厚板铝合金静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊热过程及受力状态数值分析

基于Deform–3D软件建立了12mm板厚6061–T6铝合金静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接(Stationary Shoulder Friction Stir Welding,SSFSW)过程热力耦合数值模型,探讨了焊接工艺对SSFSW温度场、热循环及受力状态的影响规律。计算结果表明:焊接转速增加50%将引起焊核最高温度增加21.6%以上;焊接速度增加50%分别导致高温停留时间和冷却时间降低50%和60%以上;对给定转速1000~1500r/min及焊接速度100~150mm/min范围,静止轴肩的轴向力为28.2~24.3kN,前进阻力为17.4~15.3kN,焊接转速增加50%其轴向压力降低13.8%,焊接速度增加50%其前进阻力增加13.7%;搅拌针扭矩最高值在27.3~25N·m范围。上述数值模拟结果为厚板铝合金SSFSW搅拌工具设计及工艺优化提供重要理论依据。     

复合材料在商用发动机作动系统中的应用分析

先进飞机及其发动机的需求是复合材料发展的强大推动力。基于复合材料的特点以及在航空中的应用情况,提出了发动机作动系统对复合材料的需求。根据商用发动机作动系统的定义与范围,详细论述了该系统未来发展方向对复合材料的应用需求。通过对比分析复合材料在国内外发动机作动系统中的应用现状,提出了钛基复合材料、Si C复合材料、变形记忆合金复合材料、压电功能复合材料等先进复合材料的应用发展方向,为中国商用发动机作动技术的发展提供相关建议。     

桨叶结构裂纹损伤检测和剩余寿命评估方法

研究了一种基于力残差向量的桨叶结构损伤检测和剩余寿命评估方法,从桨叶有限元模型出发构造了一种节点力残差向量,分析力残差向量可确定损伤位置和损伤程度。引入裂纹单元模型将损伤的大小量化为等效裂纹长度,桨叶结构损伤用等效裂纹大小表示。从腐蚀疲劳断裂理论出发,建立了损伤扩展模型,得到了桨叶结构剩余寿命估计曲线。最后,通过实例验证了方法的可行性和有效性。     

PCBN刀具切削高温合金切削力试验分析

近些年来,航空制造业的巨大进步推动了高温合金,特别是镍基高温合金的高速发展。高温合金材料的难加工问题是目前制造业的难点,其在切削过程中存在切削力大、切削温度高等现象,直接影响到工件加工表面质量和刀具使用寿命等,因此对切削力进行测量和分析是研究高温合金切削加工的有效途径。探究PCBN刀具切削高温合金切削力变化规律,首先阐述高温合金的材料特性及加工特点;其次设计并进行单因素和正交试验,探讨负倒棱对切削力的作用和影响规律,建立切削高温合金切削力预测模型;最后实现预测模型的优化,并与试验数据对比验证,为高温合金工艺参数优化起到参考和借鉴作用。     

数字化组合式大力值校准系统的研制

为了满足对大力值(20 MN左右)的测量和校准,开发了一套数字化组合式大力值校准装置。其最大量程可达24 MN,系统测量准确度为0.1%,适合于大型材料试验机的校准和检定。本文详细介绍了装置的组成结构、弹性体设计、贴片和组桥方式、数字化的方法以及与计算机的通信实现。     

Active and passive compliant force control of ultrasonic surface rolling process on a curved surface

Ultrasonic surface rolling process(USRP) is one of the effective mechanical surface enhancement techniques. During the USRP, unstable static force will easily do harm to the surface quality. In order to achieve a higher surface quality on the part with a curved surface, an active and passive compliant USRP system has been developed. The compliant USRP tool can produce the natural obedience deformation along the part surface. Force control based on the fuzzy Proportional-integral-derivative(PID) ...     

Grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient in MQL grinding of high-temperature nickel-base alloy by using different vegetable oils as base oil

Vegetable oil can be used as a base oil in minimal quantity of lubrication(MQL). This study compared the performances of MQL grinding by using castor oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, and palm oil as base oils. A K-P36 numerical-control precision surface grinder was used to perform plain grinding on a workpiece material with a high-temperature nickel base alloy. A YDM–III 99 three-dimensional dynamometer was used to measure grinding force,and a clip-type thermocouple was used to determine grinding temperature. The grinding force, grinding temperature, and energy ratio coefficient of MQL grinding were compared among the seven vegetable oil types. Results revealed that(1) castor oil-based MQL grinding yields the lowest grinding force but exhibits the highest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(2) palm oil-based MQL grinding generates the second lowest grinding force but shows the lowest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(3) MQL grinding based on the five other vegetable oils produces similar grinding forces, grinding temperatures, and energy ratio coefficients, with values ranging between those of castor oil and palm oil;(4) viscosity significantly influences grinding force and grinding temperature to a greater extent than fatty acid varieties and contents in vegetable oils;(5) although more viscous vegetable oil exhibits greater lubrication and significantly lower grinding force than less viscous vegetable oil, high viscosity reduces the heat exchange capability of vegetable oil and thus yields a high grinding temperature;(6) saturated fatty acid is a more efficient lubricant than unsaturated fatty acid; and(7) a short carbon chain transfers heat more effectively than a long carbon chain. Palm oil is the optimum base oil of MQL grinding, and this base oil yields 26.98 N tangential grinding force,87.10 N normal grinding force, 119.6 °C grinding temperature, and 42.7% energy ratio coefficient.     

钛合金零件钻削过程仿真与试验研究

钛合金被广泛用于航空工业中,譬如民用飞机吊挂滑轨等典型结构的制造。钛合金作为难加工材料,通常使用钻削的方法进行加工,不同的钻削参数对应不同的钻削温度和钻削力,而钻削温度和钻削力对加工精度影响较大。为使加工参数和加工精度得到很好地匹配,借助Deform 3D有限元仿真软件建立了钛合金热应力耦合有限元模型,通过软件仿真研究钛合金滑轨在加工过程中的钻削力以及钻削温度。首先,对钻头和钛合金试件进行网格划分。其次,建立材料本构模型和切屑分离标准,使用仿真软件得到加工过程的钻削力和钻削温度。最后,采用试验方法获取钻削温度和钻削力,与仿真结果进行对比。结果表明:仿真结果与试验较为吻合,仿真能输出有效的钻削力和钻削温度。     

铁电材料研究进展及其在飞行器上的应用

铁电材料是具有驱动和传感 2种功能的机敏材料,可以块材、膜材 (薄膜和厚膜 )和复合材料等多种形式应用,在微电子机械和智能材料与结构系统中具有广阔的潜在应用市场。近年来铁电陶瓷材料获得很大发展,例如弛豫型铁电陶瓷,反铁电 -铁电相变型铁电陶瓷都取得了实际应用。铁电材料中大应变弛豫型铁电单晶材料研制成功,是近 50年来取得的突破性进展。主要介绍了智能材料与结构相关的铁电材料特点及其在飞行器上的应用前景     

Macro-phenomenological high-strain-rate elastic fracture model for ice-impact simulations

The ice impact can cause a severe damage to an aircraft’s exposed structure, thus, requiring its prevention. The numerical simulation represents an effective method to overcome this challenge. The establishment of the ice material model is critical. However, ice is not a common structural material and exhibits an extremely complex material behavior. The material models of ice reported so far are not able to accurately simulate the ice behavior at high strain rates. This study proposes a novel high-precision macro-phenomenological elastic fracture model based on the brittle behavior of ice at high strain rates. The developed model has been compared with five reported models by using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method so as to simulate the ice-impact process with respect to the impact speeds and ice shapes. The important metrics and phenomena (impact force history, deformation and fragmentation of the ice projectile and deflection of the target) were compared with the experimental data reported in the literature. The findings obtained from the developed model are observed to be most consistent with the experimental data, which demonstrates that the model represents the basic physics and phenomena governing the ice impact at high strain rates. The developed model includes a relatively fewer number of material parameters. Further, the used parameters have a clear physical meaning and can be directly obtained through experiments. Moreover, no adjustment of any material parameter is needed, and the consumption duration is also acceptable. These advantages indicate that the developed model is suitable for simulating the ice-impact process and can be applied for the anti-ice impact design in aviation.     

