数字孪生及其在航空航天中的应用

数字孪生已引起国内外的广泛重视，可看作是连接物理世界和数字世界的纽带。其通过建立物理系统的数字模型、实时监测系统状态并驱动模型动态更新实现系统行为更准确的描述与预报，从而在线优化决策与反馈控制。本文分析表明数字孪生体相比一般的模拟模型，具有集中性、动态性和完整性的突出特点。数字孪生的发展需要复杂系统建模、传感与监测、大数据、动态数据驱动分析与决策和数字孪生软件平台技术的支撑。在航空航天领域，数字孪生可应用于飞行器的设计研发、制造装配和运行维护。重点讨论了应用机身数字孪生进行寿命预测与维护决策的案例，相比于周期性维护，具有检修次数更少、维护成本更低的优势。最后，给出了数字孪生在空间站、可重复使用飞船的地面伴飞系统中的初步应用框架。     

基于模糊聚类的不同机型分类方法研究

随着航空业飞速发展,飞机的种类越来越多,如何对不同机型进行归类,使飞机的设计、制造、使用、维护、保障等工作变得更加高效,是制造商和运营商亟待解决的问题。文中把飞机设计性能特征指标加以解析化和数量化,给出了模糊聚类分析对不同机型的分类计算方法,并实例分析,得到了不同机型的在不同水平下的相似关系。从而为不同机型的归类、相似机型的选择提供了一种方法,也可以作为飞机设计、营运信息、备件设施共享的依据,该方法可以综合机型多种特征,增强了不同机型分类的精确性、客观性和合理性。     

土壤优先流模型理论与观测技术的研究进展

优先流是土壤中常见的和重要的水流运动和溶质运移形式。由于土壤优先流的形成和影响因素众多、表现形式多样,加之土壤优先流的快速非平衡特征明显以及土壤高度的空间变异性,准确描述和模拟土壤优先流的时空变化特征一直以来都是土壤水文学界的热点问题和难点问题。该文从优先流的定义、表现类型、形成和影响因素、模型理论与观测技术等5个方面综述了土壤优先流的研究进展,指出该领域今后的主要研究方向为建立土壤优先流的统一判别标准、提升优先流模型理论的有效性、发展优先流的专用观测技术设备。文章对深入研究土壤优先流具有参考价值。     

民用飞机防火试验室测控系统研究

为满足防火试验室高精度、实时性和多任务测控的需求,设计了一种基于Labview的测控系统。防火试验室测控系统由采集测试、灭火剂浓度测试、航电仿真、试验室模拟电源、试验室监视和总控台组成。提出了系统的总体设计方案,并对各个功能模块进行介绍。采用Labview软件编制测控软件,大大提高了测控系统的运行效率。合理配置Labview软件的实时引擎,使测控系统的任务循环周期达到高精度,提高了系统的实时性。该系统具有多功能、高精度、实时性、运行稳定、界面友好的特点,能够满足防火试验的测控需求,并具有很好的应用前景,可广泛应用于各种试验之中。     

大明宫与唐文化

大明宫为唐朝"三大内"(太极宫、大明宫、兴庆宫)中规模最大、气势最恢弘、使用最长久的一组宫殿群,见证了唐朝的兴衰,大明宫的建筑及曾存在其间的音乐、舞蹈、书画等都是大唐文化的精髓,如果说都城长安是唐王朝的政治文化中心的话,那么,大明宫可以说是唐王朝政治文化高度集聚的中心点。大明宫体现了唐文化气势恢宏、博大开放、兼容并蓄、自由洒脱等特点,该遗址外显和内隐的历史文化遗产对我们今人来说具有丰富的历史、文化、经济及教育价值,对其进行合理的开发意义匪浅。     

