"T"型尾翼布局更具优势。     

低RCS飞行器外形设计实践

 在鸭式布局的基础上 ,对飞行器各部件及部件间的连接方式进行了外形隐身设计。对初步形成的鸭翼 -翼身融合体改变机身头部形状和立尾配置等进行 RCS优化。给出了飞行器各种状态下的 RCS平均值和迎头± 45°区内的 RCS值。测试结果表明 ,尖头机身、 30°双立尾 (立尾与垂直平面成± 30°角 )的鸭翼 -翼身融合体的 RCS值最小。对 RCS优化后的外形 ,风洞测力试验表明其气动性能也较好 (最大升阻比达到 8,失速迎角超过 2 6°)     

肋条布局对涡轮动叶凹槽状叶顶传热和气动性能的影响研究

为提高凹槽状叶顶气热性能,探究肋条布局对凹槽状叶顶间隙腔室内旋涡的调控作用和降低传热系数与气动损失的作用机制,采用数值求解三维Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)方程和k-ω湍流模型的方法研究了肋条布局对涡轮动叶凹槽状叶顶传热和气动性能的影响。基于GE-E~3涡轮级动叶凹槽状叶顶结构,在叶顶凹槽腔室内沿中弧线等间距设计了全肋条布局、吸力侧半肋条布局、压力侧半肋条结构和凹槽尾缘半肋条结构共4种肋条布局。数值模拟动叶叶顶传热系数分布与实验数据对比,验证了所采用的数值方法和湍流模型的有效性。结果表明:凹槽尾缘半肋条布局的叶顶平均传热系数比凹槽状叶顶结构、全肋条布局、吸力侧半肋条和压力侧半肋条布局分别低了11.3%,3.1%,11.3%和2.8%;压力侧半肋条布局与凹槽尾缘半肋条布局的动叶出口截面总压损失系数相近,比凹槽状叶顶结构、全肋条布局和吸力侧半肋条布局分别减小了1.4%,2.7%和4.0%。肋条布局能够有效降低凹槽状叶顶间隙腔室内的旋涡强度,减少叶片的气动损失;同时上游凹槽腔室强度较弱的旋涡通过凹槽尾缘半肋条布局进入下游凹槽腔室,降低了尾缘区域的传热系数。凹槽尾缘半肋条布局的动叶叶顶具有最佳的气热性能。     

民用飞机控制律对偏航机动载荷影响分析

飞机机动过程中方向舵快速大幅偏转会使方向舵和垂尾上产生较大气动载荷并传递到后机身,导致 驾驶员来回往复蹬舵造成安全事故。针对 CCAR-25部25.351条规定的偏航机动情况及 CS-25部25.353规定的偏航机动新条款——方向舵往复偏转,本文首先对两种偏航机动条款分别进行分析;然后考虑控制律进行 偏航机动情况机动仿真计算;最后通过比较分析飞机响应运动参数及垂尾载荷计算结果,并分析控制律对偏航 机动载荷的影响。结果表明:对于偏航机动,考虑控制律后飞机的响应幅度有所缓减,导致垂尾载荷有所降低; 对于偏航机动新条款,由于方向舵反向偏转导致侧滑角贡献和方向舵偏度贡献垂尾载荷两者叠加,从而导致垂 尾载荷大幅增加;P-Beta控制律有效降低了方向舵往复偏转的垂尾载荷。     

小型无副翼电动无人机横航向特性研究

通过理论计算,定量地研究了小型无副翼电动无人机的横航向操稳特性,对不同机翼上反角和垂尾面积进行了横航向模态特性计算与分析。通过模型飞行试验,对计算结果进行了验证,对横向和航向静稳定性进行了匹配,使飞机可以在无副翼的情况下通过方向舵较容易地进行横航向的控制,并具有良好的横航向操稳特性。     

Fluid dynamics of unsteady separated flow. Part II. Lifting surfaces

In the quest for increased maneuverability advanced aircraft have to operate at high angles of attack where the aerodynamics are dominated by the effects of separated flow. Likewise, winged space vehicles, such as the space shuttle orbiter, also fly at high incidence during re-entry in order to restrict heating to the windward side, thereby minimizing heat shield requirements. Thus, the vehicle designer needs to be able to assess what effects the separated flow will have, especially on the vehicle dynamics, as these effects are often adverse and always of large magnitude relative to the attached flow aerodynamics. In spite of rapid development of computational means, purely theoretical methods for prediction of the effect of separated flow on rigid and elastic vehicle dynamics are not presently available, and will not be for some time. To compound the problem for the vehicle designer, dynamic simulation in an experiment requires the testing to be performed at full scale Reynolds number. The present paper shows a practical solution to this dilemma. An analytic method is described that uses static experimental data to predict the separated flow effect on rigid and elastic vehicle dynamics. Key parameters in the analytic relationship between steady and non-steady aerodynamics are the following: (1) The time lag occurring before a change of flow conditions can affect the separation-induced aerodynamic loads. (2) The accelerated flow effect, i.e. the pressure gradient lag relative to the static aerodynamic characteristics. (3) The moving wall effect, i.e. the effect of the non-steady boundary condition at the vehicle surface. Using the existing experimental data base an analytic theory is formulated that can predict the separation-induced unsteady aerodynamics if the static characteristics are known from theory or experiment.     