Analytical model of cutting force in axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB2/7050Al PRMMCs

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling has been widely applied in machining the difficult-to-cut materials owing to the remarkable improvements in reducing the cutting force. However, analytical models to reveal the mechanism and predict the cutting force of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling metal matrix composites are still needed to be developed. In this paper, an analytical model of cutting force was established for ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. During modeling, change of motion of the cutting tool, contact of tool-chip-workpiece and acceleration of the chip caused by ultrasonic vibration was considered based on equivalent oblique cutting model. Meanwhile, material properties, tool geometry, cutting parameters and vibration parameters were taken into consideration. Furthermore, the developed analytical force model was validated with and without ultrasonic vibration milling experiments on in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. The predicted cutting forces show to be consistent well with the measured cutting forces. Besides, the relative error of instantaneous maximum forces between the predicted and measured data is from 0.4% to 15.1%. The analytical model is significant for cutting force prediction not only in ultrasonic-vibration assisted milling but also in conventional milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites, which was proved with general applicability.     

TC4钛合金高速外圆磨削表面完整性实验

为充分发挥钛合金的优良性能,以TC4为研究对象进行高速外圆磨削实验,分析外圆磨削工艺参数对工件表面完整性的影响规律。结果表明:工件亚表面未出现变质层;随着砂轮线速度提高,表面质量提高;随着工件转速提高,表面划痕明显;随着磨削深度增加,出现表面烧伤现象,并且磨削深度对表面完整性的影响程度最大;磨削力与磨削温度对表面硬度的影响是正相关的,且磨削力对表面硬度的影响程度较大。因此可以通过选择合理的工艺参数来保证较大的材料去除率与较好的工件表面质量,为TC4钛合金高速外圆磨削提供指导。     

超燃冲压发动机典型部件热防护

通过在电弧加热器上的试验考核,对进气道唇口前缘、注油支杆等发动机典型被动热防护部件的材料选择和热结构设计进行了研究.发展了主动冷却燃烧室热结构计算评估方法,将经过试验验证的热分析程序应用于燃烧室主动冷却结构的材料配置研究.材料C1和C2的进气道唇口前缘经过60s试验后情况良好;材料Z1的注油支杆经历50s试验后情况良好;将主动冷却燃烧室热分析计算程序应用于冷却面板试验,温度测量值与计算值最大相差55K,表明计算与试验符合较好,计算程序可为主动冷却燃烧室结构材料配置的设计研究提供可信的参考数据.研究所获得的经验和技术可应用于全流道超燃冲压发动机的设计与验证.      

CFRP/TC4叠层结构钻削仿真与实验研究

为探究CFRP/TC4叠层结构不同叠层顺序下的材料去除过程、两相材料及界面损伤形成机理,建立CFRP/TC4叠层结构钻削的有限元模型,并通过实验获得的轴向力、缺陷类型验证了模型的正确性。研究结果表明,当钻削顺序为CFRP→TC4时,CFRP入口处产生以撕裂型为主的入口分层,CFRP出口处未产生明显的推出分层,但在钻头的持续旋转作用下形成界面分层;当钻削顺序为TC4→CFRP时,当钛合金待切削层厚度较低时,轴向推力超过CFRP层间界面结合强度时产生界面相失效,TC4→CFRP的界面损伤比CFRP→TC4更加严重;TC4→CFRP主要形成以张开型、滑开型裂纹扩展为主的推出分层。     

Astronaut-induced disturbances to the microgravity environment of the Mir Space Station

In preparation for the International Space Station, the Enhanced Dynamic Load Sensors Space Flight Experiment measured the forces and moments astronauts exerted on the Mir Space Station during their daily on-orbit activities to quantify the astronaut-induced disturbances to the microgravity environment during a long-duration space mission. An examination of video recordings of the astronauts moving in the modules and using the instrumented crew restraint and mobility load sensors led to the identification of several typical astronaut motions and the quantification of the associated forces and moments exerted on the spacecraft. For 2806 disturbances recorded by the foot restraints and hand-hold sensor, the highest force magnitude was 137 N. For about 96% of the time, the maximum force magnitude was below 60 N, and for about 99% of the time the maximum force magnitude was below 90 N. For 95% of the astronaut motions, the rms force level was below 9.0 N. It can be concluded that expected astronaut-induced loads from usual intravehicular activity are considerably less than previously thought and will not significantly disturb the microgravity environment.     