温度和压力对低热值燃料层流燃烧特性的影响

为阐明低热值燃料在燃气轮机工况下的燃烧特性,在定容燃烧弹中测试了初始压力分别为0.10、0.15、0.20 MPa,初始温度分别为303、353、403、453 K,当量比范围为0.8~1.6,体积分数为7% H₂、21.72% CO、21.45% CO₂、49.83% N₂的高炉煤气层流燃烧速度,并采用Gri-Mech 3.0化学反应机理对其进行了数值模拟。实验和模拟均发现,低热值燃料的层流燃烧速度随着初始压力的降低而增高,随着初始温度的增加而升高,且层流燃烧速度随温度和压力并非呈现单调性的变化规律,并在实验工况范围内对层流燃烧速度进行了温度和压力拟合。通过敏感性分析发现:主要的正向促进反应为R99、R46,主要的逆向抑制反应为R45、R36,层流燃烧速度受高活性自由基的影响,与链终止反应与链分支反应关于高活性自由基的竞争有关;随着初始压力的降低和初始温度的升高,高活性自由基摩尔分数增大,从而导致层流燃烧速度升高。      

Architectures and GPS/INS integration: impact on missionaccomplishment

The GPS (Global Positioning System) signal contains information which, when properly combined with information from INS and other sensors, provides exceptionally high accuracy position, velocity, attitude, and time measurements. These ten elements of information (three each in position, velocity, and attitude, and one in time) are common, in various combinations, to most avionics functions. When viewed from a system perspective, this high-precision information can be thought of as an integration basis, or a reference set, which offers opportunities for reconfiguration of the offensive, defensive, communication, navigation, and other sensors. Various integration architectures for fusion of these sensors can inherently enhance, enable, or severely limit these potential mission capabilities. The choice of integration architecture, can directly and profoundly affect performance, cost of integration, cost of ownership, and exploitation of much greater mission capability. This is illustrated by an example     

金属切削加工状态的模糊（Fuzzy）模式识别（一）——模糊等价矩阵聚类分析法

 由于金属切削加工过程中的各种现象都是一些不分明的模糊现象,本文把模糊等价矩阵的聚类分析方法成功地用于金属切削加工状态的模式识别。文中对模式识别的特征选择,即无关特征和派生特征的筛选问题进行了探讨;还定义了特征均匀度函数来确定模式识别中的特征的权重。从而为特征的选择与特征权重的确定提供了较为简单的计算方法。通过试算,证明这种方法的运用是可行的。     

Review of control and guidance technology on hypersonic vehicle

Air-breathing hypersonic vehicle has great military and potential economic value due to its characteristics: high velocity, long range, quick response. Therefore, the development of hypersonic vehicle and its guidance and control technology are reviewed in this paper. Firstly, the development and classification of hypersonic vehicles around the world are summarized, and the geometric configuration and mission profile of typical air-breathing hypersonic vehicle are given.Secondly, the control dif...     

新一代战斗机座舱盖关键技术与设计方案

座舱是战斗机三大电磁散射源之一，座舱盖雷达散射截面（RCS）的减缩技术是实现新一代战斗机全机雷达隐身性能的关键技术。基于新一代战斗机隐身外形平台，座舱盖在隐身技术、透明件结构、抗鸟撞、弹射救生、光学性能、结构变形控制等领域均面临新的挑战。本文以新一代战斗机为背景，研究了座舱盖性能提升的4项关键技术：座舱盖隐身性能提升技术、大型整体座舱盖透明件结构设计技术、复杂曲面座舱盖光学性能仿真优化技术、大尺寸活动部件变形及状态控制技术。经过上述关键技术研究，完成了新一代战斗机座舱盖设计技术体系的升级，促进了新一代战斗机座舱盖技术和性能的跨代提升。     

飞行器服役（作战）完整性的提出与发展

飞行器服役完整性（对于军用飞行器也称为作战完整性）更综合地表征了飞行器在服役（作战）使用过程中的质量特性。本文首先介绍了飞行器服役（作战）完整性概念的提出过程,讨论了飞行器服役（作战）完整性的基本内涵和基本特性,阐明了飞行器服役（作战）完整性是飞行器服役（作战）适用性与飞行器服役（作战）效能发挥的基础。然后介绍了飞行器服役（作战）完整性的三种表征参数：飞行器固有完好率、飞行器固有健康度、飞行器服役（作战）完整度,并梳理了飞行器服役（作战）完整性优化设计的基本方法。最后提出了飞行器服役（作战）完整性的控制原理,指出了飞行器服役（作战）完整性发展的基础、研究方法和目前我国航空航天领域急需研究和发展的方向。     

