INVESTIGATION OF UNSTEADY EXCITATION EFFECTS ON AERODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIRFOILS

In this paper, the techniques to manage and control the flow over airfoils by using the external unsteady excitations are investigated. The mechanisms of these excitation effects are also explored. The principal goal of this study is to gain a better understanding and to find the possible ways for enhancing the aerodynamic efficients. The experimental investigations are carried out in two low-speed wind tunnels. The test models are two dimensional airfoils with different section geometries. Four means of excitations have been used in these experiments. (1) The pitch oscillation of the airfoil high-angle-of-attack situation. (2) The moving surface effects of the airfoil with a leading edge rotating cylinder. (3) Oscillating leading edge flaperon. (4) Small oscillating spoiler located near the leading edge of the airfoil. The lift, drag and pitch moment coefficients are measured in these experiments. But, we will put the emphasis only on the "dynamic amplifying effects" on aerodynamic lift in this paper.     

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

Mechanism of unconventional aerodynamic characteristics of an elliptic airfoil

Abstract The aerodynamic characteristics of elliptic airfoil are quite different from the case of conventional airfoil for Reynolds number varying from about 10~4to 10~6.In order to reveal the fundamental mechanism,the unsteady flow around a stationary two-dimensional elliptic airfoil with 16%relative thickness has been simulated using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the γ-Reθt transition turbulence model at different angles of attack for flow Reynolds number of 5×10~5.The aerodynamic coefficients and the pressure distribution obtained by computation are in good agreement with experimental data,which indicates that the numerical method works well.Through this study,the mechanism of the unconventional aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil is analyzed and discussed based on the computational predictions coupled with the wind tunnel results.It is considered that the boundary layer transition at the leading edge and the unsteady flow separation vortices at the trailing edge are the causes of the case.Furthermore,a valuable insight into the physics of how the flow behavior affects the elliptic airfoil’s aerodynamics is provided.     

Experimental investigations for parametric effects of dual synthetic jets on delaying stall of a thick airfoil

A promising strategy of synthetic jet arrays(SJA) control for NACA0021 airfoil in preventing flow separation and delaying stall is investigated. Through aerodynamic forces, flowfield and velocity profiles measurements, it indicates that the synthetic jet(SJ) could enlarge the mixing of the shear layer and then enhance the stability of boundary layer, resulting in scope reduction of the flow separation zone. Furthermore, the control effects of dual jet arrays positioned at 15%c(Actuator 1) and 40%c(Actuator 2) respectively are systematically investigated with different jet parameters, such as two typical relative phase angles and various incline angles of the jet. The jet closer to the leading edge of airfoil is more advantageous in delaying the stall of airfoil, and overall,the flow control performances of jet arrays are better than those of single actuator. At the angle of attack(Ao A) just approaching and larger than the stall Ao A, jet array with 180° phase difference could increase the lift coefficient more significantly and prevent flow separation. When momentum coefficient of the jet arrays is small, a larger jet angle of Actuator 2 is more effective in improving the maximum lift coefficient of airfoil. With a larger momentum coefficient of jet array, a smaller jet angle of Actuator 2 is more effective.     

Experimental study of ice accretion effects on aerodynamic performance of an NACA 23012 airfoil

In this paper,the effects of icing on an NACA 23012 airfoil have been studied.Experiments were applied on the clean airfoil,runback ice,horn ice,and spanwise ridge ice at a Reynolds number of 0.6 106 over angles of attack from 8° to 20°,and then results are compared.Generally,it is found that ice accretion on the airfoil can contribute to formation of a flow separation bubble on the upper surface downstream from the leading edge.In addition,it is made clear that spanwise ridge ice provides the greatest negative effect on the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil.In this case,the stall angle drops about 10° and the maximum lift coefficient reduces about50% which is hazardous for an airplane.While horn ice leads to a stall angle drop of about 4° and a maximum lift coefficient reduction to 21%,runback ice has the least effect on the flow pattern around the airfoil and the aerodynamic coefficients so as the stall angle decreases 2° and the maximum lift reduces about 8%.     