两种有翼飞行器高超声速动态气动特性的对比实验研究

采用模型自由飞技术在脉冲型高超声速风洞中测量了两种类航天飞机外形模型的腐爷阻尼导数，两种模型具有十分接近的外形特征尺寸和投影面积，但机身和机翼的剖面则片此各不相同，实验在名义马赫数M∞＝6.4条件下进行，同一名义实验条件下的重复实验显示一致的运动形态和接近的动导数测量结果。气动参数辨识采用最大似然法，对风沿实验准定常试验时间中模型的平面运动以线性气动参数模型辨识得到它们的俯3仰阻尼导数。结果提产两种外形有差异的模型呈现迥然不同的动态气动特性：带OMS舱的航天飞机仿真模型具有动态稳定性，而简化外形的类航天飞机模型则为动不稳定，虽然对导致这种极大差异的直接物理原因还有待深入研究，但实验揭示了动稳定性对模型外形细节的敏感性。     

Detumbling and reorientation maneuvers and stabilization of NASASCOLE system

The questions of rotational maneuver and vibration stabilization of the NASA Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) system is considered. The mathematical model of the SCOLE system includes the rigid body dynamics as well as the elastic dynamics representing transverse and torsional deformations of the elastic beam connecting the orbiter and end body (reflector). For the rotational maneuver, a new control law (orbiter control law) is derived using an orbiter input torque vector. Detumbling and reorientation maneuvers of the SCOLE system are accomplished using this control law; however, this excites the elastic modes of the beam. The orbiter control law asymptotically linearizes the flexible dynamics. Using the linearized model, a linear feedback control law is designed for vibration suppression. An observer is designed for estimating the state variables using sensor outputs which are also used for the synthesis of the control law. Simulation results are presented to show that in the closed-loop system detumbling and reorientation maneuvers can be accomplished and the effect of control and observation spillover is insignificant     

新控制技术与第二代航天飞机

 本文介绍了美国航天飞机的概貌,并指出第二代航天飞机的主要特征是水平起降,要实现水平起降,除了要解决动力装置这个关键问题外,必须采用新的控制技术。本文着重分析新控制技术在实现第二代航天飞机中所起的关键作用,可大大减轻航天飞机的自重。     

Space: where are we headed?

In a new column, the author reviews NASA space activities since the beginning of 2003 and looks at plans for the future. Topics include the Space Shuttle Columbia, what's in store for the International Space Station (ISS), the development of an orbital space plane, orbiter safety upgrades, and the future of space exploration and research beyond the ISS. He presents arguments for sending astronauts to asteroids, the Moon, and Mars.     

适合航天飞机应用的星体跟踪器

本文推导了航天飞机采用新型探测器件——电荷耦合器件CCD（ChargeCoupled DeVices）组成的星体跟踪器进行姿态稳定的公式。并提供一种适合航天飞机应用的星体跟踪器原理样机。     

激光等离子体航天推进

 本文综述了用脉冲激光等离子体发生器为航天推进动力的可能方案。由外燃式推力器起飞,磁流体风扇升空,等离子体火箭加速。发射同样的有效载荷入轨,起飞重量只及目前航天飞机的1/20,携带燃料只需目前的1/40。先进的航天飞机将加速太阳能站和整个国民经济的发展。     

Leasecraft: An Innovative Space Vehicle

The Leasecraft system is an innovative means to provide a permanent mobile platform in low Earth orbit and the related launch, integration, test, operation, and in-orbit servicing for payloads of industrial and government users. The Leasecraft system is being funded and developed by Fairchild Industries and furthers the industrialization of space with its significant business potential. The technology and techniques underlying this venture are derived from the shuttle compatible multimission modular spacecraft (presently used for the NASA solar maximum mission and Landsat-D/D' mission) and the upcoming demonstration of shuttle repair to be performed on the solar maximum satellite in the first quarter of 1984. Leasecraft can be identified as a system, comprising a low orbit space platform, an operations control center, user accommodations, and services such as payload interfaces, documentation, and ground support equipment and procedures. The combination of these elements facilitates the use of the space environment by both the space and nonspace oriented user. Early potential applications of Leasecraft include the processing of pharmaceuticals and materials, satellite-aided search and rescue, data collection, and support of NASA's astrophysics programs. Initial assessments made concerning the benefits to users and the cost of providing these benefits indicates that Leasecraft can provide needed services at very competitive rates. The leasing arrangement is cost effective as compared with present spacecraft platform development and cost assessment techniques.