竞争与垄断：两种市场结构下的模块化比较研究

模块化生产与市场结构紧密联系在一起,在传统经济和网络经济两种经济条件下,模块化生产分别表现为两种不同的形式：竞争性模块化和垄断性模块化。与竞争性模块化不同,网络经济下,模块化生产必然经历竞争性模块化——激烈竞争——垄断性模块化的演化路径。从效率的角度看,竞争性模块化的效率是资源配置的静态效率,而垄断性模块化的分工优势使竞争性垄断的市场结构的动态效率得到极大发挥。从社会福利的角度看,竞争性模块必然出现非意愿交易的市场出清,因此其不能实现社会福利的极大化。而在网络经济条件下,由于内生交易成本和外生交易成本的存在,垄断性模块化同样不能实现社会福利的极大。但在垄断性模块化中,生产者剩余和消费者剩余都比竞争性模块化下增加,所以,垄断性模块化的社会福利比竞争性模块化情况下的社会福利提高了。     

基于多Agent的舰载机弹射起飞仿真层次模型(英文)

With the aid of multi-agent based modeling approach to complex systems, the hierarchy simulation models of carrier-based aircraft catapult launch are developed. Ocean, carrier, aircraft, and atmosphere are treated as aggregation agents, the detailed components like catapult, landing gears, and disturbances are considered as meta-agents, which belong to their aggregation agent. Thus, the model with two layers is formed i.e. the aggregation agent layer and the meta-agent layer. The information communication among all agents is described. The meta-agents within one aggregation agent communicate with each other directly by information sharing, but the meta-agents, which belong to different aggregation agents exchange their information through the aggregation layer first, and then perceive it from the sharing environment, that is the aggregation agent. Thus, not only the hierarchy model is built, but also the environment perceived by each agent is specified. Meanwhile, the problem of balancing the independency of agent and the resource consumption brought by real-time communication within multi-agent system （MAS） is resolved. Each agent involved in carrier-based aircraft catapult launch is depicted, with considering the interaction within disturbed atmospheric environment and multiple motion bodies including carrier, aircraft, and landing gears. The models of reactive agents among them are derived based on tensors, and the perceived messages and inner frameworks of each agent are characterized. Finally, some results of a simulation instance are given. The simulation and modeling of dynamic system based on multi-agent system is of benefit to express physical concepts and logical hierarchy clearly and precisely. The system model can easily draw in kinds of other agents to achieve a precise simulation of more complex system. This modeling technique makes the complex integral dynamic equations of multibodies decompose into parallel operations of single agent, and it is convenient to expand, maintain, and reuse the pro     

高校战略人力资源管理系统模型的构建

在战略人力资源管理理论的基础之上,提出了高校战略人力资源管理系统模型构建的方法,分别从系统的目标、运行机制、维度等方面进行了分析。高校战略人力资源管理系统的目标包括社会与经济两个方面的效益实现,运行机制包括激励、学习、约束、牵引与压力等方面,而维度则包括人力资源的招聘、培训、考核、管理、沟通等方面。通过高校战略人力资源管理系统模型的架设,以及针对现阶段高校人员管理方法的探究,缓解我国高等教育人力资源管理方面的压力。     

Psychological, psychiatric, and interpersonal aspects of long-duration space missions

America's future in space calls for manned missions that are of long duration and increasing complexity. Under these conditions, psychological and interpersonal stressors will take on added importance in affecting the safely of the crew and the outcome of the mission. Through an analysis of reports from manned American and Soviet space missions and Earth-bound simulations, several psychological, psychiatric, and interpersonal issues can be identified that could affect the success of the space station and other long-duration space ventures. Psychological issues include sleep problems, alteration in time sense, demographic effects, career motivation, transcendent experiences, homesickness, and alteration in perceptual sensitivities. Psychiatric issues include anxiety, depression, and psychosis, psychosomatic symptoms, emotional problems related to the stage of the mission, and postflight personality changes. Interpersonal issues include interpersonal tension, decreased cohesiveness over time, need for privacy, and task vs emotional leadership. Steps can be taken to minimize the impact of these issues, both before and during the mission.     