Numerical analysis and optimization of boundary layer suction on airfoils

Numerical approach of hybrid laminar flow control(HLFC) is investigated for the suction hole with a width between 0.5 mm and 7 mm. The accuracy of Menter and Langtry’s transition model applied for simulating the flow with boundary layer suction is validated. The experiment data are compared with the computational results. The solutions show that this transition model can predict the transition position with suction control accurately. A well designed laminar airfoil is selected in the present research. For suction control with a single hole, the physical mechanism of suction control, including the impact of suction coefficient and the width and position of the suction hole on control results, is analyzed. The single hole simulation results indicate that it is favorable for transition delay and drag reduction to increase the suction coefficient and set the hole position closer to the trailing edge properly. The modified radial basis function(RBF) neural network and the modified differential evolution algorithm are used to optimize the design for suction control with three holes. The design variables are suction coefficient, hole width, hole position and hole spacing. The optimization target is to obtain the minimum drag coefficient. After optimization,the transition delay can be up to 17% and the aerodynamic drag coefficient can decrease by 12.1%.     

Effects of coarse riblets on air flow structures over a slender delta wing using particle image velocimetry

This research investigates the aerodynamic performance and flow characteristics of a delta wing with 65° sweep angle and with coarse axial riblets,and then compares with that of a smooth-surface delta wing.Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)were utilized to visualize the flow over the wing at 6 cross-sections upright to the wing surface and parallel to the wing span,as well as 3 longitudinal sections on the leading edge,symmetry plane,and a plane between them at Angles of Attack(AOA)=20°and 30°and Re=1.2×10~5,2.4×10~5,and 3.6×10~5.The effects of the riblets were studied on the vortices diameter,vortex breakdown location,vortices distance from the wing surface,flow lines pattern nearby the wing,circulation distribution,and separation.The results show that the textured model has a positive effect on some of the parameters related to drag reduction and lift increase.The riblets increase the flow momentum near the wing’s upper surface except near the apex.They also increase the flow momentum behind the wing.     

Numerical study of aerodynamic characteristics of FSW aircraft with different wing positions under supersonic condition

This paper investigates the influence of forward-swept wing(FSW) positions on the aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft under supersonic condition(Ma = 1.5). The numerical method based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS) equations, Spalart–Allmaras(S–A) turbulence model and implicit algorithm is utilized to simulate the flow field of the aircraft. The aerodynamic parameters and flow field structures of the horizontal tail and the whole aircraft are presented. The results demonstrate that the spanwise flow of FSW flows from the wingtip to the wing root, generating an upper wing surface vortex and a trailing edge vortex nearby the wing root.The vortexes generated by FSW have a strong downwash effect on the tail. The lower the vertical position of FSW, the stronger the downwash effect on tail. Therefore, the effective angle of attack of tail becomes smaller. In addition, the lift coefficient, drag coefficient and lift–drag ratio of tail decrease, and the center of pressure of tail moves backward gradually. For the whole aircraft,the lower the vertical position of FSW, the smaller lift, drag and center of pressure coefficients of aircraft. The closer the FSW moves towards tail, the bigger pitching moment and center of pressure coefficients of the whole aircraft, but the lift and drag characteristics of the horizontal tail and the whole aircraft are basically unchanged. The results have potential application for the design of new concept aircraft.     

Parametric analyses for synthetic jet control on separation and stall over rotor airfoil

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effects of synthetic jet control on separation and stall over rotor airfoils. The preconditioned and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations coupled with a k x shear stream transport turbulence model are employed to accomplish the flowfield simulation of rotor airfoils under jet control. Additionally,a velocity boundary condition modeled by a sinusoidal function is developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jets. The validity of the present CFD procedure is evaluated by the simulated results of an isolated synthetic jet and the jet control case for airfoil NACA0015. Then, parametric analyses are conducted specifically for an OA213 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet parameters(forcing frequency, jet location and momentum coefficient, jet direction, and distribution of jet arrays) on the control effect of the aerodynamic characteristics of a rotor airfoil. Preliminary results indicate that the efficiency of jet control can be improved with specific frequencies(the best lift-drag ratio at F+= 2.0) and jet angles(40 or 75) when the jets are located near the separation point of the rotor airfoil. Furthermore, as a result of a suitable combination of jet arrays, the lift coefficient of the airfoil can be improved by nearly 100%, and the corresponding drag coefficient decreased by26.5% in comparison with the single point control case.     