基于遗传算法与神经网络微电阻点焊工艺参数优化

文摘微电阻点焊工艺参数的设置对焊点力学性能有着至关重要的作用,通过正交试验极差分析研究了工艺参数对0.05 mm厚TC1箔材焊点剪切力和剥离力的影响程度。通过赋予剪切力和剥离力相应的权值将双优化目标转化为单一的混合优化目标,结合神经网络与遗传算法,对工艺参数进行了优化,建立了基于BP神经网络的焊点力学性能预测模型。结果表明预测模型的误差小于4%,预测模型具有较高的精度和预测能力,可以准确地预测焊点的力学性能。同时通过gatool工具箱对各项工艺参数进行了优化,获得焊接参数的最优组合:焊接电流800 A、电极压力8.89 N、爬坡时间1.608 ms、焊接时间8 ms,混合优化目标为55.73 N。通过与正交试验优化结果对比,遗传算法寻优可以获得更好的综合力学性能。     

基于库伦摩擦效应的箔片轴承极限承载力理论与试验

基于有限单元法建立了考虑库伦摩擦的波箔型径向气体箔片轴承的箔片结构模型,采用有限差分法和有限单元法耦合求解Reynolds方程和气膜厚度方程,通过求解轴颈达到极限偏心率时的轴承极限承载力,研究了箔片结构库伦摩擦效应对轴承极限承载力的影响规律,并搭建了轴承极限承载力测试试验台,利用温度法测量了两个具有不同轴承壳内表面粗糙度的波箔型径向气体箔片轴承的轴承极限承载力.通过对比分析仿真结果与试验结果表明:轴承壳圆柱孔内表面粗糙度为0.4μm的轴承在10000r/min和20000r/min下,轴承极限承载力分别为15.5N和42.3N;而表面粗糙度为1.6μm的轴承极限承载力为10.9N和29.6N,这是由于波纹箔片和轴承壳体之间的库伦摩擦力增大了波纹箔片的刚度,因此增大箔片结构摩擦因数使得轴承极限承载力降低,并且仿真结果变化趋势和试验结果变化趋势吻合.      

Review of theoretical achievements for starting flow problem for all Mach numbers

The typical behavior of unsteady flow and force evolution in a number of applications, such as aero-elastics, gust-wing interaction, flapping flight and flight maneuvering, can be understood using the starting flow model. Starting flow model is obtained either by setting rapidly an angle of attack for a wing moving at constant speed, or by accelerating a wing to a constant speed while gaining an angle of attack. In the limiting case of impulsively starting flow, the wing is assumed to gain suddenly an angle of attack in an initially uniform flow. Theories have been developed for impulsively starting flow at small angle of attack long before and at large angle of attack only recently, especially for incompressible and supersonic flow. This paper intends to provide a state-of-art overview of the typical flow phenomena, force evolution characteristics and developed theories for impulsively starting flow at any angle of attack and for both lower speed flow (vortex dominated) and high speed flow (compressible wave dominated). This review also provides some new topics that deserve further studies.     

DGPS/IMU integration-based geolocation system: Airborne experimental test results

This paper addresses differential global positioning system (DGPS)/inertial measurement unit (IMU) integration-based geolocation system developed for airborne remote sensing cameras. First, we provide a brief review on sensor calibration, alignment and sensor fusion as background material of this research. After presenting those background material, as a main part of this paper we present a geolocation algorithm designed for an airborne imaging system. The geolocation system developed is tested through actual airborne experiments. For the verification of the geolocation system developed, we compare initial stationary states of the airplane before-taking off with states after-landing. From the actual test results, we find that it is critical to do an accurate time synchronization between IMU, DGPS, and airborne images, and to compensate for the data delay occurred during the network transfer.     

高超声速飞行器热防护技术研究进展和趋势分析

热防护技术是决定高超声速飞行器设计成败的关键要素。高超声速飞行器不同部位将承受不同的力、热载荷,需选择不同的热防护方案。以HTV-2、X-37B和NASA的亚轨道运输飞行器为例,系统介绍三类典型高超声速飞行器采用的热防护方案,并揭示了热防护技术的最新进展。未来,材料工艺技术的发展和创新型热防护方案的研发,将进一步提升热防护系统的技术成熟度和适用范围,为各类高超声速飞行器的设计研制提供重要的能力保障。