低温推进剂过冷技术研究

综述了低温推进剂3种过冷方式（换热过冷、抽空减压过冷和冷氦气鼓泡过冷）的过冷机理，并对比分析了其利弊，在地面全过程过冷加注时推荐采用抽空减压过冷对低温推进剂进行冷却.基于热力学理论推导了低温推进剂抽空减压过冷时耗液量、制冷量、抽空时间和泵最低抽速的表达式.研究得出低温推进剂耗液量主要用于自身温降，抵消外部漏热和贮罐材料比热容所占比例很小，如液氢自身过冷、材料比热容和外部漏热所占的相对耗液量分别为10.94%，0.38%，0.098%.推荐采用变物性算法来精确计算低温推进剂耗液量，可降低运载火箭发射成本，提高低温推进剂利用率，与现有公式对比，其相对误差为18%.      

企业家人力资本出资制度设计

企业是人力资本与物质资本的特殊合约，企业家凭借其独特的异质性人力资本在企业组织中居于核心契约地位，发挥着越来越重要的作用。为了从根本上解决企业家激励问题，应当确认人力资本的合法地位，允许其作为有限责任股东的出资标的。考虑企业家人力资本出资的效用，综合运用经济学、管理学和法学等多学科理论，从有益性、可支配性和债权人保护可能性三方面论证了人力资本出资适格性。在此基础上，提出了健全和完善人力资本出资的法律制度框架，试图从建立人力资本评估制度、确定人力资本出资比例原则和确定人力资本分配利润比例三个方面进行企业家人力资本出资的制度设计，以期为企业家人力资本出资提供参考。     

不同检测方式下的维修心理分析

 初步探讨航空维修心理学的概念和航空维修人员应具备的心理品质。当前维修通用直接检测、仪器检测、智能机检测三种方式,分析人-机系统结构特点,论述了维修检测人员心理品质的特征,提出提高检测水平进行心理训练的主要内容。     

Modularity,reconfigurability, and autonomy for the future in spacecraft: A review

The shape of a spacecraft is transitioning from monolithic, manual, and static to modular, autonomous, and dynamic. Modular Reconfigurable Spacecrafts (MRSs) offer better solutions than traditional monolithic spacecrafts in several aspects, and may become the next generation of spacecraft systems with efficient design, fast deployment, flexible application, and convenient management. This paper reviews the development and technology of MRS from three aspects: Modularity, reconfigurability, and autonomy. Despite the progress of research on MRS, there is still a lack of unified standards and little understanding of related concepts. Based on the understanding of basic concepts, the studies conducted on MRS are reviewed to identify technical requirements and solutions. Aiming at the future development trend of MRS, a novel modular self-reconfigurable spacecraft, referred to as MagicSat, is proposed. Furthermore, the MagicSat system composition, advantages, and application prospects are studied. The enabling technologies and major challenges of MRS are further analyzed in terms of modularization, integrated management, and self-reconfiguration technologies. Finally, the future development trend of MRS technology is predicted, and corresponding suggestions are provided.     

低温等离子体辅助加工综述

随着航空航天、国防科技、能源等领域的快速发展,具有优良机械性能的高强度合金材料及复合材料得到广泛应用,实现这些材料的高效精密低损伤加工具有重要意义。低温等离子体富含活性粒子,能有效改善材料的可切削性,且较易产生、维持和控制,已被广泛应用于难加工材料的辅助加工过程中。在介绍低温等离子体基本特性及分类的基础上,结合国内外低温等离子体辅助加工技术的研究现状,以表面粗糙度、材料去除率、表面损伤、切削力等参数为评价指标,分别阐述了等离子体熔射成形技术、等离子体加热辅助切削技术、冷等离子体射流辅助抛光技术、冷等离子体射流辅助切削技术等的作用机理及效果,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。