等离子体热效应对NACA0012翼型增升减阻的研究

基于等离子体热效应机理,在来流速度为34m/s和攻角0～12°内,对NACA0012翼型在等离子体激励下的流场特性进行数值模拟。通过研究等离子体激励的位置和数量对翼型的升阻力特性的影响,得出翼型增升减阻的最佳位置和数量。为保证计算模型的准确性,将未激励的翼型流场参数与NASA实验数据进行对比验证。结果表明:未激励翼型的流场计算参数与实验结果吻合度较高;在等离子体单激励下,最佳减阻位置位于翼型下表面的前缘,最佳增升位置位于翼型下表面的后缘,且二者受攻角的影响较大;在翼型下表面的前缘和后缘同时施加激励时,翼型的减阻比约为20%,最大增升比为52%。     

仿生学翼型尾缘锯齿降噪机理

采用大涡模拟与声类比的方法研究了尾缘锯齿对翼型自噪声的影响。以SD2030翼型为研究对象,设计的尾缘锯齿幅值为10%弦长,周期为4%弦长。模拟了来流速度为31 m/s、0° 攻角下直尾缘翼型与锯齿尾缘翼型的流场,对应的基于弦长的雷诺数约为310 000。详细分析了尾缘锯齿对翼型尾缘湍流流场的影响,并通过FW-H方程计算大涡模拟提取的声源项,得到直尾缘翼型与锯齿尾缘翼型的声场。研究发现,锯齿尾缘可以明显降低翼型中低频范围内的噪声,在4 000 Hz以下,窄带噪声最多可降低约16 dB。但尾缘锯齿对翼型气动性能有着不利影响。进一步研究表明,该状态下翼型噪声主要由层流边界层引起的涡脱落噪声主导,尾缘锯齿可以抑制层流边界层引起的涡脱落现象,降低翼型升力脉动与尾缘附近的表面压力脉动,减弱尾缘处的低频湍流脉动与涡量,并有效降低尾缘附近涡的展向相关性,这些因素的综合作用使得翼型自噪声降低。     

低雷诺数仿生分离流翼型气动特性初探

为了探索适合低雷诺数微型飞行器的翼型形式,基于对自然界鸟类和昆虫滑翔飞行时翅膀形状的观察,设计出一种由前缘削尖平板和后缘圆弧翼型组合而成的仿生分离流翼型。数值研究结果表明,气流在削尖平板的前缘点强制分离,形成大范围低压分离流动,随后在后部圆弧翼上表面再附形成稳定低压涡流区,从而实现较高的气动效率和较强的抵抗大气湍流的能力。上削尖平板可以使流动分离点固定在削尖点。相对于单独平板,仿生分离流翼型的升力系数有大幅提高,迎角为4°时提高了112%。此外,仿生分离流翼型可以在较宽的迎角范围内（4°~20°）保持高升力,但是迎角增加,阻力也快速增大,因此小迎角情况下（小于4°）气动效率更优。      

翼型结冰过程数值模拟验算与分析

应用FENSAP-ICE结冰计算软件,对NACA0012翼型进行了流动特性、水滴撞击特性以及冰型生成过程的计算;同时,对结冰前后的翼型进行气动力特性计算对比分析,其中包括升力特性对比、阻力特性对比、流场细节分析以及压力系数分布对比。计算结果表明：翼型前缘结冰后,导致翼型前缘气流提前分离,最大升力系数、失速攻角大幅减小,...     

低雷诺数翼型局部振动非定常气动特性

针对低雷诺数翼型特殊的气动特性,采用基于动网格的非定常数值模拟方法,研究翼型表面不同弦向位置的局部蒙皮以不同频率及振幅振动时对低雷诺数翼型气动特性及流场结构的影响,揭示蒙皮振动增升减阻的机理。研究表明,在低雷诺数条件下局部蒙皮振动可有效提高翼型气动特性,与刚性翼型相比蒙皮局部振动可使翼型升力系数提高,阻力系数降低,升阻比提高。振动位置对翼型气动特性及流场结构有显著的影响,振动表面位于翼型前缘附近或位于层流分离泡中心时可有效控制翼型层流分离,从而提高翼型气动特性。振动频率对翼型表面层流分离及转捩位置均有显著的影响,随着振动频率增加,翼型气动特性出现最优值。与刚性翼型相比,表面振动使翼型转捩位置略向上游移动,摩擦阻力增加,但振动使等效翼型相对厚度减小,压差阻力明显减小。在小幅振动范围内,随着振幅增加,流场非定常特性更加显著,翼型升阻比增加。     

翼伞弧面下反角、翼型和前缘切口对翼伞气动性能的影响

为了研究翼伞弧面下反角、翼型和前缘切口对翼伞气动性能的影响,对带气室的、展弦比为3的不同特征几何参数翼伞模型的流场进行了三维、定常数值模拟。运用有限体积法对三维坐标系下不可压雷诺时均Navier-Stokes (RANS)方程进行了直接求解,采用剪切应力输运(SST)k-ω两方程湍流模型对湍流进行模拟。数值模拟得出的原始翼伞的气动性能参数与试验数据在总趋势上符合很好,不同几何参数翼伞模型计算结果表明:翼伞弧面下反角越大,升力及诱导阻力越小,升阻比变化不大;前缘半径、厚度小的翼伞翼型,阻力更小,升阻比大;前缘切口对翼伞影响区域限于前缘附近,压力分布同干净翼类似,降低了其失速迎角,对升力影响不大,但明显增大阻力。该数值方法可为进一步研究更多不同几何参数的翼伞模型提供参考。     

应用协同射流原理的旋翼翼型增升减阻试验研究

协同射流技术作为一种新型主动流动控制技术,是突破旋翼翼型高增升减阻设计的最有潜力的发展方向之一。以 OA312 旋翼翼型作为基准翼型,研制微型涵道风扇组为驱动的旋翼翼型 CFJ 风洞测力模型,开展基于前缘高负压零质量内循环协同射流原理的旋翼翼型高增升减阻低速风洞试验,研究吹气口大小、吸气口大小和上翼面下沉量等基础参数对增升减阻的影响规律,探讨 CFJ 旋翼翼型关键参数最佳取值。结果表明：与OA312 基准翼型相比,小攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著降低阻力系数,甚至出现“负阻力”现象,实现了零升俯仰力矩基本不变;大攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著提升最大升力系数和失速迎角,其中,最大升力系数可提升约 67.5%,失速迎角推迟了近 14.8°。     

尾缘锯齿结构的降噪物理机制实验

对比分析了常规尾缘翼型与锯齿尾缘翼型尾缘湍流流场的基本特征,并通过线阵列的方法测量了两种尾缘结构的噪声.结果表明:锯齿尾缘翼型尾缘湍流流场的湍流强度以及3个方向上的湍流强度都相比于常规尾缘翼型有显著减少,声场结果显示锯齿尾缘翼型对尾缘噪声有显著减小,对前缘噪声影响很小.锯齿结构加宽了尾迹区域并加快了大涡的破碎,产生了额外的马蹄涡,湍流脉动衰减率沿着流动方向变大.      

扰动来流下声控机翼分离流动的研究

本文介绍在扰动来流下声控机翼流动的试验装置、低速大攻角时的声控效果以及附面层中流动参数的变化规律,并由此得出：随着来流湍流度的增加,因声激励而产生的附面层中大尺度有序结构涡（ＬＳＯＳＶ）的脉动速度幅值Ｖｌ、湍流度增量ｕ′ａ／Ｕ∞以及升力系数增益△ＣＬ均将迅速减小,而激励声压级有效阈值ＳＰＬｅｆｆ则随之逐渐增大。周期性脉动来流在沿机翼附面层流动中急剧衰减,并对机翼分离流动（包括有或无声控）基本上没有什么影响。     

大湍流度对超低雷诺数下翼型受力及绕流的影响

实验测量了超低雷诺数(Re=5 300)下 NACA 0012翼型在自由来流下的升力系数和阻力系数,重点研究来流的湍流度对升力系数和阻力系数的影响,并进一步通过对翼犁流场的研究揭示湍流度对翼型受力产生影响的机理.结果显示,低湍流度下升力系数和阻力系数均无失速特征;当湍流度提高,升力系数和阻力系数在12°～15°迎角下表...